Light in the Horizon: A Perspective on Photodynamic Therapy

Pratibha G

doi:10.7126/cumudj.1374833

EN

Light in the Horizon: A Perspective on Photodynamic Therapy

Abstract

Dental treatment, in general, has been associated with fear and anxiety. The prospect of undergoing a painful experience compels many prospective patients to postpone his/her dental appointment. A previous occurrence of the distressful event has often left patients traumatized. Repeated visits for follow-up treatments also serve as a deterrent for seeking dental consultation. Alternative methods need exploration to mitigate such inconveniences. Photodynamic therapy is emerging as an extension of dental therapeutic options with the benefits of improved treatment outcomes and patient acceptability. The present narrative review explores its applications in general dentistry and highlights its potential in the periodontal discipline. Being minimally invasive, it offers promise in pain-free management of dental conditions, particularly infections. It has relevance in managing oral mucosal lesions, periodontitis, and dental caries. Current evidence suggests photodynamic therapy as an adjuvant to contemporary measures of dental rehabilitation.

Keywords

Project Number

Not applicable - review paper

References

Pérez-Chaparro PJ, Gonçalves C, Figueiredo LC et al. Newly identified pathogens associated with periodontitis: a systematic review. J Dent Res. 2014;93:846-858.
Konan YN, Gurny R, Allémann E. State of the art in the delivery of photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy. J Photochem Photobiol B 2002; 66:89-106.
Takasaki AA, Aoki A, Mizutani K, et al. Application of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy in periodontal and peri-implant diseases. Periodontol 2000. 2009; 51:109-140. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0757.2009.00302. x. PMID: 19878472.
Konopka K and Goslinski T. Photodynamic Therapy in Dentistry. J Dent Res 2007; 86:694-707.
Nayak CS. Photodynamic therapy in dermatology. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol 2005; 71: 155-160.
Lan M, Zhao S, Liu W, Lee CS, Zhang W, Wang P. Photosensitizers for Photodynamic Therapy. Adv Healthc Mater. 2019;8: e1900132. doi: 10.1002/adhm.201900132.
Fingar VH, Kik PK, Haydon PS, Cerrito PB, Tseng M, Abang E and Wieman TJ. Analysis of acute vascular damage after photodynamic therapy using benzoporphyrin derivative (BPD). British Journal of Cancer 1999; 79: 1702–1708.
Tampa M, Sarbu M-I, Matei C, Mitran C-I, Mitran M-I, Caruntu C, Constantin C, Neagu M and Georgescu S-R. Photodynamic therapy: A hot topic in dermato-oncology (Review). Oncology Letters 2019; 17: 4085-4093.

Menezes PFC, Bernal C, Imasato H, Bagnato VS, Perussi JR. Photodynamic activity of different dyes. Laser Phys. 2007; 17: 468–471.
Mozayeni MA, Vatandoost F, Asnaashari M, Shokri M, Azari-Marhabi S, Asnaashari N. Comparing the Efficacy of Toluidine Blue, Methylene Blue and Curcumin in Photodynamic Therapy Against Enterococcus faecalis. J Lasers Med Sci. 2020 Fall;11: S49-S54. doi: 10.34172/jlms. 2020.S8.
Sekkat N, van den Bergh H, Nyokong T, Lange N. Like a bolt from the blue: phthalocyanines in biomedical optics. Molecules. 2011;23:98-144. doi: 10.3390/molecules17010098.
Raghavendra M, Koregol A, Bhola S. Photodynamic therapy: a targeted therapy in periodontics. Australian Dental Journal 2009; 54; S102 – S109.
Millson CE, Thurrell W, Buonaccorsi G, Wilson M, MacRobert AJ, and Bown SG. The effect of low-power laser light at different doses on gastric mucosa sensitised with methylene blue, haematoporphyrin derivative or toluidine blue. Laser Med 1997. Sci. 12:145-150.
Boehm TK, Ciancio SG. Diode laser activated indocyanine green selectively kills bacteria. J Int Acad Periodontol. 2011;13:58-63.
Soukos NS, Som S, Abernethy AD, Ruggiero K, Dunham J, Lee C, et al. Phototargeting oral, black-pigmented bacteria. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2005; 49:1391-1396.
Soukos NS, Goodson JM. Photodynamic therapy in the control of oral biofilms. Periodontol 2000, 2011;55:143-166.
Etemadi A, Hamidain M, Parker S, Chiniforush N. Blue light photodynamic therapy with curcumin and riboflavin in the management of periodontitis: a systematic review. J Lasers Med Sci. 2021;12: e15. doi:10.34172/jlms.2021.15
Huang Z. A review of progress in clinical photodynamic therapy. Technol Cancer Res Treat. 2005;4:283-293. doi:10.1177/153303460500400308
Teymouri F, Farhad SZ, Golestaneh H. The Effect of Photodynamic Therapy and Diode Laser as Adjunctive Periodontal Therapy on the Inflammatory Mediators Levels in Gingival Crevicular Fluid and Clinical Periodontal Status. J Dent (Shiraz). 2016;17:226-232.
Correia JH, Rodrigues JA, Pimenta S, Dong T, Yang Z. Photodynamic Therapy Review: Principles, Photosensitizers, Applications, and Future Directions. Pharmaceutics. 2021 25;13:1332. doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13091332.
Ichimura H, Yamaguchi S, Kojima A, Tanaka T, Niiya K, Takemori M, Hasegawa K, Nishimura R. Eradication, and reinfection of human papillomavirus after photodynamic therapy for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. Int J Clin Oncol. 2003;8:322–325.
Tuchin VV, Genina EA, Bashkatov AN, Simonenko GV, Odoevskaya OD, Altshuler GB. A pilot study of ICG laser therapy of acne vulgaris: Photodynamic and photothermolysis treatment. Lasers Surg Med. 2003;33:296–310.
Kim JE, Hwang JI, Lee JI, Cho BK, Park HJ. Pilot study on photodynamic therapy for acne using chlorophyll: evaluator-blinded, split-face study. J Dermatolog Treat. 2012;23:35-36. doi:10.3109/09546634.2010.514598.
Kharkwal GB, Sharma SK, Huang YY, Dai T, Hamblin MR. Photodynamic therapy for infections: clinical applications. Lasers Surg Med. 2011;43:755-767.
Sibata CH, Colussi VC, Oleinick NL, Kinsella TJ. Photodynamic therapy: a new concept in medical treatment. Braz J Med Biol Res. 2000;33(8):869-880. doi:10.1590/s0100-879x2000000800002
Nezhadi J, Eslami H, Fakhrzadeh V, Moaddab SR, Zeinalzadeh E, Kafil H. Photodynamic therapy of infection in burn patients. Reviews in Medical Microbiology 2019; 30: 228-239 doi: 10.1097/MRM.0000000000000188
Maloth KN, Velpula N, Kodangal S, Sangmesh M, Vallamchetl, K, Ugrappa S, Meka N. Photodynamic Therapy – A Non-Invasive Treatment Modality for Precancerous Lesions. J Laser Med Sci 2016, 7, 30-36.
Scwingel AR, Barcessat AR, Núñez SC, Ribeiro MS. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy in the treatment of oral candidiasis in HIV-infected patients. Photomed Laser Surg. 2012;30:429-432. doi: 10.1089/pho.2012.3225.
Javed F, Samaranayake LP and Romanos GE. Treatment of oral fungal infections using antimicrobial photodynamic therapy: a systematic review of currently available evidence. Photochem. Photobiol. Sci., 2014;13: 726-734. https://doi.org/10.1039/C3PP50426C
Carmello JC, Alves F, Basso FG et al. Treatment of Oral Candidiasis Using Photodithazine®- Mediated Photodynamic Therapy In Vivo. PLOS ONE 2016; 11: e0156947. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0156947
da Silva FC, Rosa LP, Pinheiro ALB et al. Effectiveness of photodynamic therapy on Candida species isolated from oral samples of children exposed and not exposed to HIV. RGO, Rev. Gaúch. Odontol. [Internet]. 2016 Sep [cited 2020 Dec 29]; 64: 271-279. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1981-863720160003000052985.
Baptista A, Prates RA, Kato IT, Amaral MM, Zanardi de Freitas A, Martha SR. Photodynamic therapy on bacterial reduction in dental caries: In vivo study. Proceedings of the SPIE 2010; Vol. 7715, Biophotonics: Photonic Solutions for Better Health Care II, 77151R; https://doi.org/10.1117/12.854597
Wood S, Metcalf D, Devine D, Robinson C. Erythrosine is a potential photosensitizer for the photodynamic therapy of oral plaque bioﬁlms. J Antimicrob Chemother 2006: 57:680–684.
Lima JP, Sampaio de Melo MA, Borges FM, Teixeira AH, Steiner-Oliveira C, Nobre Dos Santos M et al. Evaluation of the antimicrobial effect of photodynamic antimicrobial therapy in an in-situ model of dentine caries. Eur J Oral Sci. 2009;117:568-574. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0722.2009.00662.x. PMID: 19758254.
Nassaj AE, Ghadimi S, Seraj B, Chiniforush N. Effect of photodynamic therapy on microleakage of class V composite restorations in primary teeth. Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy 2020; 32: 101964, ISSN 1572-1000, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pdpdt.2020.101964.
Pinheiro S, Schenka A, Neto A, Souza C, Rodriguez H, Ribeiro M. Photodynamic therapy in endodontic treatment of deciduous teeth. Lasers in medical science 2008; 24: 521-526. DOI:10.1007/s10103-008-0562-2
Bonsor SJ, Nichol R, Reid TM, Pearson GJ. An alternative regimen for root canal disinfection. British Dental Journal 2006a; 201: 101–105.
Borba ASM, da Silva Pereira SM, Borba MCM et al. Photodynamic therapy with high-power LED mediated by erythrosine eliminates Enterococcus faecalis in planktonic forms. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther. 2017;19:348-351. doi: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2017.07.007. Epub 2017 Jul 25. PMID: 28750753.
Kosarieh E, Khavas S, Rahimi A, Chiniforush N, Gutknecht N. The comparison of penetration depth of two different photosensitizers in root canals with and without smear layer: An in vitro study. Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy 2016; 13: 10-4. DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2015.11.005
Pourhajibagher M, Raoofian R, Ghorbanzadeh R, Bahador A. An experimental study for rapid detection and quantification of endodontic microbiota following photo-activated disinfection via new multiplex real-time PCR assay. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther. 2018; 21:344-350. doi: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2018.01.006.
Wainwright M. Photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy (PACT). Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 1998; 42:13–28.
Firmino RT, Brandt LM, Ribeiro GL, Dos Santos KS, Catao MH, Gomes DQ. Endodontic treatment associated with photodynamic therapy: case report. Photo diagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy 2016;15: 105–108.
Hasna AA, Ferrari CH & Carvalho CAT. Endodontic treatment of a large periapical cyst with the aid of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy - Case report. Brazilian Dental Science 2019; 22: 561-568. https://doi.org/10.14295/bds.2019.v22i4.1745
da Mota AC, Leal CR, Olivan S, Leal Gonçalves ML, de Oliveira VA, Pinto MM, Bussadori SK. Case Report of Photodynamic Therapy in the Treatment of Dental Caries on Primary Teeth. J Lasers Med Sci. 2016;7:131-133. doi: 10.15171/jlms.2016.22.
Pourhajibagher M, Bahador A. An in vivo evaluation of microbial diversity before and after the photo-activated disinfection in primary endodontic infections: Traditional phenotypic and molecular approaches. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther. 2018; 22:19-25. doi: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2018.02.016.
da Silva Barbosa P, Duarte DA, Leite MF, de Sant’ Anna GR. Photodynamic Therapy in Pediatric Dentistry. Case Reports in Dentistry Volume 2014, Article ID 217172, 5 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/217172
Anand P, Mathur S, Sachdev V, Jain A. Inter-comparison of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy, laser, and an antifungal agent as adjunct intracanal irrigation techniques to standard disinfection protocols in reducing Candida albicans counts in the root canals of primary teeth: A pilot study. J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent 2020; 38: 304-310.
Camilo-Silva G, Melo SMA, Moreira FCL, Campos CC, Roriz VM. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy for the treatment of alveolar osteitis in a patient with acute lymphoid leukemia: A case report. J Lasers Med Sci. 2021;12: e79. doi:10.34172/jlms.2021.79
Sarkarat F, Modarrezi A, Chiniforush N, Yazdanparast L, Rakshan V. Efficacy of Photodynamic Therapy in Minimizing Bisphosphonate-Related Osteonecrosis of the Jaws After Dental Extraction: A Preliminary Animal Study. Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 2019; 77: P307-314. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joms.2018.09.036
Almeida MVDC, Moura AC, Santos L, Gominho L, Cavalcanti UDNT, Romeiro K. Photodynamic Therapy as an adjunct in the Treatment of Medication-Related Osteonecrosis of the Jaw: A Case Report. J Lasers Med Sci. 2021;12: e12. Published 2021 Mar 8. doi:10.34172/jlms.2021.12
Andersen R, Loebel N, Hammond D, Wilson M. Treatment of periodontal disease by photodisinfection compared to scaling and root planing. J Clin Dent. 2007;18(2):34-38.
Braun A, Dehn C, Krause F, Jepsen S. Short-term clinical effects of adjunctive antimicrobial photodynamic therapy in periodontal treatment: A randomized clinical trial. J Clin Periodontol. 2008;35(10):877–884.
Badea ME, Serbanescu A, Hedesiu M, Badea AF. Photodynamic laser therapy in patients with periodontitis. TMJ 2010; 60:18-21.
Alwaeli HA, Al-Khateeb SN, Al-Sadi A. Long-term clinical effect of adjunctive antimicrobial photodynamic therapy in periodontal treatment: a randomized clinical trial. Lasers Med Sci 2015: 30: 801–807.
Raj K R, Musalaiah S, Nagasri M, Kumar P A, Reddy P I, Greeshma M. Evaluation of efficacy of photodynamic therapy as an adjunct to nonsurgical periodontal therapy in treatment of chronic periodontitis patients: A clinico-microbiological study. Indian J Dent Res 2016; 27:483-487.
Malgikar S, Reddy SH, Sagar SV, Satyanarayana D, Reddy GV, Josephin JJ. Clinical effects of photodynamic and low-level laser therapies as an adjunct to scaling and root planing of chronic periodontitis: A split-mouth randomized controlled clinical trial. Indian J Dent Res 2016; 27:121-126.
Martins SHL, Novaes AB Jr, Taba M Jr et al. Effect of surgical periodontal treatment associated to antimicrobial photodynamic therapy on chronic periodontitis: A randomized controlled clinical trial. J Clin Periodontol. 2017;44:717-728. Doi: 10.1111/jcpe.12744.
Shingnapurkar SH, Mitra DK, Kadav MS, Shah RA, Rodrigues SV, Prithyani SS. The effect of indocyanine green-mediated photodynamic therapy as an adjunct to scaling and root planing in the treatment of chronic periodontitis: A comparative split-mouth randomized clinical trial. Indian J Dent Res 2016; 27:609-617.
Sethi KS, Raut CP. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy using indocyanine green as a photosensitizer in treatment of chronic periodontitis: A clinico-microbial study. Indian J Dent Res 2019; 30:870-876.
Sgolastra F, Petrucci A, Gatto R, Marzo G, Monaco A. Photodynamic therapy in the treatment of chronic periodontitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lasers Med Sci. 2013;28:669-682. Doi: 10.1007/s10103-011-1002-2.
Chambrone L, Wang H‐L, Romanos GE. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy for the treatment of periodontitis and peri‐implantitis: An American Academy of Periodontology best evidence review. J Periodontol. 2018; 89: 783–803. https://doi.org/10.1902/jop.2017.170172
Meimandi M, Talebi Ardakani MR, Esmaeil Nejad A, Yousefnejad P, Saebi K, Tayeed MH. The effect of photodynamic therapy in the treatment of chronic periodontitis: a review of literature. J Lasers Med Sci. 2017;8: S7-S11. DOI:10.15171/jlms. 2017.s2
Azaripour A, Dittrich S, Van Noorden CJF, Willershausen B. Efficacy of photodynamic therapy as adjunct treatment of chronic periodontitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lasers Med Sci. 2018;33:407-423. Doi: 10.1007/s10103-017-2383-7.
Petelin M, Perkič K, Seme K, Gašpirc B. Effect of repeated adjunctive antimicrobial photodynamic therapy on subgingival periodontal pathogens in the treatment of chronic periodontitis. Lasers Med Sci. 2015 Aug;30(6):1647-1656. doi: 10.1007/s10103-014-1632-2.
Azarpazhooh A, Shah PS, Tenenbaum HC, Goldberg MB. The effect of photodynamic therapy for periodontitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Periodontol. 2010;81:4-14. doi: 10.1902/jop.2009.090285.
Queiroz AC, Suaid FA, de Andrade PF et al. Adjunctive effect of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy to nonsurgical periodontal treatment in smokers: a randomized clinical trial. Lasers Med Sci 2015; 30: 617–625. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10103-013-1379-1
AlAhmari F, Shaikh L, AlDhubaiban D. Photodynamic therapy in the treatment of periodontal diseases: A review. J Int Oral Health 2020; 12:102-108.
Wood S, Nattress B, Kirkham J, Shore R, Brookes S, Griffiths J, Robinson C. An in vitro study of the use of photodynamic therapy for the treatment of natural oral plaque biofilms formed in vivo. J Photochem Photobiol B. 1999 May;50(1):1-7. doi: 10.1016/S1011-1344(99)00056-1.
Chan Y, Lai CH. Bactericidal effects of different laser wavelengths on periodontopathic germs in photodynamic therapy. Lasers Med Sci 2003; 18: 51–55. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10103-002-0243-5
Pinheiro SL, Donegá JM, Seabra LM et al. Capacity of photodynamic therapy for microbial reduction in periodontal pockets. Lasers Med Sci. 2010;25:87-91. Doi: 10.1007/s10103-009-0671-6.
Akram Z, Al-Shareef SA, Daood U et al. Bactericidal Efficacy of Photodynamic Therapy Against Periodontal Pathogens in Periodontal Disease: A Systematic Review. Photomed Lasers Surg. 2016;34:137-149. Doi: 10.1089/pho.2015.4076.
Tabenski L, Moder D, Cieplik F et al. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy vs. local minocycline in addition to non-surgical therapy of deep periodontal pockets: a controlled randomized clinical trial. Clin Oral Investig. 2017;21:2253-2264. doi: 10.1007/s00784-016-2018-6.
Piccione PJ. Dental Laser Safety. Dental Clinics of North America 2004; 48: 795-807. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cden.2004.05.009
Kashef N, Ravaei Sharif Abadi G, Djavid GE. Photodynamic inactivation of primary human fibroblasts by methylene blue and toluidine blue O. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther. 2012;9:355-358. doi: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2012.05.001
Qiao J, Wang S, Wen Y, Jia H. Photodynamic effects on human periodontal-related cells in vitro. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther. 2014;11:290-9. doi: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2014.04.001.
Gomes-Filho JE, Sivieri-Araujo G, Sipert CR et al. Evaluation of photodynamic therapy on fibroblast viability and cytokine production. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther. 2016 Mar; 13:97-100. doi: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2016.01.007.
Xu Y, Young MJ, Battaglino RA et al. Endodontic Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy: Safety Assessment in Mammalian Cell Cultures. Journal of Endodontics 2009; 35: 1567-1572. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joen.2009.08.002.
de Almeida JM, Theodoro LH, Bosco AF, Nagata MJH, Oshiiwa M, Garcia VG. In Vivo Effect of Photodynamic Therapy on Periodontal Bone Loss in Dental Furcations. J Periodontol 2008; 79: 1081-1088.
Chatzopoulos GS, Doufexi AE. Photodynamic therapy in the treatment of aggressive periodontitis: A systematic review. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal 2016; 21: e192-200.
de Oliveira RR, Schwartz-Filho HO, Novaes AB Jr, Taba M Jr. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy in the non-surgical treatment of aggressive periodontitis: a preliminary randomized controlled clinical study. J Periodontol. 2007;78:965-973. doi: 10.1902/jop.2007.060494.
Valderrama P, Blansett JA, Gonzalez MG, Cantu MG, Wilson TG: Detoxification of implant surfaces affected by peri-implant disease: an overview of non-surgical methods. Open Dent. J. 2014; 8: 77-84.
Pyziaka L, Więceka T, Paligab D and Maksymowiczc R. Increase of implant temperature during Laser disinfection. Acta Physica Polonica A. 2019; Vol. 135: 1265 -1267.
Shibli JA, Martins MC, Nociti FH Jr, Garcia VG, Marcantonio E Jr. Treatment of ligature-induced peri-implantitis by lethal photosensitization and guided bone regeneration: a preliminary histologic study in dogs. J Periodontol. 2003;74:338-345. Doi: 10.1902/jop.2003.74.3.338.
Valente NA, Mang T, Hatton M, Mikulski L, and Andreana S. Photomedicine and Laser Surgery 2017; 35: 347-356. DOI: 10.1089/pho.2016.4247
Pourhajibagher M, Rokn AR, Barikani HR, Bahador A. Photo-sonodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy via chitosan nanoparticles-indocyanine green against polymicrobial periopathogenic biofilms: Ex vivo study on dental implants. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther. 2020; 31:101834. Doi: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2020.101834.
de Souza OEH, Sakamoto MY, Pasquinelli F, Roman-Torres C.V, & Schwartz-Filho HO. Photodynamic therapy in peri-implantitis treatment: an integrative literature review. Laser Dent Sci 2021; 5: 79–90. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41547-021-00124-z
Park D, Choi EJ, Weon KY et al. Non-Invasive Photodynamic Therapy against -Periodontitis-causing Bacteria. Sci Rep. 2019 Jun 3;9:8248. Doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-44498-4.
Franco EJ, Pogue RE, Sakamoto LH, Cavalcante LL, Carvalho DR, de Andrade RV. Increased expression of genes after periodontal treatment with photodynamic therapy. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther. 2014 Mar;11:41-47. Doi: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2013.10.002.
Chen, Q., Dan, H., Tang, F. et al. Photodynamic therapy guidelines for the management of oral leucoplakia. Int J Oral Sci 11, 14 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41368-019-0047-0
Benov L: Photodynamic Therapy: Current Status and Future Directions. Med Princ Pract 2015;24:14-28. Doi: 10.1159/000362416
Figueiredo RA, Anami LC, Mello I, Carvalho Edos S, Habitante SM, Raldi DP. Tooth discoloration induced by endodontic phenothiazine dyes in photodynamic therapy. Photomed Laser Surg. 2014 Aug;32:458-462. Doi: 10.1089/pho.2014.3722.
Souza MA, Pazinatto B, Bischoff KF, Palhano HS, Cecchin D, de Figueiredo JAP. Influence of ultrasonic activation over final irrigants in the removal of photosensitizer from root canal walls after photodynamic therapy. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther. 2017 Mar; 17:216-220. Doi: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2016.12.011.
Methylene Blue. Evangelos Bistas; Devang K. Sanghavi. StatPearls Internet. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557593/
Abrahamse H, Hamblin MR. New photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy. Biochem J. 2016 Feb 15;473(4):347-364. doi: 10.1042/BJ20150942. PMID: 26862179; PMCID: PMC4811612.
Obana A, Miki T, Hayashi K, Takeda M, Kawamura A, Mutoh T, Harino S, Fukushima I, Komatsu H, Takaku Y, et al. Survey of complications of indocyanine green angiography in Japan. Am J Ophthalmol. 1994 Dec 15;118(6):749-753. doi: 10.1016/s0002-9394(14)72554-1. PMID: 7977601.
Abdelrahman H, El-Menyar A, Peralta R, Al-Thani H. Application of indocyanine green in surgery: A review of current evidence and implementation in trauma patients. World J Gastrointest Surg 2023; 15(5): 757-775 [PMID: 37342859 DOI: 10.4240/wjgs.v15.i5.757
Newman, D. K. (2016). Photodynamic therapy: current role in the treatment of chorioretinal conditions. Eye, 30(2), 202-210.
Redmond RW, Gamlin JN. A compilation of singlet oxygen yields from biologically relevant molecules. Photochem Photobiol. 1999; 70: 391–475.
Yilmaz S, Kuru B, Kuru L, Noyan U, Argun D, Kadir T. Effect of gallium arsenide Diode Laser on human periodontal disease: a microbiological and clinical study. Lasers Surg Med. 2002; 30: 60–66.
Rosenthal I, Sostaric JZ, Riesz P: Sonodynamic therapy - A review of the synergistic effects of drugs and ultrasound. Ultrason. Sonochem. 2004; 11: pp. 349-363.
George S, Kishen A. Augmenting the antibiofilm efficacy of advanced noninvasive light activated disinfection with emulsified oxidizer and oxygen carrier. Journal of Endodontics 2008a; 34: 1119–1123.

Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Dental Materials and Equipment, Periodontics

Journal Section

Review

Authors

Pratibha G ^*
0000-0002-5500-8865
India

Publication Date

December 31, 2023

Submission Date

October 12, 2023

Acceptance Date

December 22, 2023

Published in Issue

Year 2023 Volume: 26 Number: 4

DOI

https://doi.org/10.7126/cumudj.1374833

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA65GF42TN

Cite

RIS / Bibtex

APA

G, P. (2023). Light in the Horizon: A Perspective on Photodynamic Therapy. Cumhuriyet Dental Journal, 26(4), 442-452. https://doi.org/10.7126/cumudj.1374833

AMA

1.G P. Light in the Horizon: A Perspective on Photodynamic Therapy. Cumhuriyet Dent J. 2023;26(4):442-452. doi:10.7126/cumudj.1374833

Chicago

G, Pratibha. 2023. “Light in the Horizon: A Perspective on Photodynamic Therapy”. Cumhuriyet Dental Journal 26 (4): 442-52. https://doi.org/10.7126/cumudj.1374833.

EndNote

G P (December 1, 2023) Light in the Horizon: A Perspective on Photodynamic Therapy. Cumhuriyet Dental Journal 26 4 442–452.

IEEE

[1]P. G, “Light in the Horizon: A Perspective on Photodynamic Therapy”, Cumhuriyet Dent J, vol. 26, no. 4, pp. 442–452, Dec. 2023, doi: 10.7126/cumudj.1374833.

ISNAD

G, Pratibha. “Light in the Horizon: A Perspective on Photodynamic Therapy”. Cumhuriyet Dental Journal 26/4 (December 1, 2023): 442-452. https://doi.org/10.7126/cumudj.1374833.

JAMA

1.G P. Light in the Horizon: A Perspective on Photodynamic Therapy. Cumhuriyet Dent J. 2023;26:442–452.

MLA

G, Pratibha. “Light in the Horizon: A Perspective on Photodynamic Therapy”. Cumhuriyet Dental Journal, vol. 26, no. 4, Dec. 2023, pp. 442-5, doi:10.7126/cumudj.1374833.

Vancouver

1.Pratibha G. Light in the Horizon: A Perspective on Photodynamic Therapy. Cumhuriyet Dent J. 2023 Dec. 1;26(4):442-5. doi:10.7126/cumudj.1374833