Comparative evaluation of color change induced by over-the-counter whitening pens

Esra Yıldırım Manav; Ayfer Ezgi Yılmaz Çakıroğlu

doi:10.7126/cumudj.1790133

TR EN

Tezgâh Üstü Beyazlatıcı Kalemlerin Neden Olduğu Renk Değişiminin Karşılaştırmalı Değerlendirilmesi

Abstract

Amaç: Üç farklı reçetesiz (OTC) beyazlatma kalemi ile bir ev tipi beyazlatma ürününün kısa dönem beyazlatma etkinliğini, çekilmiş insan dişlerinde spektrofotometrik renk analizi ile değerlendirmek ve karşılaştırmaktır. Gereç ve Yöntem: Altmış maksiller kesici diş rastgele beş gruba ayrıldı (n=12): üç OTC beyazlatma kalemi (iSmile, SDI Pola Luminate, CleverCool), bir ev tipi beyazlatma jeli (SDI Polanight) ve bir kontrol grubu. Beyazlatıcı ajanlar üretici talimatlarına göre 7 gün boyunca uygulandı. Renk ölçümleri başlangıçta (T0), 7. gün sonunda (T7) ve 14. günde (T14) spektrofotometre kullanılarak yapıldı. Renk değişimi (ΔE), CIELab formülü kullanılarak hesaplandı. Veriler tek yönlü ANOVA ve Tukey HSD testleri ile analiz edildi (p <0.05). Bulgular: Tüm beyazlatma grupları, kontrol grubuna kıyasla anlamlı derecede daha yüksek ΔE değerleri gösterdi (p <0.001). iSmile kalemi hem T7’de hem de T14’te en yüksek renk değişimini sağladı. SDI Polanight benzer ancak biraz daha düşük etkinlik gösterdi. Pola Luminate ve CleverCool orta düzeyde beyazlatma etkisi sağladı ve aralarında anlamlı bir fark bulunmadı. Sonuç: OTC beyazlatma kalemleri kısa dönemde gözle görülür renk iyileşmesi sağlayabilir. Ancak etkinlikleri ürün formülasyonuna göre değişmektedir. Daha yüksek peroksit konsantrasyonu daha güçlü beyazlatma etkisi ile ilişkilidir.

Keywords

Comparative evaluation of color change induced by over-the-counter whitening pens

Abstract

Objective: This study aimed to assess and compare the short-term whitening performance of three over-the-counter (OTC) whitening pens and one home bleaching agent on extracted human teeth using spectrophotometric color evaluation. Materials and Methods: Sixty maxillary incisors were randomly distributed into five groups (n = 12 each): three OTC whitening pens (iSmile, SDI Pola Luminate, CleverCool), one home bleaching gel (SDI Polanight), and a control group. Whitening protocols were applied according to manufacturers’ directions for seven consecutive days. Tooth color was recorded at baseline (T0), after 7 days of treatment (T7), and at day 14 (T14) using a spectrophotometer. Color change (ΔE) was calculated through the CIELab system. Statistical analysis was performed with one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s post-hoc tests (α = 0.05). Results: All experimental groups presented significantly greater ΔE values compared with the control (p < 0.001). The iSmile pen produced the most noticeable change at both T7 and T14. SDI Polanight achieved similar but slightly lower whitening, while Pola Luminate and CleverCool provided moderate improvements with no significant difference between them. Conclusion: OTC whitening pens are capable of delivering visible short-term whitening effects, although their effectiveness varies across products. A higher peroxide concentration was associated with a more pronounced bleaching outcome.

Keywords

References

1. Joiner A. The bleaching of teeth: A review of the literature. J Dent 2006;34(7):412-419.
2. Kwon SR, Wertz PW. Review of the mechanism of tooth whitening. J Esthet Restor Dent 2015;27(5):240-257.
3. Greenwall-Cohen J, Francois P, Silikas N, Greenwall L, Le Goff S, Attal JP. The safety and efficacy of ‘over the counter’ bleaching products in the UK. Br Dent J 2019;226(4):271-276.
4. Dahl JE, Pallesen U. Tooth bleaching – a critical review of the biological aspects. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med 2003;14(4):292-304.
5. Li Y. Safety controversies in tooth bleaching. Dent Clin North Am 2011;55(2):255-263.
6. Meireles SS, Santos IS, Bonato RC, Duarte S Jr, Demarco FF. A double-blind randomized clinical trial of two carbamide peroxide tooth bleaching agents: 2-year follow-up. J Dent 2009;37(9):734-739.
7. Alkhudairy R, Tashkandi E. The effectiveness of a shade-matching training program on the dentists' ability to match teeth color. J Esthet Restor Dent 2017;29(2):E33-E43.
8. Barbosa LMM, Centenaro GG, Cordeiro DCF, Oliveira VB, Favoreto MW, Arrais CAG, Loguercio AD. Effect of light-activation systems associated with whitening pens in the bleaching efficacy and hydrogen peroxide permeability. J Dent 2025;155:105630.

9. Paravina RD, Ghinea R, Herrera LJ, et al. Color difference thresholds in dentistry. J Esthet Restor Dent 2015;27(S1):S1-S9.
10. Barbosa LMM, de Souza Carneiro T, Favoreto MW, Borges CPF, Reis A, Meireles SS, Loguercio AD. Whitening toothpastes with hydrogen peroxide concentrations vs. at-home bleaching. Clin Oral Investig 2024;28(8):436.
11. Barbosa LMM, Carneiro TS, Favoreto MW, Borges CPF, Reis A, Loguercio AD, Meireles SS. Effect of whitening toothpastes with different hydrogen peroxide concentrations: penetration into the pulp chamber and color change. J Dent 2024;144:104951.
12. Robertson AR, Lozano RD, Alman DH, Orchard SE, Keitch JA, Connely R, Hoban RF. CIE recommendations on uniform color spaces, color-difference equations, and metric color terms. Color Res Appl 1977;2:5-6.
13. Carey CM. Tooth whitening: what we now know. J Evid Based Dent Pract 2014;14:70-76.
14. Ontiveros JC, Paravina RD. Color change of vital teeth exposed to bleaching performed with and without supplementary light. J Dent 2009;37(11):840-847.
15. Goldberg M, Grootveld M, Lynch E. Undesirable and adverse effects of tooth-whitening products: a review. Clin Oral Investig 2010;14(1):1-10.
16. Ghinea R, Pérez MM, Herrera LJ, Rivas MJ, Yebra A, Paravina RD. Color difference thresholds in dental ceramics. J Dent 2010;38:e57-e64.
17. Khashayar G, Bain PA, Salari S, Dozic A, Kleverlaan CJ, Feilzer AJ. Perceptibility and acceptability thresholds for colour differences in dentistry. J Dent 2014;42(6):637-644.
18. Joiner A, Luo W. Tooth colour and whiteness: A review. J Dent 2017;67:S3-S10.
19. Meireles SS, Goettems ML, Dantas RVF, Della Bona Á, Santos IS, Demarco FF. Changes in oral health related quality of life after dental bleaching in a double-blind randomized clinical trial. J Dent 2014;42(2):114-121.
20. Serraglio CR, Zanella L, Dalla-Vecchia KB, Rodrigues-Junior SA. Efficacy and safety of over-the-counter whitening strips as compared to home-whitening with 10% carbamide peroxide gel: Systematic review of RCTs and meta-analysis. Clin Oral Investig 2016;20(1):1-14.
21. Ozdemir ZM, Surmelioglu D. Effects of different bleaching application durations on enamel in terms of tooth color, microhardness, and surface roughness. Color Res Appl 2022;47(1):204-212.
22. Tredwin CJ, Naik S, Lewis NJ, Scully C. Hydrogen peroxide tooth-whitening (bleaching) products: review of adverse effects and safety issues. Br Dent J 2006;200(7):371-376.
23. Basting RT, Rodrigues AL, Serra MC. The effect of 10% carbamide peroxide, carbopol and/or glycerin on enamel and dentin microhardness. Oper Dent 2005;30(5):608-614.
24. Li Y, Greenwall L. Safety issues of tooth whitening using peroxide-based materials. Br Dent J 2013;215(1):29-34.
25. Lopes GC, Bonissoni L, Baratieri LN, Vieira LCC, Monteiro S Jr. Effect of bleaching agents on the hardness and morphology of enamel. J Esthet Restor Dent 2002;14(1):24-30.

Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Restorative Dentistry, Dental Materials

Journal Section

Research Article

Authors

Esra Yıldırım Manav ^*
0000-0001-8073-1222
Türkiye

Ayfer Ezgi Yılmaz Çakıroğlu
0000-0002-6214-8014
Türkiye

Publication Date

March 27, 2026

Submission Date

September 24, 2025

Acceptance Date

November 12, 2025

Published in Issue

Year 2026 Volume: 29 Number: 1

DOI

https://doi.org/10.7126/cumudj.1790133

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA44SS76NU

Cite

RIS / Bibtex

APA

Yıldırım Manav, E., & Yılmaz Çakıroğlu, A. E. (2026). Comparative evaluation of color change induced by over-the-counter whitening pens. Cumhuriyet Dental Journal, 29(1), 99-103. https://doi.org/10.7126/cumudj.1790133

AMA

1.Yıldırım Manav E, Yılmaz Çakıroğlu AE. Comparative evaluation of color change induced by over-the-counter whitening pens. Cumhuriyet Dent J. 2026;29(1):99-103. doi:10.7126/cumudj.1790133

Chicago

Yıldırım Manav, Esra, and Ayfer Ezgi Yılmaz Çakıroğlu. 2026. “Comparative Evaluation of Color Change Induced by Over-the-Counter Whitening Pens”. Cumhuriyet Dental Journal 29 (1): 99-103. https://doi.org/10.7126/cumudj.1790133.

EndNote

Yıldırım Manav E, Yılmaz Çakıroğlu AE (March 1, 2026) Comparative evaluation of color change induced by over-the-counter whitening pens. Cumhuriyet Dental Journal 29 1 99–103.

IEEE

[1]E. Yıldırım Manav and A. E. Yılmaz Çakıroğlu, “Comparative evaluation of color change induced by over-the-counter whitening pens”, Cumhuriyet Dent J, vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 99–103, Mar. 2026, doi: 10.7126/cumudj.1790133.

ISNAD

Yıldırım Manav, Esra - Yılmaz Çakıroğlu, Ayfer Ezgi. “Comparative Evaluation of Color Change Induced by Over-the-Counter Whitening Pens”. Cumhuriyet Dental Journal 29/1 (March 1, 2026): 99-103. https://doi.org/10.7126/cumudj.1790133.

JAMA

1.Yıldırım Manav E, Yılmaz Çakıroğlu AE. Comparative evaluation of color change induced by over-the-counter whitening pens. Cumhuriyet Dent J. 2026;29:99–103.

MLA

Yıldırım Manav, Esra, and Ayfer Ezgi Yılmaz Çakıroğlu. “Comparative Evaluation of Color Change Induced by Over-the-Counter Whitening Pens”. Cumhuriyet Dental Journal, vol. 29, no. 1, Mar. 2026, pp. 99-103, doi:10.7126/cumudj.1790133.

Vancouver

1.Esra Yıldırım Manav, Ayfer Ezgi Yılmaz Çakıroğlu. Comparative evaluation of color change induced by over-the-counter whitening pens. Cumhuriyet Dent J. 2026 Mar. 1;29(1):99-103. doi:10.7126/cumudj.1790133