Research Article
Year 2025,
Volume: 28 Issue: 3, 302 - 309, 30.09.2025
Abstract
References
- 1. Bahbishi N, Mzain W, Badeeb B, Nassar HM. Color stability and micro-hardness of bulk-fill composite materials after exposure to common beverages. Materials (Basel) 2020;13(3):787.
- 2. Mizutani K, Takamizawa T, Ishii R, Shibasaki S, Kurokawa H, Suzuki M, Tsujimoto A, Miyazaki M. Flexural properties and polished surface characteristics of a structural colored resin composite. Operative Dentistry 2021;46(3):E117-E131.
- 3. Sulaiman TA, Suliman AA, Mohamed EA, Rodgers B, Altak A, Johnston WM. Mechanical properties of bisacryl-, composite-, and ceramic-resin restorative materials. Operative Dentistry 2022;47(1):97-106.
- 4. Alagha EI, Alagha MI. Microhardness assessment of two nanohybrid composite resins with two curing technologies. Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences 2021;9(D):81-86.
- 5. Leprince J, Palin WM, Mullier T, Devaux J, Vreven J, Leloup G. Investigating filler morphology and mechanical properties of new low-shrinkage resin composite types. Journal of Oral Rehabilitation 2010;37(5):364-376.
- 6. Campregher UB, Samuel SM, Fortes CB, Medina AD, Collares FM, Ogliari FA. Effectiveness of second-generation light-emitting diode (led) light curing units. The Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice 2007;8(2):35-42.
- 7. Yaman BC, Efes BG, Dorter C, Gomec Y, Erdilek D, Buyukgokcesu S. The effects of halogen and light-emitting diode light curing on the depth of cure and surface microhardness of composite resins. Journal of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics 2011;14(2):136-139.
- 8. Dionysopoulos D, Papadopoulos C, Koliniotou-Koumpia E. Effect of temperature, curing time, and filler composition on surface microhardness of composite resins. Journal of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics 2015;18(2):114-118.
- 9. Saati K, Khansari S, Mahdisiar F, Valizadeh S. Evaluation of microhardness of two bulk-fill composite resins compared to a conventional composite resin on surface and in different depths. Journal of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences 2022;23(1):58-64.
- 10. Yap AU, Lye KW, Sau CW. Surface characteristics of tooth-colored restoratives polished utilizing different polishing systems. Operative Dentistry 1997;22(6):260-265.
- 11. Price RB, Derand T, Loney RW, Andreou P. Effect of light source and specimen thickness on the surface hardness of resin composite. American Journal of Dentistry 2002;15(1):47-53.
- 12. Knezevic A, Tarle Z, Meniga A, Sutalo J, Pichler G, Ristic M. Degree of conversion and temperature rise during polymerization of composite resin samples with blue diodes. Journal of Oral Rehabilitation 2001;28(6):586-591.
- 13. Caldas DB, de Almeida JB, Correr-Sobrinho L, Sinhoreti MA, Consani S. Influence of curing tip distance on resin composite knoop hardness number, using three different light curing units. Operative Dentistry 2003;28(3):315-320.
- 14. Degirmenci A, Can DB. Pre-heating effect on the microhardness and depth of cure of bulk-fill composite resins. Odovtos – International Journal of Dental Sciences 2022;24(1):99-112.
- 15. Babina K, Polyakova M, Sokhova I, Doroshina V, Arakelyan M, Novozhilova N. The effect of finishing and polishing sequences on the surface roughness of three different nanocomposites and composite/enamel and composite/cementum interfaces. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2020;10(7).1339
- 16. Zhang L, Yu P, Wang XY. Surface roughness and gloss of polished nanofilled and nanohybrid resin composites. Journal of Dental Sciences 2021;16(4):1198-1203.
- 17. Francis N, Rajan RR, Kumar V, Varughese A, Karuveetil V, Sapna CM. Effect of irradiance from curing units on the microhardness of composite - a systematic review. Evidence-Based Dentistry 2022.
- 18. Swift EJ, Jr., Pawlus MA, Vargas MA, Fortin D. Depth of cure of resin-modified glass ionomers. Dental Materials 1995;11(3):196-200.
- 19. Yearn JA. Factors affecting cure of visible light activated composites. International Dental Journal 1985;35(3):218-225.
- 20. Soto-Montero J, Nima G, Rueggeberg FA, Dias C, Giannini M. Influence of multiple peak light-emitting-diode curing unit beam homogenization tips on microhardness of resin composites. Operative Dentistry 2020;45(3):327-338.
- 21. Gan JK, Yap AU, Cheong JW, Arista N, Tan C. Bulk-fill composites: Effectiveness of cure with poly- and monowave curing lights and modes. Operative Dentistry 2018;43(2):136-143.
- 22. Conte G, Panetta M, Mancini M, Fabianelli A, Brotzu A, Sorge R, Cianconi L. Curing effectiveness of single-peak and multi-peak led light curing units on tpo-containing resin composites with different chromatic characteristics. Oral Implantol (Rome) 2017;10(2):140-150.
- 23. Rueggeberg FA, Caughman WF, Curtis JW, Jr. Effect of light intensity and exposure duration on cure of resin composite. Operative Dentistry 1994;19(1):26-32.
- 24. Ellakuria J, Triana R, Minguez N, Soler I, Ibaseta G, Maza J, Garcia-Godoy F. Effect of one-year water storage on the surface microhardness of resin-modified versus conventional glass-ionomer cements. Dental Materials 2003;19(4):286-290.
- 25. Silva JP, Coelho A, Paula A, Amaro I, Saraiva J, Ferreira MM, Marto CM, Carrilho E. The influence of irrigation during the finishing and polishing of composite resin restorations—a systematic review of in vitro studies. Materials 2021;14(7):1675.
- 26. Yilmaz Atali P, Dogu Kaya B, Manav Ozen A, Tarcin B, Senol AA, Tuter Bayraktar E, Korkut B, Bilgin Gocmen G, Tagtekin D, Turkmen C. Assessment of micro-hardness, degree of conversion, and flexural strength for single-shade universal resin composites. Polymers (Basel) 2022;14(22):4987.
- 27. Gonulol N, Ozer S, Tunc ES. Effect of a third-generation led lcu on microhardness of tooth-colored restorative materials. International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry 2016;26(5):376-382.
- 28. Dülger K. The effect of additional finishing and polishing sequences on hardness and roughness of two different dental composites: An in vitro study. Journal of Advanced Oral Research 2022;13(2):216-224.
- 29. Alharbi G, Al Nahedh HN, Al-Saud LM, Shono N, Maawadh A. Effect of different finishing and polishing systems on surface properties of universal single shade resin-based composites. BMC Oral Health 2024;24(1):197.
- 30. Takamizawa T, Ishii R, Tamura T, Yokoyama M, Hirokane E, Tsujimoto A, Miyazaki M, Kitahara N. Handling properties and surface characteristics of universal resin composites. Dental Materials 2021;37(9):1390-1401.
- 31. Gurgan S, Koc Vural U, Miletic I. Comparison of mechanical and optical properties of a newly marketed universal composite resin with contemporary universal composite resins: An in vitro study. Microscopy Research and Technique 2022;85(3):1171-1179.
The Effect of Light-Curing Devices and Modes on the Physical Properties of Three Universal Single-Shade Resin Composites
Abstract
Objectives
The objective of this in vitro study was to assess the microhardness, surface roughness, and hardness ratios of three universal single-shade resin composites using a variety of light-curing units (LCUs) and modes.
Materials and Methods
A total of 150 resin composite specimens were prepared (In each subgroup, n=10), each measuring 5 mm in diameter and with a depth of 2 mm, from three universal single-shade resin composites: Charisma Diamond One/DO, Omnichroma/OC, and Vittra APS. Two modes of a Valo cordless LCU and two modes of a Woodpecker LCU were selected to cure the resins, and an Elipar S10 LCU was used as a control. Vickers hardness measurements were taken from the samples using the HMV-G, while surface roughness was measured using the Surfest SJ301 device. Data were analyzed using Shapiro–Wilk, two-way robust ANOVA, Bonferroni tests, and Spearman's rho correlation.
Results
The highest average microhardness was achieved on the top surfaces of the FGM resin composite using the Valo in high-power mode, with significant differences from other combinations. A statistically significant interaction was observed between resin composite types and LCUs on curing depth (p=0.001), with the deepest curing found in the Tokuyama resin composite using the Valo in high-power mode. The highest surface roughness occurred with the FGM composite using the Valo in standard mode. Additionally, a partial correlation was identified between microhardness and surface roughness across the study groups.
Conclusions
In this study's limitations, three single-shade resin composites showed favorable outcomes, with Kulzer having the highest microhardness, Tokuyama achieving the greatest curing depths, and FGM exhibiting the highest surface roughness. Valo's high-power mode, used for 4 seconds, yielded the highest hardness ratio but did not attain the highest microhardness value; this was achieved by the Elipar device. Nonetheless, Valo's high-power mode is beneficial for reducing chair time.
References
- 1. Bahbishi N, Mzain W, Badeeb B, Nassar HM. Color stability and micro-hardness of bulk-fill composite materials after exposure to common beverages. Materials (Basel) 2020;13(3):787.
- 2. Mizutani K, Takamizawa T, Ishii R, Shibasaki S, Kurokawa H, Suzuki M, Tsujimoto A, Miyazaki M. Flexural properties and polished surface characteristics of a structural colored resin composite. Operative Dentistry 2021;46(3):E117-E131.
- 3. Sulaiman TA, Suliman AA, Mohamed EA, Rodgers B, Altak A, Johnston WM. Mechanical properties of bisacryl-, composite-, and ceramic-resin restorative materials. Operative Dentistry 2022;47(1):97-106.
- 4. Alagha EI, Alagha MI. Microhardness assessment of two nanohybrid composite resins with two curing technologies. Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences 2021;9(D):81-86.
- 5. Leprince J, Palin WM, Mullier T, Devaux J, Vreven J, Leloup G. Investigating filler morphology and mechanical properties of new low-shrinkage resin composite types. Journal of Oral Rehabilitation 2010;37(5):364-376.
- 6. Campregher UB, Samuel SM, Fortes CB, Medina AD, Collares FM, Ogliari FA. Effectiveness of second-generation light-emitting diode (led) light curing units. The Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice 2007;8(2):35-42.
- 7. Yaman BC, Efes BG, Dorter C, Gomec Y, Erdilek D, Buyukgokcesu S. The effects of halogen and light-emitting diode light curing on the depth of cure and surface microhardness of composite resins. Journal of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics 2011;14(2):136-139.
- 8. Dionysopoulos D, Papadopoulos C, Koliniotou-Koumpia E. Effect of temperature, curing time, and filler composition on surface microhardness of composite resins. Journal of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics 2015;18(2):114-118.
- 9. Saati K, Khansari S, Mahdisiar F, Valizadeh S. Evaluation of microhardness of two bulk-fill composite resins compared to a conventional composite resin on surface and in different depths. Journal of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences 2022;23(1):58-64.
- 10. Yap AU, Lye KW, Sau CW. Surface characteristics of tooth-colored restoratives polished utilizing different polishing systems. Operative Dentistry 1997;22(6):260-265.
- 11. Price RB, Derand T, Loney RW, Andreou P. Effect of light source and specimen thickness on the surface hardness of resin composite. American Journal of Dentistry 2002;15(1):47-53.
- 12. Knezevic A, Tarle Z, Meniga A, Sutalo J, Pichler G, Ristic M. Degree of conversion and temperature rise during polymerization of composite resin samples with blue diodes. Journal of Oral Rehabilitation 2001;28(6):586-591.
- 13. Caldas DB, de Almeida JB, Correr-Sobrinho L, Sinhoreti MA, Consani S. Influence of curing tip distance on resin composite knoop hardness number, using three different light curing units. Operative Dentistry 2003;28(3):315-320.
- 14. Degirmenci A, Can DB. Pre-heating effect on the microhardness and depth of cure of bulk-fill composite resins. Odovtos – International Journal of Dental Sciences 2022;24(1):99-112.
- 15. Babina K, Polyakova M, Sokhova I, Doroshina V, Arakelyan M, Novozhilova N. The effect of finishing and polishing sequences on the surface roughness of three different nanocomposites and composite/enamel and composite/cementum interfaces. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2020;10(7).1339
- 16. Zhang L, Yu P, Wang XY. Surface roughness and gloss of polished nanofilled and nanohybrid resin composites. Journal of Dental Sciences 2021;16(4):1198-1203.
- 17. Francis N, Rajan RR, Kumar V, Varughese A, Karuveetil V, Sapna CM. Effect of irradiance from curing units on the microhardness of composite - a systematic review. Evidence-Based Dentistry 2022.
- 18. Swift EJ, Jr., Pawlus MA, Vargas MA, Fortin D. Depth of cure of resin-modified glass ionomers. Dental Materials 1995;11(3):196-200.
- 19. Yearn JA. Factors affecting cure of visible light activated composites. International Dental Journal 1985;35(3):218-225.
- 20. Soto-Montero J, Nima G, Rueggeberg FA, Dias C, Giannini M. Influence of multiple peak light-emitting-diode curing unit beam homogenization tips on microhardness of resin composites. Operative Dentistry 2020;45(3):327-338.
- 21. Gan JK, Yap AU, Cheong JW, Arista N, Tan C. Bulk-fill composites: Effectiveness of cure with poly- and monowave curing lights and modes. Operative Dentistry 2018;43(2):136-143.
- 22. Conte G, Panetta M, Mancini M, Fabianelli A, Brotzu A, Sorge R, Cianconi L. Curing effectiveness of single-peak and multi-peak led light curing units on tpo-containing resin composites with different chromatic characteristics. Oral Implantol (Rome) 2017;10(2):140-150.
- 23. Rueggeberg FA, Caughman WF, Curtis JW, Jr. Effect of light intensity and exposure duration on cure of resin composite. Operative Dentistry 1994;19(1):26-32.
- 24. Ellakuria J, Triana R, Minguez N, Soler I, Ibaseta G, Maza J, Garcia-Godoy F. Effect of one-year water storage on the surface microhardness of resin-modified versus conventional glass-ionomer cements. Dental Materials 2003;19(4):286-290.
- 25. Silva JP, Coelho A, Paula A, Amaro I, Saraiva J, Ferreira MM, Marto CM, Carrilho E. The influence of irrigation during the finishing and polishing of composite resin restorations—a systematic review of in vitro studies. Materials 2021;14(7):1675.
- 26. Yilmaz Atali P, Dogu Kaya B, Manav Ozen A, Tarcin B, Senol AA, Tuter Bayraktar E, Korkut B, Bilgin Gocmen G, Tagtekin D, Turkmen C. Assessment of micro-hardness, degree of conversion, and flexural strength for single-shade universal resin composites. Polymers (Basel) 2022;14(22):4987.
- 27. Gonulol N, Ozer S, Tunc ES. Effect of a third-generation led lcu on microhardness of tooth-colored restorative materials. International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry 2016;26(5):376-382.
- 28. Dülger K. The effect of additional finishing and polishing sequences on hardness and roughness of two different dental composites: An in vitro study. Journal of Advanced Oral Research 2022;13(2):216-224.
- 29. Alharbi G, Al Nahedh HN, Al-Saud LM, Shono N, Maawadh A. Effect of different finishing and polishing systems on surface properties of universal single shade resin-based composites. BMC Oral Health 2024;24(1):197.
- 30. Takamizawa T, Ishii R, Tamura T, Yokoyama M, Hirokane E, Tsujimoto A, Miyazaki M, Kitahara N. Handling properties and surface characteristics of universal resin composites. Dental Materials 2021;37(9):1390-1401.
- 31. Gurgan S, Koc Vural U, Miletic I. Comparison of mechanical and optical properties of a newly marketed universal composite resin with contemporary universal composite resins: An in vitro study. Microscopy Research and Technique 2022;85(3):1171-1179.
There are 31 citations in total.
Details
| Primary Language | English |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Restorative Dentistry, Dental Materials |
| Journal Section | RA |
| Authors | |
| Publication Date | September 30, 2025 |
| Submission Date | November 25, 2024 |
| Acceptance Date | August 18, 2025 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2025 Volume: 28 Issue: 3 |
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