Araştırma Makalesi
Antibiofilm Evaluation of Two Different Denture Liners Incorporated with Zirconium Oxide Nanoparticles
Öz
Abstract
Objectives: This in vitro study was purposed to examine the effects of incorporation nano-ZrO2 on antibiofilm activity, glucose sorption, weight change, and surface roughness of two different types of denture liners.
Materials and Methods: Modified nano-ZrO2 were added to silicone-based and acrylic resin-based prosthetic lining materials at two different concentrations (0.5% and 1%). The antibiofilm potentials of test groups against Candida albicans (C. albicans), Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), and Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) were determined using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium (MTT) method. Surface roughness, weight change, and glucose sorption of denture liners were also evaluated after modifying with nano-ZrO2.
Results: According to the antibiofilm activity results, 1% nano-ZrO2 addition to silicon-based and acrylic resin-based denture liners resulted in 16.48% and 13.39% of biofilm inhibition for S. aureus, respectively. 1% nano-ZrO2 addition to silicon-based denture liners also inhibited the S. mutans biofilm formation at an 8.16% rate. Nano-ZrO2 addition to the test groups had no inhibition effect on C. albicans biofilm formation. Surface roughness decreased significantly once nano-ZrO2 was added in tissue conditioner test groups (p=0.012), however, the addition of 0.5% nano-ZrO2 increased soft denture liner test group significantly (p<0.001).
Conclusions: To overcome the microbial biofilm problems (especially against S. aureus and S. mutans) caused by the use of denture liners, addition of nano-ZrO2 might be a promising agent with its antibiofilm capacities.
Anahtar Kelimeler
biofilms denture liners glucose nanoparticles zirconium oxide
Destekleyen Kurum
Mersin University
Proje Numarası
2017-1-AP3-2181
Teşekkür
The authors would like to thank the Mersin University Scientific Research Projects Commission, which supported our study financially.
Kaynakça
- Nowakowska-Toporowska A, Raszewski Z, Wieckiewicz W. Color change of soft silicone relining materials after storage in artificial saliva. J Prosthet Dent 2016; 115:377-380.
- Das G, Khokhar M, Naeem S, Baloch R. Comparison of solubility and water sorption of two different soft lining material. J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad 2018; 30:175-179.
- Kasuga Y, Takahashi H, Akiba N, Minakuchi S, Matsushita N, Hishimoto M. Basic evaluation on physical properties of experimental fluorinated soft lining materials. Dent Mater J 2011; 30:45-51.
- Salloum AM. Effect of 5.25 % sodium hypochlorite on color stability of acrylic and silicone based soft liners and a denture base acrylic resin. J Indian Prosthodont Soc 2014; 14:179-186.
- Garcia RM, Léon BT, Oliveira VB, Del Bel Cury AA. Effect of a denture cleanser on weight, surface roughness, and tensile bond strength of two resilient denture liners. J Prosthet Dent 2003; 89:489-494.
- Rodrigues S, Shenoy V, Shetty T. Resilient liners: a review. J Indian Prosthodont Soc 2013; 13:155-164.
- Maciel JG, Sugio CYC, de Campos Chaves G, Procópio ALF, Urban VM, Neppelenbroek KH. Determining acceptable limits for water sorption and solubility of interim denture resilient liners. J Prosthet Dent 2019; 121:311-316.
- Gupta P, Ariga P, Deogade SC. Effect of monopoly-coating agent on the surface roughness of a tissue conditioner subjected to cleansing and disinfection: a contact profilometric in vitro study. Contemp Clin Dent 2018; 9:122-126.
- Niarchou A, Ntala P, Pantopoulos A, Polyzois G, Frangou M. Effect of immersion cleansing in color stability and hardness of soft denture reliners. J Craniofac Surg 2012; 23:426-429.
- Hashem MI. Advances in soft denture liners: an update. J Contemp Dent Pract 2015; 16:314-318.
- Garg A, Shenoy KK. A comparative evaluation of effect on water sorption and solubility of a temporary soft denture liner material when stored either in distilled water, 5.25% sodium hypochlorite or artificial saliva: An in vitro study. J Indian Prosthodont Soc 2016; 16:53-62.
- Hayakawa I, Akiba N, Keh E, Kasuga Y. Physical properties of a new denture lining material containing a fluoroalkyl methacrylate polymer. J Prosthet Dent 2006; 96:53-58.
- Chladek G, Kasperski J, Barszczewska-Rybarek I, Zmudzki J. Sorption, solubility, bond strength and hardness of denture soft lining incorporated with silver nanoparticles. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 14:563-574.
- Vieira AP, Senna PM, Silva WJ, Del Bel Cury AA. Long-term efficacy of denture cleansers in preventing candida spp. biofilm recolonization on liner surface. Braz Oral Res 2010; 24:342-348.
- Baygar T, Ugur A, Sarac N, Balci U, Ergun G. Functional denture soft liner with antimicrobial and antibiofilm properties. J Dent Sci 2018; 13:213-219.
- Urban VM, Lima TF, Bueno MG, Giannini M, Arioli Filho JN, de Almeida AL, Neppelenbroek KH. Effect of the addition of antimicrobial agents on Shore A hardness and roughness of soft lining materials. J Prosthodont 2015; 24:207-214.
- Usta Kutlu I, Yanikoglu ND, Kul E, Duymuş ZY, Sagsoz NP. Effect of sealer coating and storage methods on the surface roughness of soft liners. J Prosthet Dent 2016; 115:371-376. Altinci P, Mutluay M, Soderling E, Tezvergil-Mutluay A. Antimicrobial efficacy and mechanical properties of BAC-modified hard and soft denture liners. Odontology 2018; 106:83-89.
- Alcântara CS, Macêdo AF, Gurgel BC, Jorge JH, Neppelenbroek KH, Urban VM. Peel bond strength of resilient liner modified by the addition of antimicrobial agents to denture base acrylic resin. J Appl Oral Sci 2012; 20:607-612.
- Uchimaru M, Sakai T, Moroi R, Shiota S, Shibata Y, Deguchi M, Sakai H, Yamashita Y, Terada Y. Antimicrobial and antifungal effects of tissue conditioners containing a photocatalyst. Dent Mater J 2011; 30:691-699.
- Nam KY. In vitro antimicrobial effect of the tissue conditioner containing silver nanoparticles. J Adv Prosthodont 2011; 3:20-24.
- Iqbal Z, Zafar MS. Role of antifungal medicaments added to tissue conditioners: A systematic review. J Prosthodont Res 2016; 60:231-239.
- Kokila T, Ramesh PS, Geetha D. Biosynthesis of AgNPs using Carica Papaya peel extract and evaluation of its antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2016; 134:467-473.
- Ergun G, Sahin Z, Ataol AS. The effects of adding various ratios of zirconium oxide nanoparticles to poly (methyl methacrylate) on physical and mechanical properties. J Oral Sci 2018; 60:304-315.
- Chen R, Han Z, Huang Z, Karki J, Wang C, Zhu B, Zhang X. Antibacterial activity, cytotoxicity and mechanical behavior of nano-enhanced denture base resin with different kinds of inorganic antibacterial agents. Dent Mater J 2017; 36:693-699.
- Ihab NS. Evaluation the effect of modified nano-fillers addition on some properties of heat cured acrylic denture base material. J Bagh Coll Dent 2011; 23:23-29. Gad MM, Rahoma A, Al-Thobity AM, Arrejaie AS. Influence of incorporation of ZrO2 nanoparticles on the repair strength of polymethyl methacrylate denture bases. Int J Nanomedicine 2016; 11:5633-5643.
- Gad MM, Al-Thobity AM, Shahin SY, Alsaqer BT, Ali AA. Inhibitory effect of zirconium oxide nanoparticles on Candida albicans adhesion to repaired polymethyl methacrylate denture bases and interim removable prostheses: a new approach for denture stomatitis prevention. Int J Nanomedicine 2017; 12:5409-5419.
- Gowri S, Gandhi RR, Sundrarajan M. Structural, optical, antibacterial and antifungal properties of zirconia nanoparticles by biobased protocol. J Mater Sci Technol 2014; 30:782-790.
- Jangra SL, Stalin K, Dilbaghi N, Kumar S, Tawale J, Singh SP, Pasricha R. Antimicrobial activity of zirconia (ZrO2) nanoparticles and zirconium complexes. J Nanosci Nanotechnol 2012; 12:7105-7112.
- Jabłońska-Stencel E, Pakieła W, Mertas A, Bobela E, Kasperski J, Chladek G. Effect of silver-emitting filler on antimicrobial and mechanical properties of soft denture lining material. Materials 2018; 11:318.
- Lima JF, Maciel JG, Arrais CA, Porto VC, Urban VM, Neppelenbroek KH. Effect of incorporating antifungals on the water sorption and solubility of interim resilient liners for denture base relining. J Prosthet Dent 2016; 115:611-616.
- Boscato N, Radavelli A, Faccio D, Loguercio AD. Biofilm formation of Candida albicans on the surface of a soft denture-lining material. Gerodontology 2009; 26:210-213.
- Rodger G, Taylor RL, Pearson GJ, Verran J. In vitro colonization of an experimental silicone by Candida albicans. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2010; 92:226-35.
- Yasser AD, Abdul Fatah N. The effect of addition of zirconium nano particles on antifungal activity and some properties of soft denture lining material. J Bagh Coll Dent 2017; 325:1-6.
- Muttagi S, Subramanya JK. Effect of incorporating seed oils on the antifungal property, surface roughness, wettability, weight change, and glucose sorption of a soft liner. J Prosthet Dent 2017; 117:178-185.
- Yanikoglu N, Yeşil Duymus Z. Evaluation of the solubility of dental cements in artificial saliva of different pH values. Dent Mater J 2007; 26:62-67.
- Bueno MG, Urban VM, Barbério GS, da Silva WJ, Porto VC, Pinto L, Neppelenbroek KH. Effect of antimicrobial agents incorporated into resilient denture relines on the Candida albicans biofilm. Oral Dis 2015; 21:57-65.
- Badaró MM, Leite-Fernandes VMF, Martin LT, Oliveira VC, Watanabe E, Paranhos HFO, Silva-Lovato CH. Antibiofilm activity of an experimental ricinus communis dentifrice on soft denture liners. Braz Dent J 2019; 30:252-258.
- de Castro DT, Valente ML, da Silva CH, Watanabe E, Siqueira RL, Schiavon Ma, Alves OL, Dos Reis AC. Evaluation of antibiofilm and mechanical properties of new nanocomposites based on acrylic resins and silver vanadate nanoparticles. Arch Oral Biol 2016; 67:46-53.
- Garcia IM, Rodrigues SB, Rodrigues Gama ME, Branco Leitune VC, Melo MA, Collares FM. Guanidine derivative inhibits C. albicans biofilm growth on denture liner without promote loss of materials' resistance. Bioact Mater 2020; 5:228-232.
- de Moraes AP, Barwaldt CK, Nunes TZ, Sarkis-Onofre R, Ogliari FA, Boscato N, Pereira-Cenci T. Effect of triazine derivative added to denture materials on a microcosm biofilm model. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2012; 100:1328-1333.
- Koroglu A, Sahin O, Kurkcuoglu I, Dede DO, Ozdemir T, Hazer B. Silver nanoparticle incorporation effect on mechanical and thermal properties of denture base acrylic resins. J Appl Oral Sci 2016; 24:590-596.
- Brown V, Sexton JA, Johnston M. A glucose sensor in Candida albicans. Eukaryot Cell 2006; 5:1726-1737.
- Sabina J, Brown V. Glucose sensing network in Candida albicans: a sweet spot for fungal morphogenesis. Eukaryot Cell 2009; 8:1314-1320.
- Mancuso DN, Goiato MC, Zuccolotti BC, Moreno A, Dos Santos DM, Pesqueira AA. Effect of thermocycling on hardness, absorption, solubility and colour change of soft liners. Gerodontology 2012; 29:215-219.
- Hoshino Y, Nakajima H, Akiba N, Hibino Y, Nagasawa Y, Sumi Y, Minakuchi S. Effect of composition of experimental fluorinated soft lining materials on bond strength to denture base resin. Dent Mater J 2014; 5:621-630.
- Luna Malheiros-Segundo A, Pisani MX, Paranhos HDFO, de Souza RF. Effect of a denture cleanser on hardness, roughness and tensile bond strength of denture liners. Braz J Oral Sci 2008; 7:1596-1601.
- Boscato N, Delavi JD, Muller L, Pereira-Cenci T, Imanishi SW. Influence of varnish application on a tissue conditioner: analysis of biofilm adhesion. Gerodontology 2010; 27:207-210.
Yıl 2022,
Cilt: 25 Sayı: 1, 9 - 19, 25.03.2022
Öz
Proje Numarası
2017-1-AP3-2181
Kaynakça
- Nowakowska-Toporowska A, Raszewski Z, Wieckiewicz W. Color change of soft silicone relining materials after storage in artificial saliva. J Prosthet Dent 2016; 115:377-380.
- Das G, Khokhar M, Naeem S, Baloch R. Comparison of solubility and water sorption of two different soft lining material. J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad 2018; 30:175-179.
- Kasuga Y, Takahashi H, Akiba N, Minakuchi S, Matsushita N, Hishimoto M. Basic evaluation on physical properties of experimental fluorinated soft lining materials. Dent Mater J 2011; 30:45-51.
- Salloum AM. Effect of 5.25 % sodium hypochlorite on color stability of acrylic and silicone based soft liners and a denture base acrylic resin. J Indian Prosthodont Soc 2014; 14:179-186.
- Garcia RM, Léon BT, Oliveira VB, Del Bel Cury AA. Effect of a denture cleanser on weight, surface roughness, and tensile bond strength of two resilient denture liners. J Prosthet Dent 2003; 89:489-494.
- Rodrigues S, Shenoy V, Shetty T. Resilient liners: a review. J Indian Prosthodont Soc 2013; 13:155-164.
- Maciel JG, Sugio CYC, de Campos Chaves G, Procópio ALF, Urban VM, Neppelenbroek KH. Determining acceptable limits for water sorption and solubility of interim denture resilient liners. J Prosthet Dent 2019; 121:311-316.
- Gupta P, Ariga P, Deogade SC. Effect of monopoly-coating agent on the surface roughness of a tissue conditioner subjected to cleansing and disinfection: a contact profilometric in vitro study. Contemp Clin Dent 2018; 9:122-126.
- Niarchou A, Ntala P, Pantopoulos A, Polyzois G, Frangou M. Effect of immersion cleansing in color stability and hardness of soft denture reliners. J Craniofac Surg 2012; 23:426-429.
- Hashem MI. Advances in soft denture liners: an update. J Contemp Dent Pract 2015; 16:314-318.
- Garg A, Shenoy KK. A comparative evaluation of effect on water sorption and solubility of a temporary soft denture liner material when stored either in distilled water, 5.25% sodium hypochlorite or artificial saliva: An in vitro study. J Indian Prosthodont Soc 2016; 16:53-62.
- Hayakawa I, Akiba N, Keh E, Kasuga Y. Physical properties of a new denture lining material containing a fluoroalkyl methacrylate polymer. J Prosthet Dent 2006; 96:53-58.
- Chladek G, Kasperski J, Barszczewska-Rybarek I, Zmudzki J. Sorption, solubility, bond strength and hardness of denture soft lining incorporated with silver nanoparticles. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 14:563-574.
- Vieira AP, Senna PM, Silva WJ, Del Bel Cury AA. Long-term efficacy of denture cleansers in preventing candida spp. biofilm recolonization on liner surface. Braz Oral Res 2010; 24:342-348.
- Baygar T, Ugur A, Sarac N, Balci U, Ergun G. Functional denture soft liner with antimicrobial and antibiofilm properties. J Dent Sci 2018; 13:213-219.
- Urban VM, Lima TF, Bueno MG, Giannini M, Arioli Filho JN, de Almeida AL, Neppelenbroek KH. Effect of the addition of antimicrobial agents on Shore A hardness and roughness of soft lining materials. J Prosthodont 2015; 24:207-214.
- Usta Kutlu I, Yanikoglu ND, Kul E, Duymuş ZY, Sagsoz NP. Effect of sealer coating and storage methods on the surface roughness of soft liners. J Prosthet Dent 2016; 115:371-376. Altinci P, Mutluay M, Soderling E, Tezvergil-Mutluay A. Antimicrobial efficacy and mechanical properties of BAC-modified hard and soft denture liners. Odontology 2018; 106:83-89.
- Alcântara CS, Macêdo AF, Gurgel BC, Jorge JH, Neppelenbroek KH, Urban VM. Peel bond strength of resilient liner modified by the addition of antimicrobial agents to denture base acrylic resin. J Appl Oral Sci 2012; 20:607-612.
- Uchimaru M, Sakai T, Moroi R, Shiota S, Shibata Y, Deguchi M, Sakai H, Yamashita Y, Terada Y. Antimicrobial and antifungal effects of tissue conditioners containing a photocatalyst. Dent Mater J 2011; 30:691-699.
- Nam KY. In vitro antimicrobial effect of the tissue conditioner containing silver nanoparticles. J Adv Prosthodont 2011; 3:20-24.
- Iqbal Z, Zafar MS. Role of antifungal medicaments added to tissue conditioners: A systematic review. J Prosthodont Res 2016; 60:231-239.
- Kokila T, Ramesh PS, Geetha D. Biosynthesis of AgNPs using Carica Papaya peel extract and evaluation of its antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2016; 134:467-473.
- Ergun G, Sahin Z, Ataol AS. The effects of adding various ratios of zirconium oxide nanoparticles to poly (methyl methacrylate) on physical and mechanical properties. J Oral Sci 2018; 60:304-315.
- Chen R, Han Z, Huang Z, Karki J, Wang C, Zhu B, Zhang X. Antibacterial activity, cytotoxicity and mechanical behavior of nano-enhanced denture base resin with different kinds of inorganic antibacterial agents. Dent Mater J 2017; 36:693-699.
- Ihab NS. Evaluation the effect of modified nano-fillers addition on some properties of heat cured acrylic denture base material. J Bagh Coll Dent 2011; 23:23-29. Gad MM, Rahoma A, Al-Thobity AM, Arrejaie AS. Influence of incorporation of ZrO2 nanoparticles on the repair strength of polymethyl methacrylate denture bases. Int J Nanomedicine 2016; 11:5633-5643.
- Gad MM, Al-Thobity AM, Shahin SY, Alsaqer BT, Ali AA. Inhibitory effect of zirconium oxide nanoparticles on Candida albicans adhesion to repaired polymethyl methacrylate denture bases and interim removable prostheses: a new approach for denture stomatitis prevention. Int J Nanomedicine 2017; 12:5409-5419.
- Gowri S, Gandhi RR, Sundrarajan M. Structural, optical, antibacterial and antifungal properties of zirconia nanoparticles by biobased protocol. J Mater Sci Technol 2014; 30:782-790.
- Jangra SL, Stalin K, Dilbaghi N, Kumar S, Tawale J, Singh SP, Pasricha R. Antimicrobial activity of zirconia (ZrO2) nanoparticles and zirconium complexes. J Nanosci Nanotechnol 2012; 12:7105-7112.
- Jabłońska-Stencel E, Pakieła W, Mertas A, Bobela E, Kasperski J, Chladek G. Effect of silver-emitting filler on antimicrobial and mechanical properties of soft denture lining material. Materials 2018; 11:318.
- Lima JF, Maciel JG, Arrais CA, Porto VC, Urban VM, Neppelenbroek KH. Effect of incorporating antifungals on the water sorption and solubility of interim resilient liners for denture base relining. J Prosthet Dent 2016; 115:611-616.
- Boscato N, Radavelli A, Faccio D, Loguercio AD. Biofilm formation of Candida albicans on the surface of a soft denture-lining material. Gerodontology 2009; 26:210-213.
- Rodger G, Taylor RL, Pearson GJ, Verran J. In vitro colonization of an experimental silicone by Candida albicans. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2010; 92:226-35.
- Yasser AD, Abdul Fatah N. The effect of addition of zirconium nano particles on antifungal activity and some properties of soft denture lining material. J Bagh Coll Dent 2017; 325:1-6.
- Muttagi S, Subramanya JK. Effect of incorporating seed oils on the antifungal property, surface roughness, wettability, weight change, and glucose sorption of a soft liner. J Prosthet Dent 2017; 117:178-185.
- Yanikoglu N, Yeşil Duymus Z. Evaluation of the solubility of dental cements in artificial saliva of different pH values. Dent Mater J 2007; 26:62-67.
- Bueno MG, Urban VM, Barbério GS, da Silva WJ, Porto VC, Pinto L, Neppelenbroek KH. Effect of antimicrobial agents incorporated into resilient denture relines on the Candida albicans biofilm. Oral Dis 2015; 21:57-65.
- Badaró MM, Leite-Fernandes VMF, Martin LT, Oliveira VC, Watanabe E, Paranhos HFO, Silva-Lovato CH. Antibiofilm activity of an experimental ricinus communis dentifrice on soft denture liners. Braz Dent J 2019; 30:252-258.
- de Castro DT, Valente ML, da Silva CH, Watanabe E, Siqueira RL, Schiavon Ma, Alves OL, Dos Reis AC. Evaluation of antibiofilm and mechanical properties of new nanocomposites based on acrylic resins and silver vanadate nanoparticles. Arch Oral Biol 2016; 67:46-53.
- Garcia IM, Rodrigues SB, Rodrigues Gama ME, Branco Leitune VC, Melo MA, Collares FM. Guanidine derivative inhibits C. albicans biofilm growth on denture liner without promote loss of materials' resistance. Bioact Mater 2020; 5:228-232.
- de Moraes AP, Barwaldt CK, Nunes TZ, Sarkis-Onofre R, Ogliari FA, Boscato N, Pereira-Cenci T. Effect of triazine derivative added to denture materials on a microcosm biofilm model. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2012; 100:1328-1333.
- Koroglu A, Sahin O, Kurkcuoglu I, Dede DO, Ozdemir T, Hazer B. Silver nanoparticle incorporation effect on mechanical and thermal properties of denture base acrylic resins. J Appl Oral Sci 2016; 24:590-596.
- Brown V, Sexton JA, Johnston M. A glucose sensor in Candida albicans. Eukaryot Cell 2006; 5:1726-1737.
- Sabina J, Brown V. Glucose sensing network in Candida albicans: a sweet spot for fungal morphogenesis. Eukaryot Cell 2009; 8:1314-1320.
- Mancuso DN, Goiato MC, Zuccolotti BC, Moreno A, Dos Santos DM, Pesqueira AA. Effect of thermocycling on hardness, absorption, solubility and colour change of soft liners. Gerodontology 2012; 29:215-219.
- Hoshino Y, Nakajima H, Akiba N, Hibino Y, Nagasawa Y, Sumi Y, Minakuchi S. Effect of composition of experimental fluorinated soft lining materials on bond strength to denture base resin. Dent Mater J 2014; 5:621-630.
- Luna Malheiros-Segundo A, Pisani MX, Paranhos HDFO, de Souza RF. Effect of a denture cleanser on hardness, roughness and tensile bond strength of denture liners. Braz J Oral Sci 2008; 7:1596-1601.
- Boscato N, Delavi JD, Muller L, Pereira-Cenci T, Imanishi SW. Influence of varnish application on a tissue conditioner: analysis of biofilm adhesion. Gerodontology 2010; 27:207-210.
Toplam 47 adet kaynakça vardır.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | İngilizce |
|---|---|
| Konular | Sağlık Kurumları Yönetimi |
| Bölüm | Original Research Articles |
| Yazarlar | |
| Proje Numarası | 2017-1-AP3-2181 |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 25 Mart 2022 |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 13 Temmuz 2021 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2022Cilt: 25 Sayı: 1 |
Cumhuriyet Dental Journal (Cumhuriyet Dent J, CDJ) is the official publication of Cumhuriyet University Faculty of Dentistry. CDJ is an international journal dedicated to the latest advancement of dentistry. The aim of this journal is to provide a platform for scientists and academicians all over the world to promote, share, and discuss various new issues and developments in different areas of dentistry. First issue of the Journal of Cumhuriyet University Faculty of Dentistry was published in 1998. In 2010, journal's name was changed as Cumhuriyet Dental Journal. Journal’s publication language is English.
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