Influence of Composite Viscosity and Application Techniques (Snowplow and Preheating) on Surface Roughness and Color Stability

Melek Güven Bekdaş; Elif Nihan Küçükyıldız

doi:10.7126/cumudj.1891792

TR EN

Kompozit Viskozitesi ve Uygulama Tekniklerinin (Kar Küreme ve Ön Isıtma) Yüzey Pürüzlülüğü ve Renk Kararlılığı Üzerindeki Etkisi

Abstract

Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı, farklı viskozitelere sahip rezin kompozit materyallerin ve farklı uygulama tekniklerinin restorasyonların renk stabilitesi ve yüzey pürüzlülüğü üzerindeki etkilerini karşılaştırmalı olarak değerlendirmektir. Gereç ve Yöntem: İki farklı üreticiye ait kondanse edilebilen ve akışkan kompozitler kullanılarak, 8x2 mm boyutlarında toplam 80 silindirik numune hazırlandı (n=10). Numuneler, viskozite özellikleri ve uygulama tekniklerine göre dört gruba ayrılmıştır: (1) kondanse edilebilen kompozit, (2) akışkan kompozit, (3) kar küreme (Snowplow) tekniği ile uygulanan kompozit ve (4) ön ısıtma işlemi uygulanan kompozit. Polisaj ve parlatma işlemlerinin ardından başlangıç ölçümleri gerçekleştirilmiş, daha sonra numuneler 12 gün süreyle kahve solüsyonunda bekletilmiştir. Renk değişimi (ΔE, ΔE₀₀) VITA Easyshade V spektrofotometre ile, yüzey pürüzlülüğü (Ra) ise Surtronic S-128 profilometre kullanılarak ölçülmüştür. Elde edilen veriler Welch ANOVA, eşleştirilmiş t-testi, Pearson korelasyon ve regresyon analizleri kullanılarak değerlendirilmiş, anlamlılık düzeyi α = 0,05 olarak kabul edilmiştir. Bulgular: En yüksek ΔE₀₀ değerleri; Charisma Packable (CP) ve Charisma PreHeated (CH) gruplarında saptanmış, bu grupları Tetric PreHeated (TH) grubu takip etmiştir; en düşük değerler ise Tetric Flow (TF) ve Tetric Snowplow (TS) gruplarında gözlemlenmiştir (p < 0,005). ΔE ve ΔE₀₀ arasında güçlü bir pozitif korelasyon belirlenmiştir (r = 0,893). Snowplow tekniği, Charisma Snowplow (CS) grubunda başlangıç yüzey pürüzlülüğünü azaltmıştır. Renklendirme prosedürü sonrasında tüm gruplarda pürüzlülük artışı görülse de, bu artışın yalnızca CS, CF ve CH gruplarında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı olduğu saptanmıştır (p < 0,05). Ön ısıtma işlemi Charisma grubunda (CH) renk değişimini hafifçe azaltırken, Tetric grubunda (TH) daha yüksek renk değişimiyle sonuçlanmıştır. Sonuçlar: Uygulama tekniğinin renk stabilitesi ve yüzey pürüzlülüğü üzerindeki etkisi, kompozit bileşimi tarafından büyük ölçüde etkilenir. Ön ısıtma ve Snowplow teknikleri Bis-GMA bazlı sistemde olumlu etkiler gösterirken, UDMA içeren kompozitte benzer iyileşmeler gözlemlenmemiştir. Bu bulgular, klinik uygulamada malzemeye özgü teknik seçiminin önemini vurgulamaktadır.

Supporting Institution

Yazarlar bu çalışmanın herhangi bir finansman desteği almadığını beyan ederler.

Ethical Statement

Bu çalışma, insan katılımcı veya hayvan içermeden, laboratuvar ortamında gerçekleştirilen bir araştırmadır. Bu nedenle, kurum yönetmeliklerine göre etik onay gerekmemiştir.

Influence of Composite Viscosity and Application Techniques (Snowplow and Preheating) on Surface Roughness and Color Stability

Abstract

Objective: This study aims to compare the effects of four application techniques performed with packable and flowable composites from two different manufacturers on the color stability and surface roughness of composite restorations. Materials and Methods: Eighty cylindrical specimens (8 × 2 mm) were prepared, forming eight groups (n = 10) using packable and flowable composites from two manufacturers. Four different methods were used: packable, flowable, snowplow, and preheating. After polishing and baseline measurements, specimens were kept in coffee for 12 days. A Vita Easyshade V spectrophotometer was used to measure colour (ΔE, ΔE₀₀). A Surtronic S-128 profilometer was used to measure surface roughness (Ra). Data were analyzed using Welch ANOVA, paired t-test, Pearson correlation, and regression (α = 0.05). Results: The highest ΔE₀₀ values were noted in the Charisma Packable (CP) and Charisma PreHeated (CH) groups, followed by the Tetric PreHeated (TH) group, while the lowest values were found in the Tetric Flow (TF) and Tetric Snowplow (TS) groups (p < 0.005). A strong positive correlation was identified between ΔE and ΔE₀₀ (r = 0.893, p < 0.001). The Snowplow technique reduced the initial surface roughness in the Charisma Snowplow (CS). After the coloring procedure, roughness increased in all groups; however, it was found to be significant only in the CS, CF, and CH groups (p < 0.05). Preheating slightly decreased discoloration in CH, while it resulted in higher in TH. Conclusion: The impact of application technique on color stability and surface roughness is strongly influenced by composite composition. While preheating and Snowplow techniques showed beneficial effects in the Bis-GMA–based system, similar improvements were not observed in the UDMA-containing composite. The importance of material-specific technique selection in clinical practice was demonstrated by these findings.

Keywords

Supporting Institution

The authors declare that there was no funding for this study.

Ethical Statement

The present study was conducted as an in vitro laboratory investigation and did not involve human participants or animals. Therefore, ethical approval was not required in accordance with institutional regulations.

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Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Dental Materials and Equipment, Restorative Dentistry, Dental Materials

Journal Section

Research Article

Authors

Melek Güven Bekdaş ^*
0000-0003-0509-3165
Türkiye

Elif Nihan Küçükyıldız
0000-0002-7844-2023
Türkiye

Publication Date

September 30, 2026

Submission Date

February 17, 2026

Acceptance Date

April 1, 2026

Published in Issue

Year 2026 Volume: 29 Number: 3

DOI

https://doi.org/10.7126/cumudj.1891792

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA45EP89EJ

Cite

RIS / Bibtex

APA

Güven Bekdaş, M., & Küçükyıldız, E. N. (2026). Influence of Composite Viscosity and Application Techniques (Snowplow and Preheating) on Surface Roughness and Color Stability. Cumhuriyet Dental Journal, 29(3), 448-457. https://doi.org/10.7126/cumudj.1891792

AMA

1.Güven Bekdaş M, Küçükyıldız EN. Influence of Composite Viscosity and Application Techniques (Snowplow and Preheating) on Surface Roughness and Color Stability. Cumhuriyet Dent J. 2026;29(3):448-457. doi:10.7126/cumudj.1891792

Chicago

Güven Bekdaş, Melek, and Elif Nihan Küçükyıldız. 2026. “Influence of Composite Viscosity and Application Techniques (Snowplow and Preheating) on Surface Roughness and Color Stability”. Cumhuriyet Dental Journal 29 (3): 448-57. https://doi.org/10.7126/cumudj.1891792.

EndNote

Güven Bekdaş M, Küçükyıldız EN (September 1, 2026) Influence of Composite Viscosity and Application Techniques (Snowplow and Preheating) on Surface Roughness and Color Stability. Cumhuriyet Dental Journal 29 3 448–457.

IEEE

[1]M. Güven Bekdaş and E. N. Küçükyıldız, “Influence of Composite Viscosity and Application Techniques (Snowplow and Preheating) on Surface Roughness and Color Stability”, Cumhuriyet Dent J, vol. 29, no. 3, pp. 448–457, Sept. 2026, doi: 10.7126/cumudj.1891792.

ISNAD

Güven Bekdaş, Melek - Küçükyıldız, Elif Nihan. “Influence of Composite Viscosity and Application Techniques (Snowplow and Preheating) on Surface Roughness and Color Stability”. Cumhuriyet Dental Journal 29/3 (September 1, 2026): 448-457. https://doi.org/10.7126/cumudj.1891792.

JAMA

1.Güven Bekdaş M, Küçükyıldız EN. Influence of Composite Viscosity and Application Techniques (Snowplow and Preheating) on Surface Roughness and Color Stability. Cumhuriyet Dent J. 2026;29:448–457.

MLA

Güven Bekdaş, Melek, and Elif Nihan Küçükyıldız. “Influence of Composite Viscosity and Application Techniques (Snowplow and Preheating) on Surface Roughness and Color Stability”. Cumhuriyet Dental Journal, vol. 29, no. 3, Sept. 2026, pp. 448-57, doi:10.7126/cumudj.1891792.

Vancouver

1.Melek Güven Bekdaş, Elif Nihan Küçükyıldız. Influence of Composite Viscosity and Application Techniques (Snowplow and Preheating) on Surface Roughness and Color Stability. Cumhuriyet Dent J. 2026 Sep. 1;29(3):448-57. doi:10.7126/cumudj.1891792