Research Article
Influence of Surface Properties on Candida albicans Adhesion to Denture Base Materials Fabricated by Different Techniques
Abstract
Purpose: This in vitro study aimed to evaluate and compare the surface roughness, wettability (contact angle), and Candida albicans (C. albicans) adhesion of denture base materials fabricated using different techniques.
Materials and Methods: Six materials were tested: conventional PMMA, CAD-CAM PMMA, PEEK, polyamide, titanium, and cobalt-chromium. Surface roughness (Ra) and contact angle (°) were measured, and Candida albicans adhesion was assessed by counting colony-forming units (CFU/mL). Data were analyzed using Kruskal–Wallis and Mann–Whitney U tests with Bonferroni correction. Spearman’s correlation was used to evaluate the relationship between surface properties and fungal adhesion.
Results: Significant differences were found among the materials in surface roughness, contact angle, and Candida adhesion (p < 0.0001). Conventional PMMA, polyamide, and PEEK showed the highest surface roughness, whereas Co-Cr and titanium exhibited the smoothest surfaces. Contact angle measurements indicated that Co-Cr was the most hydrophobic, while titanium was the most hydrophilic. The highest Candida adhesion was observed on polyamide and PEEK, and the lowest on Co-Cr. Positive correlation was found between surface roughness and fungal adhesion (ρ = 0.625), while a negative correlation was found between contact angle and adhesion (ρ = –0.533).
Conclusion: Both surface roughness and wettability significantly influence C. albicans adhesion. Materials with smoother and more hydrophilic surfaces, such as CAD-CAM PMMA and titanium, demonstrated reduced fungal colonization, highlighting the importance of material selection in preventing prosthesis-related infections.
References
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Year 2025,
Volume: 28 Issue: 3, 427 - 434, 30.09.2025
Abstract
References
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- 2. Hada T, Kanazawa M, Iwaki M, Arakida T, Soeda Y, Katheng A, Minakuchi S. Effect of different surface treatments on the bond strength of CAD/CAM PMMA to auto-polymerizing resin. J Prosthodont Res 2021;65:247-253.
- 3. Benli M, Şahin S, Başaran EG. Evaluation of surface roughness and Candida albicans adhesion on PEEK and PMMA denture base materials. Polymers 2020;12:1446.
- 4. Güneş F, Kocacıklı M, Korkmaz T. Dental implantolojide polietereterketon (PEEK): Geleneksel derleme. Selcuk Dent J 2023;10:611-617.
- 5. Karam AA, El-Sheikh MM. Evaluation of microbial adhesion and level of secretory immunoglobulin A in saliva in patients wearing conventional and flexible complete dentures. Al-Azhar J Dent Sci 2019;21:73-80.
- 6. Uçar Y, Akova T, Aysan İ. Mechanical properties of polyamide versus different PMMA denture base materials. J Prosthodont 2012;21:173-176.
- 7. Takabayashi Y. Characteristics of denture thermoplastic resins for non-metal clasp dentures. Dent Mater J 2010;29:353-61.
- 8. Sultana N, Ahmed S, Nandini VV, Lathief J, Boruah S. An in vitro comparison of microbial adhesion on three different denture base materials and its relation to surface roughness. Cureus 2023;15:e370600254.
- 9. Kanazawa M, Iwaki M, Minakuchi S, Nomura N. Fabrication of titanium alloy frameworks for complete dentures by selective laser melting. J Prosthet Dent 2014;112:1441-1447.
- 10. Zhou Y, Li Y, Zhang Y. Development of lightweight and high-strength hollow titanium-plated denture material using three-dimensional printing. Odontology 2024;112:45-53.
- 11. Danchik C, Casadevall A. Role of cell surface hydrophobicity in the pathogenesis of medically significant fungi. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021;10:594973.
- 12. Saygın AG, Tugut F, Tunc T, Okutan ENK. Evaluation of surface treatment on the surface roughness and Candida albicans adhesion of denture base materials in common beverages. Cumhuriyet Dent J 2025;28:54-61
- 13. Bollen CM, Lambrechts P, Quirynen M. Comparison of surface roughness of oral hard materials to the threshold surface roughness for bacterial plaque retention: a review of the literature. Dent Mater 1997;13:258-269.
- 14. Quirynen M, Bollen CM. The influence of surface roughness and surface-free energy on supra- and subgingival plaque formation in man: a review of the literature. J Clin Periodontol 1995;22:1-14.
- 15. Radford DR, Sweet SP, Challacombe SJ, Walter JD. Adherence of Candida albicans to denture-base materials with different surface finishes. J Dent 1998;26:577-583.
- 16. Murat S, Alp G, Alp S, Yilmaz B. Effects of different surface treatment methods on the surface roughness and Candida albicans adhesion of CAD/CAM PMMA-based polymers. J Prosthet Dent 2018;119:623-628.
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- 18. Srivastava G, Padhiary SK, Schimmel M, Schenk N, Cakmak G, Roccuzzo A, Molinero - Mourelle P. Performance of polyetheretherketone (PEEK) versus cobalt chromium to fabricate removable partial denture frameworks: a systematic review. J Prosthet Dent 2025;134: 652.e1-652.e10
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- 23. Gendreau L, Loewy ZG. Epidemiology and etiology of denture stomatitis. J Prosthodont 2021;30:305-313.
- 24. Arutyunov SD, Arutyunov AS, Shagaliev RM, Arutyunov SS, Ibragimov RR. Comparative evaluation of fungal adhesion on denture base materials. J Prosthodont 2022;31:520-527.
- 25. Li Y, Lee CH, Tang G, Chye FY. Effect of salivary pellicle on biofilm formation of Candida albicans on denture base acrylic resin: an in vitro study. J Prosthet Dent 2020;124:742-749.
- 26. Hannig C, Hannig M. The pellicle and erosion. Monogr Oral Sci 2021;29:206-215.
- 27. Jakubovics NS, Goodman SD, Mashburn-Warren L, Stafford GP, Cieplik F. The dental plaque biofilm matrix. Periodontol 2000 2021;86:32-56.
- 28. Vukosavljevic D, Custodio W, Buzalaf MAR, Siqueira WL. The salivary proteome and its role in host–microbe interactions. J Dent Res 2020;99:613-622.
- 29. Takabayashi Y. Characteristics of denture thermoplastic resins for non-metal clasp dentures. Dent Mater J 2021;40:1030-1036.
- 30. Al-Thobity AM, Gad MM, ArRejaie AS, Alnassar T, Akhtar S. Comparative effect of different surface treatments on surface roughness and Candida albicans adhesion to flexible denture base materials. J Prosthodont 2020;29:422-429.
- 31. Singh S, Palaskar JN, Mittal S. Comparative evaluation of water sorption and solubility of polyamide and heat-polymerized polymethyl methacrylate denture base materials. J Indian Prosthodont Soc 2020;20:377-383.
- 32. Osman RB, Ma S, Alharbi N, Wismeijer D. Comparative evaluation of Candida albicans biofilm formation on 3D-printed, milled, and conventional denture base resins. Polymers 2023;15:1836.
- 33. Al-Fouzan AF, Al-Mejrad LA, Albarrag AM. Adherence of Candida to complete denture surfaces in vitro: a comparison of conventional and CAD/CAM complete dentures. J Adv Prosthodont 2017;9:402-408.
- 34. Goodacre CJ, Garbacea A, Naylor WP, Daher T, Marchack CB, Lowry J. CAD/CAM fabricated complete dentures: concepts and clinical methods of obtaining required morphological and aesthetic outcomes. J Prosthodont 2018;27:535-543.
- 35. Bahig DE, Fahmy BS, Zaki LF. Biological assessment and patient satisfaction of PEKK versus Co-Cr framework in mandibular fixed hybrid prosthesis. Adv Dent J 2023;5:563-572.
- 36. Ohkubo C, Hanatani S, Hosoi T. Present status of titanium removable dentures – a review of the literature. J Oral Rehabil 2008;35:706-714.
- 37. Baena-Monroy T, Moreno-Maldonado V, Franco-Martínez F. Candida albicans, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus mutans colonization in patients wearing dental prosthesis. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal 2005;10:27-39.
There are 37 citations in total.
Details
| Primary Language | English |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Prosthodontics |
| Journal Section | RA |
| Authors | |
| Publication Date | September 30, 2025 |
| Submission Date | July 18, 2025 |
| Acceptance Date | September 3, 2025 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2025 Volume: 28 Issue: 3 |
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