Comparative Evaluation of Nasal Parameters in Various Vertical Skeletal Dimensions Amongst Malay Female Orthodontic Patients

Joo Ming Cheong; Norilham Shafiq Bin Abdul Rahim; Siti Nurul Ainina Binti Mohd Sahrum; Ahmad Badruddin Bin Ghazali; Mohamad Shafiq Mohd Ibrahim

doi:10.7126/cumudj.1735666

EN

Comparative Evaluation of Nasal Parameters in Various Vertical Skeletal Dimensions Amongst Malay Female Orthodontic Patients

Abstract

Objectives: To establish cephalometric norms for various nasal parameters in skeletal normodivergent Malaysian Malay adult females, and to compare nasal parameter differences across normo-, hypo-, and hyperdivergent vertical skeletal dimensions. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study analysed 156 pre-orthodontic lateral cephalometric radiographs of skeletal Class I Malay females aged 18 to 30 years (mean age= 24.12 ± 3.38). Cephalograms were categorised into normodivergent (MMPA: 24.8° ± 6.7°), hypodivergent (<18.1°), and hyperdivergent (>31.5°). Sixteen nasal parameters were manually traced, comprising nine linear (nasal depth 1, nasal depth 2, nasal bone length, nasal length, columella convexity, nasal dorsum axis, nasal tip protrusion, nasal height, and hump) and seven angular (nasomental, nasofrontal, nasofacial, nasolabial, nasal tip, soft tissue facial convexity, and nasal bone angles) parameters. One-way ANOVA with Bonferroni post-hoc test (p< 0.05) was used to compare mean nasal parameters across the three vertical skeletal groups. Intra- and inter-examiner reproducibility was assessed using the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) with remeasurements made after one week. Results: ICC analysis demonstrated excellent intra- and inter-examiner reliability (0.93 and 0.91, respectively). No significant differences were observed in linear nasal parameters across all groups except nasal depth 2 (p = 0.02) which was significantly greater in normodivergent than hyperdivergent group. No significant differences were found in angular nasal parameters. Conclusions: Nasal cephalometric norms in normodivergent Malaysian Malay female were established, providing an essential reference data for nasal assessment. Nasal depth 2 varied significantly across groups, suggesting that vertical skeletal pattern can influence this specific nasal variable, which is crucial for improving orthodontic and surgical treatment planning in the Malay population.

Keywords

Supporting Institution

Kulliyyah of Dentistry, International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM)

Project Number

CHAIN 24-005-0005

Ethical Statement

This study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Ethical approval was obtained from International Islamic University Malaysia Research Ethics Committee (IREC 2024-043) dated 20 February 2024.

Thanks

The authors sincerely acknowledge all individuals who contributed to this project, either directly or indirectly, and are thankful for the assistance provided by the dental staff at Dr Fatain’s Dental Clinic during data collection. The authors also gratefully acknowledge the financial support received from the Kulliyyah of Dentistry Postgraduate CHAIN Grant, International Islamic University Malaysia (CHAIN 24-005-0005).

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Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics

Journal Section

Research Article

Authors

Joo Ming Cheong ^*
0000-0002-7487-7396
Malaysia

Norilham Shafiq Bin Abdul Rahim
0009-0007-5372-7050
Malaysia

Siti Nurul Ainina Binti Mohd Sahrum
0009-0001-2440-243X
Malaysia

Ahmad Badruddin Bin Ghazali
0000-0002-8399-3356
Malaysia

Mohamad Shafiq Mohd Ibrahim
0000-0003-1356-2902
Malaysia

Publication Date

March 27, 2026

Submission Date

July 6, 2025

Acceptance Date

February 18, 2026

Published in Issue

Year 2026 Volume: 29 Number: 1

DOI

https://doi.org/10.7126/cumudj.1735666

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA83KH59MJ

Cite

RIS / Bibtex

EndNote

Cheong JM, Bin Abdul Rahim NS, Binti Mohd Sahrum SNA, Bin Ghazali AB, Mohd Ibrahim MS (March 1, 2026) Comparative Evaluation of Nasal Parameters in Various Vertical Skeletal Dimensions Amongst Malay Female Orthodontic Patients. Cumhuriyet Dental Journal 29 1 16–25.

Öz

Comparative Evaluation of Nasal Parameters in Various Vertical Skeletal Dimensions Amongst Malay Female Orthodontic Patients

Abstract

Keywords

Supporting Institution

Project Number

Ethical Statement

Thanks

References

Details

Primary Language

Subjects

Journal Section

Authors

Publication Date

Submission Date

Acceptance Date

Published in Issue

DOI

IZ

Cite