Research Article
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The Effects of Home and Over-The-Counter Whitening Agents on Surface Roughness and Microhardness of High Aesthetic Composites

Year 2024, , 30 - 40, 16.02.2024

Elif İpek Kılıç Dönmez , İhsan Hubbezoğlu

https://doi.org/10.7126/cumudj.1414323

Abstract

Objectives: The aim of this in-vitro study is to compare the effect of the newly released peroxide-free over-the-counter whitening products and the home bleaching material containing carbamide peroxide, on high aesthetic composites.
Materials and methods: In our study, 4 different composites were used: supra-nano(Tokuyama Estelite Asteria), submicron hybrid(Brilliant Ever Glow), nanofil(Filtek Universal Restorative) and finally nano-ceramic(Ceram.x SphereTEC one). A total of 200 disc-shaped composite specimens with 2 mm thickness and 8 mm diameter were prepared using metal molds(n=10). One surface of the samples was polished using Sof-Lex™ XT discs. Composite groups were divided into 5 subgroups as 4 experimental and 1 control groups. Four bleaching products, namely Opalascence Home Type, Mr. Blanc, I-White, Cali White, were used in the experimental groups. It was kept in a drying oven at 37°C to imitate the temperature of the mouth on certain days and hours in accordance with the instructions written in the whitening products prospectus. The surface roughness of the samples was measured with a profilometer and the microhardness values were measured with a fully automatic Micro Hardness Tester. The surfaces were examined with a Scanning Electron Microscopy. Data were evaluated with two-way Variance Analysis and Tukey Test as statistical methods.
Results: According to the surface roughness data, Filtek Universal Restorative's I-White subgroup showed the highest average surface roughness value, and Tokuyama Estelite Asteria's I-White subgroup showed the lowest value. There was a meaningful difference between the composite main groups and the experimental subgroups(p<0.05). According to microhardness data, I-White subgroup of Tokuyama Estelite Asteria showed the highest average microhardness value and the lowest value was Brilliant Ever Glow's I-White subgroup. A meaningful difference was observed between the composite main groups and the experimental subgroups(p<0.05). Although OTC bleaching products did not significantly change the surface roughness and microhardness values of composite resins, when SEM analyzes were examined, it was observed that all OTC bleaching products caused more cleft, crack and defect-like changes on the composite surfaces compared to Opalescence home bleaching agent.
Conclusions: It can be stated that Filtek Universal Restorative material is the composite that is most negatively affected by whitening materials, while Tokuyama Estelite Asteria composite is the least affected.

Keywords

Aesthetic composite microhardness surface roughness whitening

Supporting Institution

Sivas Cumhuriyet University Scientific Research Projects

Project Number

DIS-2020-247

Thanks

This study was supported by the Sivas Cumhuriyet University Scientific Research Projects with the project code of DIS 2020-247.

References

  • 1. Omar F, Ab-Ghani Z, Rahman NA, Halim MS. Nonprescription Whitening versus Home Whitening with Professional Prescriptions: Which One is Safer? A Comprehensive Review of Color Changes and Their Side Effects on Human Enamel. Eur J Dent, 2019;13(4):589-598.
  • 2. Karadas M, Duymus Z. In Vitro Evaluation of the Efficacy of Different Over-the-Counter Products on Tooth Whitening. Braz Dent J, 2015; 26(4): 373-377.
  • 3. Haywood VB. History, safety, and effectiveness of current whitening techniques and applications of the nightguard vital whitening technique. Quintessence Int, 1992; 23(7):471-488.
  • 4. Li Y, Greenwall L. Safety issues of tooth whitening using peroxide-based materials. Br Dent J, 2013; 215(1):29-34.
  • 5. Alqahtani MQ. Tooth-whitening procedures and their controversial effects: A literature review. Saudi Dent J, 2014;26(2):33-46.
  • 6. Navimipour EJ, Ajami AA, Oskoee SS, Kahnamou MA, Bahari M, Ebrahimi Chaharom ME ve ark. Surface Roughness of Different Composite Resins after Application of 15% Carbamide Peroxide and Brushing with Toothpaste: An In-Vitro Study. Front Dent, 2019;16(1):55-61.
  • 7. Hatanaka GR, Abi-Rached Fde O, Almeida-Júnior AA, Cruz CA. Effect of carbamide peroxide whitening gel on composite resin flexural strength and microhardness. Braz Dent J, 2013;24(3):263-266.
  • 8. Attin T, Hannig C, Wiegand A, Attin R. Effect of whitening on restorative materials and restorations--a systematic review. Dent Mater, 2004;20(9):852-861.
  • 9. Bizhang M, Domin J, Danesh G, Zimmer S. Effectiveness of a new non-hydrogen peroxide whitening agent after single use - a double-blind placebo-controlled short-term study. J Appl Oral Sci, 2017;25(5):575-584.
  • 10. Barry TN, Bailey CW, Ashcraft-Olmscheid D, Vandewalle KS. Effect of a New Whitening Gel on Tooth Whitening. Oper Dent, 2017;42(5):559-566.
  • 11. Greenwall-Cohen J, Francois P, Silikas N, Greenwall L, Le Goff S, Attal JP. The safety and efficacy of 'over the counter' whitening products in the UK. Br Dent J, 2019;226(4):271-276.
  • 12. Swift EJ. Nanocomposites. J Esthet Restor Dent, 2005;17(1):3-4.
  • 13. Demarco FF, Meireles SS, Masotti AS. Over-the-counter whitening agents: a concise review. Braz Oral Res, 2009;23 Suppl 1: 64-70.
  • 14. Hasson H, Ismail AI, Neiva G. Home-based chemically-induced whitening of teeth in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2006;(4):Cd006202.
  • 15. Sulieman M. An overview of bleaching techniques: 2. Night Guard Vital Bleaching and non-vital bleaching. Dent Update, 32(1), 39-40, 42-4, 46, 2005.
  • 16. Demir N, Karci M, Ozcan M. Effects of 16% Carbamide Peroxide Bleaching on the Surface Properties of Glazed Glassy Matrix Ceramics. Biomed Res Int, 2020, 1864298, 2020.
  • 17. Haywood VB, Heymann HO. Nightguard vital whitening: how safe is it? Quintessence Int,1991;22(7):515-523.
  • 18. Goldberg M, Grootveld M, Lynch E. Undesirable and adverse effects of tooth-whitening products: a review. Clin Oral Investig, 2010;14(1):1-10.
  • 19. Majeed A, Grobler SR, Moola MH, Oberholzer TG. Effect of four over-the-counter tooth-whitening products on enamel microhardness. Sadj, 2011;66(9):412-415.
  • 20. Yikilgan İ, Kamak H, Akgul S, Ozcan S, Bala O. Effects of three different whitening agents on microhardness and roughness of composite sample surfaces finished with different polishing techniques. J Clin Exp Dent,2017;9(3):e460-e65.
  • 21. Markovic L, Jordan RA, Glasser MC, Arnold WH, Nebel J, Tillmann W et al. Effects of whitening agents on surface roughness of filling materials. Dent Mater J, 2014;33(1):59-63.
  • 22. Moraes RR, Marimon JL, Schneider LF, Correr Sobrinho L, Camacho GB, Bueno M. Carbamide peroxide whitening agents: effects on surface roughness of enamel, composite and porcelain. Clin Oral Investig, 2006;10(1):23-28.
  • 23. Fernandes RA, Strazzi-Sahyon HB, Suzuki TYU, Briso ALF, Dos Santos PH. Effect of dental whitening on the microhardness and surface roughness of sealed composite resins. Restor Dent Endod, 2020;45(1):e12.
  • 24. Pinto CF, Oliveira R, Cavalli V, Giannini M. Peroxide whitening agent effects on enamel surface microhardness, roughness and morphology. Braz Oral Res, 2004;18(4):306-311.
  • 25. Worschech CC, Rodrigues JA, Martins LR, Ambrosano GM. Brushing effect of abrasive dentifrices during at-home whitening with 10% carbamide peroxide on enamel surface roughness. J Contemp Dent Pract, 2006;7(1):25-34.
  • 26. Furlan IS, Bridi EC, Amaral F, França FMG, Turssi CP, Basting RT. Effect of high- or low-concentration whitening agents containing calcium and/or fluoride on enamel microhardness. Gen Dent, 2017;65(3):66-70.
  • 27. Turker SB, Biskin T. Effect of three whitening agents on the surface properties of three different esthetic restorative materials. J Prosthet Dent, 2003;89(5):466-473.
  • 28. Wattanapayungkul P, Yap AU, Chooi KW, Lee MF, Selamat RS, Zhou RD. The effect of home whitening agents on the surface roughness of tooth-colored restoratives with time. Oper Dent, 2004;29(4):398-403.
  • 29. Kawai K, Leinfelder KF. Effect of surface-penetrating sealant on composite wear. Dent Mater, 1993;9(2):108-113.
  • 30. de Alexandre RS, Sundfeld RH, Briso AL, Bedran-Russo AK, Valentino TA, Sundefeld ML. Effect of 10% carbamide peroxide dental whitening on microhardness of filled and unfilled sealant materials. J Esthet Restor Dent, 2006;18(5):273-8; discussion 79.
  • 31. AlQahtani MQ. The effect of a 10% carbamide peroxide whitening agent on the microhardness of four types of direct resin-based restorative materials. Oper Dent, 2013;38(3):316-323.
  • 32. Malkondu Ö, Yurdagüven H, Say EC, Kazazoğlu E, Soyman M. Effect of whitening on microhardness of esthetic restorative materials. Oper Dent, 2011;36(2):177-186.
  • 33. Cengiz E, Kurtulmus-Yilmaz S, Ulusoy N, Deniz ST, Yuksel-Devrim E. The effect of home whitening agents on the surface roughness of five different composite resins: A SEM evaluation. Scanning, 2016;38(3):277-283.

Year 2024, , 30 - 40, 16.02.2024

Elif İpek Kılıç Dönmez , İhsan Hubbezoğlu

https://doi.org/10.7126/cumudj.1414323

Abstract

Project Number

DIS-2020-247

References

  • 1. Omar F, Ab-Ghani Z, Rahman NA, Halim MS. Nonprescription Whitening versus Home Whitening with Professional Prescriptions: Which One is Safer? A Comprehensive Review of Color Changes and Their Side Effects on Human Enamel. Eur J Dent, 2019;13(4):589-598.
  • 2. Karadas M, Duymus Z. In Vitro Evaluation of the Efficacy of Different Over-the-Counter Products on Tooth Whitening. Braz Dent J, 2015; 26(4): 373-377.
  • 3. Haywood VB. History, safety, and effectiveness of current whitening techniques and applications of the nightguard vital whitening technique. Quintessence Int, 1992; 23(7):471-488.
  • 4. Li Y, Greenwall L. Safety issues of tooth whitening using peroxide-based materials. Br Dent J, 2013; 215(1):29-34.
  • 5. Alqahtani MQ. Tooth-whitening procedures and their controversial effects: A literature review. Saudi Dent J, 2014;26(2):33-46.
  • 6. Navimipour EJ, Ajami AA, Oskoee SS, Kahnamou MA, Bahari M, Ebrahimi Chaharom ME ve ark. Surface Roughness of Different Composite Resins after Application of 15% Carbamide Peroxide and Brushing with Toothpaste: An In-Vitro Study. Front Dent, 2019;16(1):55-61.
  • 7. Hatanaka GR, Abi-Rached Fde O, Almeida-Júnior AA, Cruz CA. Effect of carbamide peroxide whitening gel on composite resin flexural strength and microhardness. Braz Dent J, 2013;24(3):263-266.
  • 8. Attin T, Hannig C, Wiegand A, Attin R. Effect of whitening on restorative materials and restorations--a systematic review. Dent Mater, 2004;20(9):852-861.
  • 9. Bizhang M, Domin J, Danesh G, Zimmer S. Effectiveness of a new non-hydrogen peroxide whitening agent after single use - a double-blind placebo-controlled short-term study. J Appl Oral Sci, 2017;25(5):575-584.
  • 10. Barry TN, Bailey CW, Ashcraft-Olmscheid D, Vandewalle KS. Effect of a New Whitening Gel on Tooth Whitening. Oper Dent, 2017;42(5):559-566.
  • 11. Greenwall-Cohen J, Francois P, Silikas N, Greenwall L, Le Goff S, Attal JP. The safety and efficacy of 'over the counter' whitening products in the UK. Br Dent J, 2019;226(4):271-276.
  • 12. Swift EJ. Nanocomposites. J Esthet Restor Dent, 2005;17(1):3-4.
  • 13. Demarco FF, Meireles SS, Masotti AS. Over-the-counter whitening agents: a concise review. Braz Oral Res, 2009;23 Suppl 1: 64-70.
  • 14. Hasson H, Ismail AI, Neiva G. Home-based chemically-induced whitening of teeth in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2006;(4):Cd006202.
  • 15. Sulieman M. An overview of bleaching techniques: 2. Night Guard Vital Bleaching and non-vital bleaching. Dent Update, 32(1), 39-40, 42-4, 46, 2005.
  • 16. Demir N, Karci M, Ozcan M. Effects of 16% Carbamide Peroxide Bleaching on the Surface Properties of Glazed Glassy Matrix Ceramics. Biomed Res Int, 2020, 1864298, 2020.
  • 17. Haywood VB, Heymann HO. Nightguard vital whitening: how safe is it? Quintessence Int,1991;22(7):515-523.
  • 18. Goldberg M, Grootveld M, Lynch E. Undesirable and adverse effects of tooth-whitening products: a review. Clin Oral Investig, 2010;14(1):1-10.
  • 19. Majeed A, Grobler SR, Moola MH, Oberholzer TG. Effect of four over-the-counter tooth-whitening products on enamel microhardness. Sadj, 2011;66(9):412-415.
  • 20. Yikilgan İ, Kamak H, Akgul S, Ozcan S, Bala O. Effects of three different whitening agents on microhardness and roughness of composite sample surfaces finished with different polishing techniques. J Clin Exp Dent,2017;9(3):e460-e65.
  • 21. Markovic L, Jordan RA, Glasser MC, Arnold WH, Nebel J, Tillmann W et al. Effects of whitening agents on surface roughness of filling materials. Dent Mater J, 2014;33(1):59-63.
  • 22. Moraes RR, Marimon JL, Schneider LF, Correr Sobrinho L, Camacho GB, Bueno M. Carbamide peroxide whitening agents: effects on surface roughness of enamel, composite and porcelain. Clin Oral Investig, 2006;10(1):23-28.
  • 23. Fernandes RA, Strazzi-Sahyon HB, Suzuki TYU, Briso ALF, Dos Santos PH. Effect of dental whitening on the microhardness and surface roughness of sealed composite resins. Restor Dent Endod, 2020;45(1):e12.
  • 24. Pinto CF, Oliveira R, Cavalli V, Giannini M. Peroxide whitening agent effects on enamel surface microhardness, roughness and morphology. Braz Oral Res, 2004;18(4):306-311.
  • 25. Worschech CC, Rodrigues JA, Martins LR, Ambrosano GM. Brushing effect of abrasive dentifrices during at-home whitening with 10% carbamide peroxide on enamel surface roughness. J Contemp Dent Pract, 2006;7(1):25-34.
  • 26. Furlan IS, Bridi EC, Amaral F, França FMG, Turssi CP, Basting RT. Effect of high- or low-concentration whitening agents containing calcium and/or fluoride on enamel microhardness. Gen Dent, 2017;65(3):66-70.
  • 27. Turker SB, Biskin T. Effect of three whitening agents on the surface properties of three different esthetic restorative materials. J Prosthet Dent, 2003;89(5):466-473.
  • 28. Wattanapayungkul P, Yap AU, Chooi KW, Lee MF, Selamat RS, Zhou RD. The effect of home whitening agents on the surface roughness of tooth-colored restoratives with time. Oper Dent, 2004;29(4):398-403.
  • 29. Kawai K, Leinfelder KF. Effect of surface-penetrating sealant on composite wear. Dent Mater, 1993;9(2):108-113.
  • 30. de Alexandre RS, Sundfeld RH, Briso AL, Bedran-Russo AK, Valentino TA, Sundefeld ML. Effect of 10% carbamide peroxide dental whitening on microhardness of filled and unfilled sealant materials. J Esthet Restor Dent, 2006;18(5):273-8; discussion 79.
  • 31. AlQahtani MQ. The effect of a 10% carbamide peroxide whitening agent on the microhardness of four types of direct resin-based restorative materials. Oper Dent, 2013;38(3):316-323.
  • 32. Malkondu Ö, Yurdagüven H, Say EC, Kazazoğlu E, Soyman M. Effect of whitening on microhardness of esthetic restorative materials. Oper Dent, 2011;36(2):177-186.
  • 33. Cengiz E, Kurtulmus-Yilmaz S, Ulusoy N, Deniz ST, Yuksel-Devrim E. The effect of home whitening agents on the surface roughness of five different composite resins: A SEM evaluation. Scanning, 2016;38(3):277-283.
There are 33 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Restorative Dentistry
Journal Section Original Research Articles
Authors

Elif İpek Kılıç Dönmez 0000-0002-5404-3503

İhsan Hubbezoğlu 0000-0001-8984-9286

Project Number DIS-2020-247
Publication Date February 16, 2024
Submission Date January 3, 2024
Acceptance Date January 31, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024

Cite

EndNote Kılıç Dönmez Eİ, Hubbezoğlu İ (February 1, 2024) The Effects of Home and Over-The-Counter Whitening Agents on Surface Roughness and Microhardness of High Aesthetic Composites. Cumhuriyet Dental Journal 27 1 30–40.

Cumhuriyet Dental Journal (Cumhuriyet Dent J, CDJ) is the official publication of Cumhuriyet University Faculty of Dentistry. CDJ is an international journal dedicated to the latest advancement of dentistry. The aim of this journal is to provide a platform for scientists and academicians all over the world to promote, share, and discuss various new issues and developments in different areas of dentistry. First issue of the Journal of Cumhuriyet University Faculty of Dentistry was published in 1998. In 2010, journal's name was changed as Cumhuriyet Dental Journal. Journal’s publication language is English.


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