3D-Printed Zirconia Restorations

Tuğçe Karabulut Açıkgöz; Şevval Takva; Senay Canay

doi:10.7126/cumudj.1648247

TR EN

Abstract

Zirkonya, zirkonyum dioksit (ZrO₂) olarak da bilinen, üstün dayanıklılığı, kimyasal direnci ve biyouyumluluğu nedeniyle diş hekimliğinde sık tercih edilen bir seramik malzemedir. Geleneksel olarak iki katmanlı restorasyonlarda altyapı malzemesi olarak kullanılan zirkonyaya olan talebin artması, üretim tekniklerinde ilerlemelere yol açmıştır. Zirkonya restorasyonlarının üretiminde halen en yaygın yöntem eksiltmeli üretim (frezeleme) olsa da eklemeli üretim (3D baskı), malzeme verimliliğinin artması, kompleks tasarımların üretilebilmesi ve daha az malzeme israfı gibi önemli avantajlarıyla yenilikçi bir teknik olarak ortaya çıkmıştır. Bununla birlikte, çözünürlük sınırlamaları, katmanlar arası bağlanma sorunları ve porozite gibi zorluklar devam etmekte olup, en iyi mekanik ve estetik özellikleri sağlamak için sinterleme ve bağ çözücü (debinding) işlemleri gibi işlem süreçleri gerekmektedir. Son araştırmalarda eklemeli üretilen zirkonya, kenar uyumu ve iç uyum açısından klinik olarak kabul edilebilir olup, mekanik özellikleri frezeleme ile üretilen zirkonyalarla karşılaştırılabilir düzeydedir. Bununla birlikte, katman hizalaması, sinterleme ve marjin tasarımı gibi faktörler, final restorasyonun doğruluğunu ve dayanıklılığını önemli ölçüde etkilemektedir. Eklemeli üretilen zirkonyanın klinik uygulanabilirliği umut verici sonuçlara rağmen standartlaştırılmış tekniklerin belirlenmesi ve terapötik etkinliğinin değerlendirilmesi için daha fazla uzun vadeli çalışmaya ihtiyaç vardır. Bu derleme, zirkonya restorasyonları için eklemeli üretimdeki en son gelişmeleri, avantajları ve dezavantajları inceleyerek dijital diş hekimliğinin ilerlemesine katkı sağlamayı amaçlamaktadır.

Keywords

3D-Printed Zirconia Restorations

Abstract

Zirconia, also known as zirconium dioxide, or ZrO₂, is a preferred ceramic material in dentistry because of its superior durability, chemical resistance, and compatibility with biological processes. The increasing demand for monolithic zirconia, which has traditionally been used as a substructure material in bilayer restorations, has led to advancements in manufacturing techniques. Although subtractive manufacturing (milling) is still the main technique for producing zirconia restorations, additive manufacturing (3D printing) has also emerged as an innovative techniques with remarkable benefits such as improved material efficiency, complex design possibilities and reduced material waste. Resolution restrictions, interlayer bonding concerns, and porosity continue to be difficulties, nevertheless, and demanding post-processing techniques like sintering and debinding are necessary to provide the greatest mechanical and aesthetic properties. According to recent research, 3D-printed zirconia offers marginal fit and adaptation that are clinically acceptable and mechanically comparable to those produced with subtractive manufacturing. Nonetheless, factors such as layer alignment, sintering settings, and margin design significantly influence the accuracy and durability of the final restoration. More long-term study is required to establish standardized techniques and evaluate the therapeutic usefulness of additively produced zirconia, as its clinical applicability has not been sufficiently explored despite the encouraging results. This review examines the latest developments, advantages and disadvantages of additive manufacturing for zirconia restorations, emphasizing its potential to advance digital dentistry.

Keywords

References

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Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Prosthodontics, Dental Materials

Journal Section

Review

Authors

Tuğçe Karabulut Açıkgöz ^*
0009-0007-0350-6831
Türkiye

Şevval Takva
0009-0000-2058-8532
Türkiye

Senay Canay
0000-0003-0485-361X
Türkiye

Publication Date

September 30, 2025

Submission Date

March 4, 2025

Acceptance Date

March 21, 2025

Published in Issue

Year 2025 Volume: 28 Number: 3

DOI

https://doi.org/10.7126/cumudj.1648247

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA45FP36AX

Cite

RIS / Bibtex

APA

Karabulut Açıkgöz, T., Takva, Ş., & Canay, S. (2025). 3D-Printed Zirconia Restorations. Cumhuriyet Dental Journal, 28(3), 447-451. https://doi.org/10.7126/cumudj.1648247

AMA

1.Karabulut Açıkgöz T, Takva Ş, Canay S. 3D-Printed Zirconia Restorations. Cumhuriyet Dent J. 2025;28(3):447-451. doi:10.7126/cumudj.1648247

Chicago

Karabulut Açıkgöz, Tuğçe, Şevval Takva, and Senay Canay. 2025. “3D-Printed Zirconia Restorations”. Cumhuriyet Dental Journal 28 (3): 447-51. https://doi.org/10.7126/cumudj.1648247.

EndNote

Karabulut Açıkgöz T, Takva Ş, Canay S (September 1, 2025) 3D-Printed Zirconia Restorations. Cumhuriyet Dental Journal 28 3 447–451.

IEEE

[1]T. Karabulut Açıkgöz, Ş. Takva, and S. Canay, “3D-Printed Zirconia Restorations”, Cumhuriyet Dent J, vol. 28, no. 3, pp. 447–451, Sept. 2025, doi: 10.7126/cumudj.1648247.

ISNAD

Karabulut Açıkgöz, Tuğçe - Takva, Şevval - Canay, Senay. “3D-Printed Zirconia Restorations”. Cumhuriyet Dental Journal 28/3 (September 1, 2025): 447-451. https://doi.org/10.7126/cumudj.1648247.

JAMA

1.Karabulut Açıkgöz T, Takva Ş, Canay S. 3D-Printed Zirconia Restorations. Cumhuriyet Dent J. 2025;28:447–451.

MLA

Karabulut Açıkgöz, Tuğçe, et al. “3D-Printed Zirconia Restorations”. Cumhuriyet Dental Journal, vol. 28, no. 3, Sept. 2025, pp. 447-51, doi:10.7126/cumudj.1648247.

Vancouver

1.Tuğçe Karabulut Açıkgöz, Şevval Takva, Senay Canay. 3D-Printed Zirconia Restorations. Cumhuriyet Dent J. 2025 Sep. 1;28(3):447-51. doi:10.7126/cumudj.1648247

Cited By

3D-printed zirconia in dentistry: a bibliometric analysis of global research trends

Journal of Health Sciences and Medicine

https://doi.org/10.32322/jhsm.1847310