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Türkiye'de Bisiklet Sporcularının Dental Travma Bilgi Düzeylerinin Değerlendirilmesi

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 10 Sayı: 2, 401 - 405, 21.08.2023
https://doi.org/10.15311/selcukdentj.1140884

Öz

Amaç: Bisiklet, diş yaralanmaları açısından riskli bir spordur. Travma geçirmiş dişlerin acil tedavisi prognoz açısından çok kritiktir. Bu çalışma, Türkiye'deki bisikletçilerin dental travma ve acil tedavisi hakkındaki bilgi düzeylerini ve tutumlarını değerlendirmeyi amaçlamaktadır.
Gereç ve Yöntemler: Araştırmada Türkiye'nin farklı illerindeki katılımcılara yöneltilen çevrim içi ankette toplam 12 soru sorulmuştur. Alınan cevaplar bisiklet deneyimlerine göre üç gruba ayrıldı; Grup 1: 5 yıldan az, Grup 2: 6-10 yıl ve Grup 3: 11 yıldan fazla olup Ki-kare ve Bonferroni çoklu karşılaştırma testleri ile değerlendirildi. P değeri < 0.05 istatistiksel olarak anlamlı kabul edildi.
Bulgular: Elde edilen verilere göre; Grup 3'teki katılımcıların %31,8'inin ve Grup 2'deki katılımcıların %10,4'ünün bisiklet sürerken koruyucu ekipman kullanmadığı (P<0,05) ve Grup 2'deki katılımcıların %65,7'sinin kask ve gözlük kullandığı (P<0,05) belirlendi. Diğer bir bulgu olarak Grup 2'deki katılımcıların %22,4'ü ve Grup 1'deki katılımcıların %8,4'ü avülse dişin müdahaleye kadar tükürükte tutulması gerektiğini bildirdi (P<0,05).
Sonuç: Bisiklet kullanan bireyler diş yaralanmaları konusunda bilgilendirilmelidir. Diş travmaları ve bunlara yönelik acil müdahaleler konusunda eğitim programlarının düzenlenmesi önemlidir.
Anahtar kelimeler: bisiklet, anket, diş yaralanmaları

Kaynakça

  • 1. Petti S, Glendor U, Andersson L. World traumatic dental injury prevalence and incidence, a meta-analysis-One billion living people have had traumatic dental injuries. Dental Traumatology. 2018; 34(2): 71-86. doi:10.1111/edt.12389
  • 2. Locker D. Self-reported dental and oral injuries in a population of adults aged 18-50 years. Dental Traumatology 2007; 23(5): 291-6. doi:10.1111/j.1600-9657.2006.00457.x
  • 3. Zaleckiene V, Peciuliene V, Brukiene V, Drukteinis S. Traumatic dental injuries: etiology, prevalence and possible outcomes. Stomatologija. 2014; 16(1): 7-14.
  • 4. Ardahan F, Mert M. Bireyleri Bisiklet Kullanmaya Motive Eden Faktörler Ölçeğinin Geliştirilmesi Ve Türk Popülasyonu İçin Güvenirlilik Geçerlilik Çalışması. The Journal of Academic Social Science 2014; 2(1): 409-27. doi:10.16992/ASOS.120
  • 5. Glendor U. Aetiology and risk factors related to traumatic dental injuries--a review of the literature. Dent Traumatol. 2009; 25(1): 19-31. doi:10.1111/j.1600-9657.2008.00694.x
  • 6. Christian L, Sirkka S, Tapio H, Seppo S. Maxillofacial fractures sustained in bicycle accidents. International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. 1986; 15(1): 12-8.
  • 7. James SL, Abate D, Abate KH, Abay SM, Abbafati C, Abbasi N, et al. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 354 diseases and injuries for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. The Lancet. 2018; 392(10159): 1789-858. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(18)32279-7
  • 8. Lam R, Abbott P, Lloyd C, Lloyd C, Kruger E, Tennant M. Dental trauma in an Australian rural centre. Dent Traumatol. 2008; 24(6): 663-70. doi:10.1111/j.1600-9657.2008.00689.x
  • 9. Rivara FP, Thompson DC, Thompson RS. Epidemiology of bicycle injuries and risk factors for serious injury. 1997. Inj Prev. 2015; 21(1): 47-51. doi:10.1136/injprev-00002-0038rep
  • 10. Kargul B, Caglar E, Tanboga I. Dental trauma in Turkish children, Istanbul. Dent Traumatol. 2003; 19(2): 72-5. doi:10.1034/j.1600-9657.2003.00091.x
  • 11. Kececi AD, Eroglu E, Baydar ML. Dental trauma incidence and mouthguard use in elite athletes in Turkey. Dent Traumatol. 2005; 21(2): 76-9. doi:10.1111/j.1600-9657.2004.00302.x
  • 12. Eyuboglu O, Yilmaz Y, Zehir C, Sahin H. A 6‐year investigation into types of dental trauma treated in a paediatric dentistry clinic in Eastern Anatolia region, Turkey. Dental traumatology. 2009; 25(1): 110-4.
  • 13. Toprak ME, Tuna EB, Seymen F, Gencay K. Traumatic dental injuries in Turkish children, Istanbul. Dent Traumatol. 2014; 30(4): 280-4. doi:10.1111/edt.12092
  • 14. Chapman HR, Curran ALM. Bicycle helmets — does the dental profession have a role in promoting their use? British Dental Journal. 2004; 196(9): 555-60. doi:10.1038/sj.bdj.4811227
  • 15. Lee KH, Chou HJ. Facial fractures in road cyclists. Aust Dent J. 2008; 53(3): 246-9. doi:10.1111/j.1834-7819.2008.00056.x
  • 16. Summary Information on Traffic Accidents Occurring in the Road Network Under the Responsibility of the General Directorate of Highways in 2020: Turkish Ministry of Transport and Infrastructure. https://www.kgm.gov.tr/SiteCollectionDocuments/KGMdocuments/Trafik/Trafik2020.pdf. Accessed 26 May 2022.
  • 17. Yilmaz M, Durdu T, Kavalci C, Sonmez M, Yılmaz F, Kavalci G, et al. An Analyses of Bicycle Accidents in Ankara: Analyses of 5 Years. Journal of Clinical and Analytical Medicine. 2016; 7: 309-12. doi:10.4328/JCAM.2751
  • 18. Sayılarla Bisiklet 2021. Bisiklopedi. https://bisiklopedi.com/blog/sayilarla-bisiklet-2021?fbclid=IwAR0xsWfX_V2DU64iDRG0x_0M-3tp9TxYOpfSjkBSpX-OK7ilptmmtuY7d7Y. Updated 02 September 2021; Accessed 26 May 2022.
  • 19. Gassner R, Tuli T, Emshoff R, Waldhart E. Mountainbiking--a dangerous sport: comparison with bicycling on oral and maxillofacial trauma. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1999; 28(3): 188-91.
  • 20. Junior SM, Santos SE, Kluppel LE, Asprino L, Moreira RW, de Moraes M. A comparison of motorcycle and bicycle accidents in oral and maxillofacial trauma. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2012; 70(3): 577-83. doi:10.1016/j.joms.2011.03.035
  • 21. Levin L, Friedlander LD, Geiger SB. Dental and oral trauma and mouthguard use during sport activities in Israel. Dent Traumatol. 2003; 19(5): 237-42. doi:10.1034/j.1600-9657.2003.00196.x
  • 22. Einy S, Goldman S, Radomislensky I, Bodas M, Peleg K. Maxillofacial trauma following road accidents-An 11-year multi-center study in Israel. Dent Traumatol. 2021; 37(3): 407-13. doi:10.1111/edt.12639
  • 23. Powell EC, Tanz RR. Cycling injuries treated in emergency departments: need for bicycle helmets among preschoolers. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2000; 154(11): 1096-100. doi:10.1001/archpedi.154.11.1096
  • 24. Özkan S, Akdur O, İkizceli İ, Durukan P, İpekci A, Mütevelli Sözüer E. Bicycle Related Injuries in Adults and Children in the Central Anatolian Region: Analysis of 4 Years. Journal of Academic Emergency Medicine/Akademik Acil Tip Olgu Sunumlari Dergisi. 2012; 11(1).
  • 25. Güzel A, Ersoy B, Doğrusoy Y, Küçükuğurluoğlu Y, Altınel T, Karasalihoğlu ST. Bisiklet kazası nedeniyle çocuk acil ünitemize başvuran olguların değerlendirilmesi. Ulusal Travma ve Acil Cerrahi Dergisi. 2006; 12(4): 299-304.
  • 26. Marcenes W, Alessi ON, Traebert J. Causes and prevalence of traumatic injuries to the permanent incisors of school children aged 12 years in Jaragua do Sul, Brazil. Int Dent J. 2000; 50(2): 87-92. doi:10.1002/j.1875-595x.2000.tb00804.x
  • 27. Blinkhorn FA. The aetiology of dento-alveolar injuries and factors influencing attendance for emergency care of adolescents in the north west of England. Endod Dent Traumatol. 2000; 16(4): 162-5. doi:10.1034/j.1600-9657.2000.016004162.x
  • 28. Gábris K, Tarján I, Rózsa N. Dental trauma in children presenting for treatment at the Department of Dentistry for Children and Orthodontics, Budapest, 1985-1999. Dent Traumatol. 2001; 17(3): 103-8. doi:10.1034/j.1600-9657.2001.017003103.x
  • 29. McDermott FT. Bicyclist head injury prevention by helmets and mandatory wearing legislation in Victoria, Australia. Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 1995; 77(1): 38-44.
  • 30. İnce T, Yalçın S, Yurdakök K. Parents' Attitudes and Adherence to Unintentional Injury Prevention Measures in Ankara, Turkey. Balkan Med J. 2017; 34(4): 335-42. doi:10.4274/balkanmedj.2016.1776
  • 31. Secginli S, Cosansu G, Nahcivan NO. Factors associated with bicycle-helmet use among 8-16 years aged Turkish children: a questionnaire survey. Int J Inj Contr Saf Promot. 2014; 21(4): 367-75. doi:10.1080/17457300.2013.835323 32. Kılınç E, Gür K. Behaviours of adolescents towards safety measures at school and in traffic and their health beliefs for injuries. Int J Nurs Pract. 2020; 26(5): e12861. doi:10.1111/ijn.12861
  • 33. Uzel I, Aykut-Yetkiner A, Ersin N, Ertugrul F, Oncag O, Attin R. Dental Trauma and Mouthguard Usage among Soccer Players in Izmir, Turkey. Dentistry Journal. 2014; 2(3): 78-84. doi:10.3390/dj2030078
  • 34. Sepet E, Aren G, Dogan Onur O, Pinar Erdem A, Kuru S, Tolgay CG, et al. Knowledge of sports participants about dental emergency procedures and the use of mouthguards. Dent Traumatol. 2014; 30(5): 391-5. doi:10.1111/edt.12105
  • 35. Dursun E, Ilarslan YD, Ozgul O, Donmez G. Prevalence of dental trauma and mouthguard awareness among weekend warrior soccer players. J Oral Sci. 2015; 57(3): 191-4. doi:10.2334/josnusd.57.191
  • 36. Müller KE, Persic R, Pohl Y, Krastl G, Filippi A. Dental injuries in mountain biking--a survey in Switzerland, Austria, Germany and Italy. Dent Traumatol. 2008; 24(5): 522-7. doi:10.1111/j.1600-9657.2008.00660.x
  • 37. Pohl Y, Filippi A, Kirschner H. Results after replantation of avulsed permanent teeth. I. Endodontic considerations. Dent Traumatol. 2005; 21(2): 80-92. doi:10.1111/j.1600-9657.2004.00297.x
  • 38. Andreasen JO, Andreasen FM, Skeie A, Hjørting-Hansen E, Schwartz O. Effect of treatment delay upon pulp and periodontal healing of traumatic dental injuries -- a review article. Dent Traumatol. 2002; 18(3): 116-28. doi:10.1034/j.1600-9657.2002.00079.x
  • 39. Emerich K, Gazda E. Review of recommendations for the management of dental trauma presented in first-aid textbooks and manuals. Dent Traumatol. 2010; 26(3): 212-6. doi:10.1111/j.1600-9657.2010.00900.x

Evaluation of Dental Trauma Knowledge Levels of Cyclists in Turkiye

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 10 Sayı: 2, 401 - 405, 21.08.2023
https://doi.org/10.15311/selcukdentj.1140884

Öz

Background: Cycling is a risky sport in terms of dental injury. Immediate treatment of traumatized teeth is very critical for the prognosis. This study aims to evaluate the knowledge levels and attitudes of cyclists in Turkey about dental trauma and its emergency treatment.
Methods: In the study, a total of 12 questions were asked in the online questionnaire directed to the participants in different cities in Turkey. The answers received were divided into three groups according to their cycling experience; Group 1: less than 5 years, Group 2: 6-10 years, and Group 3: more than 11 years, and evaluated with the Chi-square and Bonferroni multiple comparison tests. P value < 0.05 was accepted as statistically significant.
Results: According to the data obtained; It was determined that 31.8% of the participants in Group 3 and 10.4% of the participants in Group 2 did not use protective equipment while cycling (P<0.05) and 65.7% of the participants in Group 2 used helmets and goggles (P<0.05). As another finding, 22.4% of the participants in Group 2 and 8.4% of the participants in Group 1 answered that the avulsed tooth should be kept in saliva until the intervention (P<0.05).
Conclusions: Individuals who use bicycles should be informed about dental injuries. It is important to organize training programs about dental trauma and emergency interventions for them.
Keywords: bicycling, survey, tooth injuries

Kaynakça

  • 1. Petti S, Glendor U, Andersson L. World traumatic dental injury prevalence and incidence, a meta-analysis-One billion living people have had traumatic dental injuries. Dental Traumatology. 2018; 34(2): 71-86. doi:10.1111/edt.12389
  • 2. Locker D. Self-reported dental and oral injuries in a population of adults aged 18-50 years. Dental Traumatology 2007; 23(5): 291-6. doi:10.1111/j.1600-9657.2006.00457.x
  • 3. Zaleckiene V, Peciuliene V, Brukiene V, Drukteinis S. Traumatic dental injuries: etiology, prevalence and possible outcomes. Stomatologija. 2014; 16(1): 7-14.
  • 4. Ardahan F, Mert M. Bireyleri Bisiklet Kullanmaya Motive Eden Faktörler Ölçeğinin Geliştirilmesi Ve Türk Popülasyonu İçin Güvenirlilik Geçerlilik Çalışması. The Journal of Academic Social Science 2014; 2(1): 409-27. doi:10.16992/ASOS.120
  • 5. Glendor U. Aetiology and risk factors related to traumatic dental injuries--a review of the literature. Dent Traumatol. 2009; 25(1): 19-31. doi:10.1111/j.1600-9657.2008.00694.x
  • 6. Christian L, Sirkka S, Tapio H, Seppo S. Maxillofacial fractures sustained in bicycle accidents. International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. 1986; 15(1): 12-8.
  • 7. James SL, Abate D, Abate KH, Abay SM, Abbafati C, Abbasi N, et al. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 354 diseases and injuries for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. The Lancet. 2018; 392(10159): 1789-858. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(18)32279-7
  • 8. Lam R, Abbott P, Lloyd C, Lloyd C, Kruger E, Tennant M. Dental trauma in an Australian rural centre. Dent Traumatol. 2008; 24(6): 663-70. doi:10.1111/j.1600-9657.2008.00689.x
  • 9. Rivara FP, Thompson DC, Thompson RS. Epidemiology of bicycle injuries and risk factors for serious injury. 1997. Inj Prev. 2015; 21(1): 47-51. doi:10.1136/injprev-00002-0038rep
  • 10. Kargul B, Caglar E, Tanboga I. Dental trauma in Turkish children, Istanbul. Dent Traumatol. 2003; 19(2): 72-5. doi:10.1034/j.1600-9657.2003.00091.x
  • 11. Kececi AD, Eroglu E, Baydar ML. Dental trauma incidence and mouthguard use in elite athletes in Turkey. Dent Traumatol. 2005; 21(2): 76-9. doi:10.1111/j.1600-9657.2004.00302.x
  • 12. Eyuboglu O, Yilmaz Y, Zehir C, Sahin H. A 6‐year investigation into types of dental trauma treated in a paediatric dentistry clinic in Eastern Anatolia region, Turkey. Dental traumatology. 2009; 25(1): 110-4.
  • 13. Toprak ME, Tuna EB, Seymen F, Gencay K. Traumatic dental injuries in Turkish children, Istanbul. Dent Traumatol. 2014; 30(4): 280-4. doi:10.1111/edt.12092
  • 14. Chapman HR, Curran ALM. Bicycle helmets — does the dental profession have a role in promoting their use? British Dental Journal. 2004; 196(9): 555-60. doi:10.1038/sj.bdj.4811227
  • 15. Lee KH, Chou HJ. Facial fractures in road cyclists. Aust Dent J. 2008; 53(3): 246-9. doi:10.1111/j.1834-7819.2008.00056.x
  • 16. Summary Information on Traffic Accidents Occurring in the Road Network Under the Responsibility of the General Directorate of Highways in 2020: Turkish Ministry of Transport and Infrastructure. https://www.kgm.gov.tr/SiteCollectionDocuments/KGMdocuments/Trafik/Trafik2020.pdf. Accessed 26 May 2022.
  • 17. Yilmaz M, Durdu T, Kavalci C, Sonmez M, Yılmaz F, Kavalci G, et al. An Analyses of Bicycle Accidents in Ankara: Analyses of 5 Years. Journal of Clinical and Analytical Medicine. 2016; 7: 309-12. doi:10.4328/JCAM.2751
  • 18. Sayılarla Bisiklet 2021. Bisiklopedi. https://bisiklopedi.com/blog/sayilarla-bisiklet-2021?fbclid=IwAR0xsWfX_V2DU64iDRG0x_0M-3tp9TxYOpfSjkBSpX-OK7ilptmmtuY7d7Y. Updated 02 September 2021; Accessed 26 May 2022.
  • 19. Gassner R, Tuli T, Emshoff R, Waldhart E. Mountainbiking--a dangerous sport: comparison with bicycling on oral and maxillofacial trauma. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1999; 28(3): 188-91.
  • 20. Junior SM, Santos SE, Kluppel LE, Asprino L, Moreira RW, de Moraes M. A comparison of motorcycle and bicycle accidents in oral and maxillofacial trauma. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2012; 70(3): 577-83. doi:10.1016/j.joms.2011.03.035
  • 21. Levin L, Friedlander LD, Geiger SB. Dental and oral trauma and mouthguard use during sport activities in Israel. Dent Traumatol. 2003; 19(5): 237-42. doi:10.1034/j.1600-9657.2003.00196.x
  • 22. Einy S, Goldman S, Radomislensky I, Bodas M, Peleg K. Maxillofacial trauma following road accidents-An 11-year multi-center study in Israel. Dent Traumatol. 2021; 37(3): 407-13. doi:10.1111/edt.12639
  • 23. Powell EC, Tanz RR. Cycling injuries treated in emergency departments: need for bicycle helmets among preschoolers. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2000; 154(11): 1096-100. doi:10.1001/archpedi.154.11.1096
  • 24. Özkan S, Akdur O, İkizceli İ, Durukan P, İpekci A, Mütevelli Sözüer E. Bicycle Related Injuries in Adults and Children in the Central Anatolian Region: Analysis of 4 Years. Journal of Academic Emergency Medicine/Akademik Acil Tip Olgu Sunumlari Dergisi. 2012; 11(1).
  • 25. Güzel A, Ersoy B, Doğrusoy Y, Küçükuğurluoğlu Y, Altınel T, Karasalihoğlu ST. Bisiklet kazası nedeniyle çocuk acil ünitemize başvuran olguların değerlendirilmesi. Ulusal Travma ve Acil Cerrahi Dergisi. 2006; 12(4): 299-304.
  • 26. Marcenes W, Alessi ON, Traebert J. Causes and prevalence of traumatic injuries to the permanent incisors of school children aged 12 years in Jaragua do Sul, Brazil. Int Dent J. 2000; 50(2): 87-92. doi:10.1002/j.1875-595x.2000.tb00804.x
  • 27. Blinkhorn FA. The aetiology of dento-alveolar injuries and factors influencing attendance for emergency care of adolescents in the north west of England. Endod Dent Traumatol. 2000; 16(4): 162-5. doi:10.1034/j.1600-9657.2000.016004162.x
  • 28. Gábris K, Tarján I, Rózsa N. Dental trauma in children presenting for treatment at the Department of Dentistry for Children and Orthodontics, Budapest, 1985-1999. Dent Traumatol. 2001; 17(3): 103-8. doi:10.1034/j.1600-9657.2001.017003103.x
  • 29. McDermott FT. Bicyclist head injury prevention by helmets and mandatory wearing legislation in Victoria, Australia. Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 1995; 77(1): 38-44.
  • 30. İnce T, Yalçın S, Yurdakök K. Parents' Attitudes and Adherence to Unintentional Injury Prevention Measures in Ankara, Turkey. Balkan Med J. 2017; 34(4): 335-42. doi:10.4274/balkanmedj.2016.1776
  • 31. Secginli S, Cosansu G, Nahcivan NO. Factors associated with bicycle-helmet use among 8-16 years aged Turkish children: a questionnaire survey. Int J Inj Contr Saf Promot. 2014; 21(4): 367-75. doi:10.1080/17457300.2013.835323 32. Kılınç E, Gür K. Behaviours of adolescents towards safety measures at school and in traffic and their health beliefs for injuries. Int J Nurs Pract. 2020; 26(5): e12861. doi:10.1111/ijn.12861
  • 33. Uzel I, Aykut-Yetkiner A, Ersin N, Ertugrul F, Oncag O, Attin R. Dental Trauma and Mouthguard Usage among Soccer Players in Izmir, Turkey. Dentistry Journal. 2014; 2(3): 78-84. doi:10.3390/dj2030078
  • 34. Sepet E, Aren G, Dogan Onur O, Pinar Erdem A, Kuru S, Tolgay CG, et al. Knowledge of sports participants about dental emergency procedures and the use of mouthguards. Dent Traumatol. 2014; 30(5): 391-5. doi:10.1111/edt.12105
  • 35. Dursun E, Ilarslan YD, Ozgul O, Donmez G. Prevalence of dental trauma and mouthguard awareness among weekend warrior soccer players. J Oral Sci. 2015; 57(3): 191-4. doi:10.2334/josnusd.57.191
  • 36. Müller KE, Persic R, Pohl Y, Krastl G, Filippi A. Dental injuries in mountain biking--a survey in Switzerland, Austria, Germany and Italy. Dent Traumatol. 2008; 24(5): 522-7. doi:10.1111/j.1600-9657.2008.00660.x
  • 37. Pohl Y, Filippi A, Kirschner H. Results after replantation of avulsed permanent teeth. I. Endodontic considerations. Dent Traumatol. 2005; 21(2): 80-92. doi:10.1111/j.1600-9657.2004.00297.x
  • 38. Andreasen JO, Andreasen FM, Skeie A, Hjørting-Hansen E, Schwartz O. Effect of treatment delay upon pulp and periodontal healing of traumatic dental injuries -- a review article. Dent Traumatol. 2002; 18(3): 116-28. doi:10.1034/j.1600-9657.2002.00079.x
  • 39. Emerich K, Gazda E. Review of recommendations for the management of dental trauma presented in first-aid textbooks and manuals. Dent Traumatol. 2010; 26(3): 212-6. doi:10.1111/j.1600-9657.2010.00900.x
Toplam 38 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Diş Hekimliği
Bölüm Araştırma
Yazarlar

Emre Çulha 0000-0002-3143-2258

Fatma Tunç 0000-0003-0568-4248

Yayımlanma Tarihi 21 Ağustos 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 5 Temmuz 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 10 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

Vancouver Çulha E, Tunç F. Evaluation of Dental Trauma Knowledge Levels of Cyclists in Turkiye. Selcuk Dent J. 2023;10(2):401-5.