Research Article

Determinants of Early and Late Complications After Lateral Window Sinus Elevation: A Two-Year Retrospective Cohort Study

Volume: 29 Number: 1 March 27, 2026
EN TR

Determinants of Early and Late Complications After Lateral Window Sinus Elevation: A Two-Year Retrospective Cohort Study

Abstract

Objectives: To evaluate early postoperative complications and 1- and 2-year implant-related outcomes following lateral window maxillary sinus floor augmentation by correlating CBCT-based anatomical parameters with surgical and prosthetic variables. Materials and Methods: This retrospective single-center cohort study included 134 patients who underwent lateral window sinus augmentation between 2020 and 2023. Preoperative CBCT imaging was used to assess residual bone height, lateral wall thickness, palatal–nasal recess angle, ostium diameter, Schneiderian membrane thickness (<3 mm or ≥3 mm), presence of septa, sinus pathology, and alveolar antral artery (AAA) diameter (≤2 mm or >2 mm). Early postoperative complications were recorded within the first month. Implant-related outcomes at 1 and 2 years were classified as implant failure or peri-implant crestal bone resorption (CBR). Statistical analyses included univariate tests and multivariate logistic regression (p<0.05). Results: Early postoperative complications were rare and mainly consisted of graft exposure/infection and bleeding/hematoma. A significantly higher incidence of early complications was observed in cases with AAA diameter >2 mm, with bleeding/hematoma occurring exclusively in this group (p=0.006). Other anatomical parameters, including ostium diameter, showed no significant association with early complications. At 1 year, implant outcomes were significantly associated with prosthetic superstructure type, residual crestal bone height, intraoperative complications—particularly Schneiderian membrane perforation—and postoperative complication management strategy. These associations were primarily driven by increased CBR rather than implant failure. At 2 years, prosthetic superstructure type remained significantly associated with outcomes, while Schneiderian membrane thickness ≥3 mm was linked to higher CBR rates. Implant failure remained infrequent throughout the follow-up period. Conclusions: Lateral window sinus augmentation yielded predictable short- and mid-term outcomes when guided by CBCT-based presurgical assessment and structured postoperative management. Vascular anatomy, particularly AAA diameter, was the main determinant of early bleeding-related complications, whereas prosthetic design was the most consistent factor influencing long-term crestal bone changes.

Keywords

Supporting Institution

There was no support for this study.

Ethical Statement

The study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Istinye University Human Research Ethics Committee (Meeting Date: 07 March 2025; Meeting No: 2025/01; Protocol No: 25-07).

References

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Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery , Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology

Journal Section

Research Article

Publication Date

March 27, 2026

Submission Date

January 27, 2026

Acceptance Date

March 12, 2026

Published in Issue

Year 2026 Volume: 29 Number: 1

EndNote
Güldiken İN, Kahraman EN (March 1, 2026) Determinants of Early and Late Complications After Lateral Window Sinus Elevation: A Two-Year Retrospective Cohort Study. Cumhuriyet Dental Journal 29 1 158–167.

Cumhuriyet Dental Journal (Cumhuriyet Dent J, CDJ) is the official publication of Cumhuriyet University Faculty of Dentistry. CDJ is an international journal dedicated to the latest advancement of dentistry. The aim of this journal is to provide a platform for scientists and academicians all over the world to promote, share, and discuss various new issues and developments in different areas of dentistry. First issue of the Journal of Cumhuriyet University Faculty of Dentistry was published in 1998. In 2010, journal's name was changed as Cumhuriyet Dental Journal. Journal’s publication language is English.


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