Research Article

Influence of Polymerization Mechanism on Surface Roughness, Microhardness, and Polymerization Efficiency of Bulk-Fill Resin Composites

Volume: 29 Number: 2 July 1, 2026
TR EN

Influence of Polymerization Mechanism on Surface Roughness, Microhardness, and Polymerization Efficiency of Bulk-Fill Resin Composites

Abstract

Objective: To investigate how polymerization mechanism influences surface roughness, microhardness, and curing homogeneity of bulk-fill resin composites. Materials and Methods: Two light-cure bulk-fill composites (Estelite Bulk Fill Flow, VisCalor Bulk) and two self-cure bulk-fill composites (Stela Automix, Stela Capsule) were evaluated (n = 12 per material). Cylindrical specimens (6 mm diameter × 4 mm thickness) were fabricated. Surface roughness (Ra) was measured using contact profilometry. Vickers microhardness (VHN) was determined on both top and bottom surfaces. Curing homogeneity was assessed using the bottom-to-top hardness ratio. Data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA and Tukey post hoc tests (α = 0.05). Results: Self-cure composites demonstrated significantly higher surface roughness than light-cure materials (p < 0.001). Light-cure composites showed significantly greater top and bottom surface microhardness (p < 0.001). However, light-cure materials exhibited a significant reduction in hardness at the bottom surface, resulting in lower hardness ratios (0.83–0.85). In contrast, self-cure materials showed no significant top–bottom difference and presented significantly higher hardness ratios (0.95–0.96; p < 0.001). Conclusions: The polymerization mechanism appears to influence the surface characteristics and curing behavior of bulk-fill resin composites. Light-cured materials tended to exhibit higher hardness values, whereas chemically cured materials demonstrated a more uniform polymerization profile throughout the material thickness. These findings suggest that the type of polymerization may be a factor worth considering during material selection, particularly in deep restorations where light transmission may be limited.

Keywords

Ethical Statement

This study involved only in vitro laboratory procedures and did not include any human or animal participants; therefore, ethical approval was not required.

References

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Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Restorative Dentistry, Dental Materials

Journal Section

Research Article

Publication Date

July 1, 2026

Submission Date

January 28, 2026

Acceptance Date

March 3, 2026

Published in Issue

Year 2026 Volume: 29 Number: 2

APA
Yıldırım Manav, E., & Hürmüzlü, F. (2026). Influence of Polymerization Mechanism on Surface Roughness, Microhardness, and Polymerization Efficiency of Bulk-Fill Resin Composites. Cumhuriyet Dental Journal, 29(2), 350-355. https://doi.org/10.7126/cumudj.1873554
AMA
1.Yıldırım Manav E, Hürmüzlü F. Influence of Polymerization Mechanism on Surface Roughness, Microhardness, and Polymerization Efficiency of Bulk-Fill Resin Composites. Cumhuriyet Dent J. 2026;29(2):350-355. doi:10.7126/cumudj.1873554
Chicago
Yıldırım Manav, Esra, and Feridun Hürmüzlü. 2026. “Influence of Polymerization Mechanism on Surface Roughness, Microhardness, and Polymerization Efficiency of Bulk-Fill Resin Composites”. Cumhuriyet Dental Journal 29 (2): 350-55. https://doi.org/10.7126/cumudj.1873554.
EndNote
Yıldırım Manav E, Hürmüzlü F (July 1, 2026) Influence of Polymerization Mechanism on Surface Roughness, Microhardness, and Polymerization Efficiency of Bulk-Fill Resin Composites. Cumhuriyet Dental Journal 29 2 350–355.
IEEE
[1]E. Yıldırım Manav and F. Hürmüzlü, “Influence of Polymerization Mechanism on Surface Roughness, Microhardness, and Polymerization Efficiency of Bulk-Fill Resin Composites”, Cumhuriyet Dent J, vol. 29, no. 2, pp. 350–355, July 2026, doi: 10.7126/cumudj.1873554.
ISNAD
Yıldırım Manav, Esra - Hürmüzlü, Feridun. “Influence of Polymerization Mechanism on Surface Roughness, Microhardness, and Polymerization Efficiency of Bulk-Fill Resin Composites”. Cumhuriyet Dental Journal 29/2 (July 1, 2026): 350-355. https://doi.org/10.7126/cumudj.1873554.
JAMA
1.Yıldırım Manav E, Hürmüzlü F. Influence of Polymerization Mechanism on Surface Roughness, Microhardness, and Polymerization Efficiency of Bulk-Fill Resin Composites. Cumhuriyet Dent J. 2026;29:350–355.
MLA
Yıldırım Manav, Esra, and Feridun Hürmüzlü. “Influence of Polymerization Mechanism on Surface Roughness, Microhardness, and Polymerization Efficiency of Bulk-Fill Resin Composites”. Cumhuriyet Dental Journal, vol. 29, no. 2, July 2026, pp. 350-5, doi:10.7126/cumudj.1873554.
Vancouver
1.Esra Yıldırım Manav, Feridun Hürmüzlü. Influence of Polymerization Mechanism on Surface Roughness, Microhardness, and Polymerization Efficiency of Bulk-Fill Resin Composites. Cumhuriyet Dent J. 2026 Jul. 1;29(2):350-5. doi:10.7126/cumudj.1873554

Cumhuriyet Dental Journal (Cumhuriyet Dent J, CDJ) is the official publication of Cumhuriyet University Faculty of Dentistry. CDJ is an international journal dedicated to the latest advancement of dentistry. The aim of this journal is to provide a platform for scientists and academicians all over the world to promote, share, and discuss various new issues and developments in different areas of dentistry. First issue of the Journal of Cumhuriyet University Faculty of Dentistry was published in 1998. In 2010, journal's name was changed as Cumhuriyet Dental Journal. Journal’s publication language is English.


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