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Soğuk Algınlığı Ve Klinik Yaklaşımlar

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 1, 27 - 31, 31.01.2018
https://doi.org/10.30934/kusbed.348505

Öz

Soğuk algınlığı tıpta “üst solunum yolu enfeksiyonu”, “akut nazofarenjit” veya “akut rinofarenjit” olarak adlandırdığımız durumdur. Ebers papirüsünde (İ.Ö. 16. yy.) “Soğuk Algınlığı” diye bir başlık vardır. Ayaşlı Şaban Şifai (18. yy.), çocuklarda soğuk algınlığının tedavisinde hacamat ve soğuk uygulamayı önermiştir. Geredeli İshak bin Murad, 1390'da soğuk algınlığının ateş, öksürük ve balgamla seyredeni için “tumagu” terimini kullanmıştır. Hildegard von Bingen'e (12. yy.) göre, nezle beyinde soğuk, nemli maddelerin birikmesi ve bir zehire dönüşmesiyle meydana gelir. Benjamin Franklin (18. yy.) soğuk algınlığının insanların birbirlerine yakın durmalarıyla daha kolay yayıldığını gözlemlemiştir.

Soğuk algınlığının en sık etkeni rinovirüstür. Soğuk algınlığı daha çok damlacıklarla değil, doğrudan temasla bulaşır. Rino- ve koronavirüslerle solunum hücresi tahribatı az olurken adenovirüsler ve influenza virüsleriyle hücreler neredeyse bütünüyle harap olmaktadır. Soğuk algınlığının semptomatolojisi, bir hiperenflamasyon sendromudur dolayısıyla bu hastalık, antienflamatuar özelliği olan bir analjezik/antipiretikle tedavi edilmelidir.

Altı yaşından küçük çocuklar, yılda ortalama altı-sekiz kez soğuk algınlığı geçirirler. Komplikasyon olarak akut otitis media, akut bakteriyel rinosinüzit, astma alevlenmesi ve alt solunum yolu enfeksiyonu gelişebilir.

Tedavide izotonik tuzlu suyla burun yıkaması, gargara, bal ve çinkonun yararı saptanmıştır. Artırılmış sıvı alımının, nezle-grip ilacı olarak satılan müstahzarların, C vitamininin, ekinazeyanın ve Çin bitkisel ilaçlarının tedavide yeri yoktur. El hijyeni ve bazı probiyotikler, profilakside yararlı bulunmuştur.




Kaynakça

  • Common Cold: Definition of Common Cold by Merriam-Webster. https://www.merriamwebster.com/dictionary/common%20cold. Accessed March 18, 2017.
  • Atzl I, Helms R. A short history of the common cold. In: Eccles R, Weber O, eds. Common Cold. Basel/Switzerland: Birkhäuser Verlag. 2009 ;1-21.
  • Yöntem AC. Şair ve tabip Şifâî Şaban Efendi. Çocuk Sağlığı ve Hast Derg. 2010; 53:244-250.
  • Akdağ A. Bir tedavi yöntemi olarak “kan aldırmak” ve klasik Türk şiirindeki kullanımı. Gazi Türkiyat. 2014; 14:169-187. Güven M. Türk dili ve kültürü açısından xıv-xv. yüzyıl eski Anadolu Türkçesi Türkçe tıp yazmalarına eleştirel bir bakış. Turkish Stud. 2011; 6(3):841-850.
  • Doyle WJ, Cohen S. Etiology of the common cold: Modulating factors. In: Eccles R, Weber O, eds. Common Cold. Basel/Switzerland: Birkhäuser Verlag. 2009; 149-186.
  • Novella S. The Great Courses: Medical Myths, Lies, and Half-Truths. United States of America; 2010.
  • Pappas DE. The common cold in children: Clinical features and diagnosis. In: Post T, ed. UpToDate. Waltham, MA: UpToDate Inc.; 2017.
  • Pancic F, Carpentier DC, Came PE. Role of infectious secretions in the transmission of rhinovirus. J Clin Microbiol. 1980; 12(4):567-571.
  • Winther B, McCue K, Ashe K ve diğ. Environmental contamination with rhinovirus and transfer to fingers of healthy individuals by daily life activity. J Med Virol. 2007; 79(10):1606-1610. doi:10.1002/jmv.20956.
  • Pappas DE, Hendley JO. Transmission of colds. In: Eccles R, Weber O, eds. Common Cold. Basel/Switzerland: Birkhäuser Verlag. 2009; 197-210.
  • Reed SE. An investigation of the possible transmission of Rhinovirus colds through indirect contact. J Hyg (Lond). 1975; 75(2):249-258.
  • D’Alessio DJ, Peterson JA, Dick CR ve diğ.Transmission of experimental rhinovirus colds in volunteer married couples. J Infect Dis. 1976; 133(1):28-36.
  • Gwaltney JM. Epidemiology of the common cold. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1980; 353:54-60.
  • Zitter JN, Mazonson PD, Miller DP ve diğ. Aircraft cabin air recirculation and symptoms of the common cold. JAMA. 2017; 288(4):483-486.
  • Dick EC, Jennings LC, Mink KA ve diğ. Aerosol transmission of rhinovirus colds. J Infect Dis. 1987; 156(3):442-448.
  • Sandora TJ, Shih MC, Goldmann DA. Reducing absenteeism from gastrointestinal and respiratory illness in elementary school students: a randomized, controlled trial of an infection-control intervention. Pediatrics. 2008; 121(6):e1555-62. doi:10.1542/peds.2007-2597.
  • Sandora TJ, Taveras EM, Shih M-C ve diğ. A Randomized, Controlled Trial of a Multifaceted Intervention Including Alcohol-Based Hand Sanitizer and Hand-Hygiene Education to Reduce Illness Transmission in the Home. Pediatrics. 2005; 116(3):587-594. doi:10.1542/peds.2005-0199.
  • Winther B, Gwaltney JM, Hendley JO. Respiratory Virus Infection of Monolayer Cultures of Human Nasal Epithelial Cells. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1990; 141:839-845. doi:10.1164/ajrccm/141.4_Pt_1.839.
  • Eccles R. Mechanisms of symptoms of common cold and flu. In: Eccles R, Weber O, eds. Common Cold. Basel/Switzerland: Birkhäuser Verlag. 2009;23-45.
  • Naclerio RM, Proud D, Kagey-Sobotka A ve diğ.Is histamine responsible for the symptoms of rhinovirus colds? A look at the inflammatory mediators following infection. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1988; 7(3):218-222.
  • Proud D, Reynolds CJ, Lacapra S ve diğ. Nasal provocation with bradykinin induces symptoms of rhinitis and a sore throat. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1988; 137(3):613-616. doi:10.1164/ajrccm/137.3.613.
  • Ball TM, Holberg CJ, Martinez FD ve diğ. Is there a common cold constitution? Ambul Pediatr.2002; 2(4):261-267.
  • Slapak I, Skoupa J, Strnad P ve diğ. Efficacy of isotonic nasal wash (seawater) in the treatment and prevention of rhinitis in children. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2008; 134(1):67-74. doi:10.1001/archoto.2007.19.
  • Dynamed Editorial Team. Record No. 903639, Upper respiratory infection (URI) in children. In: [updated 2. Ipswich (MA): EBSCO Information Services; 1995:[about 108 screens].
  • Guppy MPB, Mickan SM, Del Mar CB. “Drink plenty of fluids”: a systematic review of evidence for this recommendation in acute respiratory infections. BMJ. 2004; 328(7438):499-500. doi:10.1136/bmj.38028.627593.BE.
  • Guppy MP, Mickan SM, Del Mar CB ve diğ. Advising patients to increase fluid intake for treating acute respiratory infections. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011; (2):CD004419. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004419.pub3.
  • FDA Releases Recommendations Regarding Use of Over-the-Counter Cough and Cold Products. http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/2008/ucm116839.htm. Accessed March 15, 2015.
  • FDA Statement Following CHPA’s Announcement on Nonprescription Over-the-Counter Cough and Cold Medicines in Children. http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/2008/ucm116964.htm. Accessed March 15, 2015.
  • Schaefer MK, Shehab N, Cohen AL ve diğ. Adverse events from cough and cold medications in children. Pediatrics. 2008; 121(4):783-787. doi:10.1542/peds.2007-3638.
  • Paul IM, Yoder KE, Crowell KR ve diğ. Effect of dextromethorphan, diphenhydramine, and placebo on nocturnal cough and sleep quality for coughing children and their parents. Pediatrics. 2004; 114(1):85-90.
  • Smith SM, Schroeder K, Fahey T. Over-the-counter (OTC) medications for acute cough in children and adults in community settings. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014; 11:CD001831. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001831.pub5.
  • Wong T, Stang AS, Ganshorn H ve diğ. Combined and alternating paracetamol and ibuprofen therapy for febrile children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013; 10:CD009572. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD009572.pub2.
  • Cohen HA, Rozen J, Kristal H ve diğ. Effect of honey on nocturnal cough and sleep quality: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Pediatrics. 2012; 130(3):465-471. doi:10.1542/peds.2011-3075.
  • Oduwole O, Meremikwu MM, Oyo-Ita A ve diğ. Honey for acute cough in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014; 12:CD007094. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD007094.pub4.
  • Paul IM, Beiler JS, King TS ve diğ. Vapor rub, petrolatum, and no treatment for children with nocturnal cough and cold symptoms. Pediatrics. 2010; 126(6):1092-1099. doi:10.1542/peds.2010-1601.
  • Hemila H, Chalker E. Vitamin C for preventing and treating the common cold. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013; 1:CD000980. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD000980.pub4.
  • Fahey T, Stocks N, Thomas T. Systematic review of the treatment of upper respiratory tract infection. Arch Dis Child. 1998; 79(3):225-230.
  • Kenealy T, Arroll B. Antibiotics for the common cold and acute purulent rhinitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013; 6:CD000247. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD000247.pub3.
  • Gilroy CM, Steiner JF, Byers T ve diğ. Echinacea and truth in labeling. Arch Intern Med. 2003; 163(6):699-704.
  • Spasov AA, Ostrovskij O V, Chernikov M V ve diğ.Comparative controlled study of Andrographis paniculata fixed combination, Kan Jang and an Echinacea preparation as adjuvant, in the treatment of uncomplicated respiratory disease in children. Phyther Res PTR. 2004; 18(1):47-53. doi:10.1002/ptr.1359.
  • Taylor JA, Weber W, Standish L ve diğ. Efficacy and safety of echinacea in treating upper respiratory tract infections in children: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2003; 290(21):2824-2830. doi:10.1001/jama.290.21.2824.
  • Wu T, Zhang J, Qiu Y ve diğ.Chinese medicinal herbs for the common cold. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007; (1):CD004782. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004782.pub2.
  • Ruohola A, Heikkinen T, Waris M ve diğ. Intranasal fluticasone propionate does not prevent acute otitis media during viral upper respiratory infection in children. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2000; 106(3):467-471. doi:10.1067/mai.2000.108912.
  • Clavenna A, Sequi M, Cartabia M ve diğ. Effectiveness of nebulized beclomethasone in preventing viral wheezing: an RCT. Pediatrics. 2014; 133(3):505-512. doi:10.1542/peds.2013-2404.
  • Walsh A, Edwards H. Management of childhood fever by parents: literature review. J Adv Nurs. 2006; 54(2):217-227. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2648.2006.03802.x.
  • Welschen I, Kuyvenhoven M, Hoes A ve diğ. Antibiotics for acute respiratory tract symptoms: patients’ expectations, GPs’ management and patient satisfaction. Fam Pract. 2004; 21(3):234-237.
  • Correa JC, Pinto D, Salas LA ve diğ. A cluster-randomized controlled trial of handrubs for prevention of infectious diseases among children in Colombia. Rev Panam Salud Publica. 2012; 31(6):476-484.
  • Larson EL, Lin SX, Gomez-Pichardo C ve diğ. Effect of antibacterial home cleaning and handwashing products on infectious disease symptoms: a randomized, double-blind trial. Ann Intern Med. 2004; 140(5):321-329.
  • Luby SP, Agboatwalla M, Feikin DR ve diğ. Effect of handwashing on child health: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2005; 366(9481):225-233. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)66912-7.
  • Jefferson T, Del Mar CB, Dooley L ve diğ. Physical interventions to interrupt or reduce the spread of respiratory viruses. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011; (7):CD006207. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD006207.pub4.
  • De Silva A, Atukorala S, Weerasinghe I ve diğ. Iron supplementation improves iron status and reduces morbidity in children with or without upper respiratory tract infections: a randomized controlled study in Colombo, Sri Lanka. Am J Clin Nutr. 2003; 77(1):234-241.
  • Camargo CA, Ganmaa D, Frazier AL ve diğ. Randomized trial of vitamin D supplementation and risk of acute respiratory infection in Mongolia. Pediatrics. 2012; 130(3):561-567. doi:10.1542/peds.2011-3029.
  • Singh M, Das RR. Zinc for the common cold. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013; 6:CD001364. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001364.pub4.
  • Karsch-Völk M, Barrett B, Kiefer D ve diğ. . Echinacea for preventing and treating the common cold. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014; 2:CD000530. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD000530.pub3.
  • Hao Q, Dong BR, Wu T. Probiotics for preventing acute upper respiratory tract infections. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015; 2:CD006895. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD006895.pub3.

Common Cold And Clinical Approaches

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 1, 27 - 31, 31.01.2018
https://doi.org/10.30934/kusbed.348505

Öz

The common cold is what we call “upper respiratory tract infection”, “acute nasopharyngitis”, or “acute rhinopharyngitis” in medicine. There is a chapter titled “Common Cold” in Ebers papyrus (16th century B.C.). Şaban Şifai of Ayaş (18th century B.C.) proposed bloodletting and cold application in children with common cold. İshak bin Murad of Gerede used the term “tumagu” for the common cold with fever, coughing, and expectoration in 1390. According to Hildegard von Bingen (12th century B.C.), rhinitis arises from accumulation of cold and damp substances and their transformation to a toxin in the brain. Benjamin Franklin (18th century B.C.) has observed that common cold spreads more easily when people stay closer to each other.

Rhinovirus is the most frequent pathogen of the common cold. Common cold spreads with direct contact rather than with droplets. Adenovirus and influenza viruses almost completely destruct respiratory epithelium whereas rhinovirus and coronavirus cause less cellular damage. The symptomatology of common cold is a hyperinflammation syndrome, and therefore the treatment of common cold should be carried out with an antipyretic/analgesic agent with anti-inflammatory properties.

Children less than six years of age experience an average of six to eight bouts of the common cold in a year. Complications include acute otitis media, acute bacterial rhinosinüsitis, asthma exacerbations, and lower respiratory infections.

Nasal irrigation with isotonic saline, gargling, honey, and zinc preparations have been shown to have some benefit. Excessive fluid intake, over-the-counter common cold preparations, vitamin C, echinacea, and Chinese herbal medicine are not advisable for treatment. Hand hygiene and some probiotics may be useful for prophylaxis.

Kaynakça

  • Common Cold: Definition of Common Cold by Merriam-Webster. https://www.merriamwebster.com/dictionary/common%20cold. Accessed March 18, 2017.
  • Atzl I, Helms R. A short history of the common cold. In: Eccles R, Weber O, eds. Common Cold. Basel/Switzerland: Birkhäuser Verlag. 2009 ;1-21.
  • Yöntem AC. Şair ve tabip Şifâî Şaban Efendi. Çocuk Sağlığı ve Hast Derg. 2010; 53:244-250.
  • Akdağ A. Bir tedavi yöntemi olarak “kan aldırmak” ve klasik Türk şiirindeki kullanımı. Gazi Türkiyat. 2014; 14:169-187. Güven M. Türk dili ve kültürü açısından xıv-xv. yüzyıl eski Anadolu Türkçesi Türkçe tıp yazmalarına eleştirel bir bakış. Turkish Stud. 2011; 6(3):841-850.
  • Doyle WJ, Cohen S. Etiology of the common cold: Modulating factors. In: Eccles R, Weber O, eds. Common Cold. Basel/Switzerland: Birkhäuser Verlag. 2009; 149-186.
  • Novella S. The Great Courses: Medical Myths, Lies, and Half-Truths. United States of America; 2010.
  • Pappas DE. The common cold in children: Clinical features and diagnosis. In: Post T, ed. UpToDate. Waltham, MA: UpToDate Inc.; 2017.
  • Pancic F, Carpentier DC, Came PE. Role of infectious secretions in the transmission of rhinovirus. J Clin Microbiol. 1980; 12(4):567-571.
  • Winther B, McCue K, Ashe K ve diğ. Environmental contamination with rhinovirus and transfer to fingers of healthy individuals by daily life activity. J Med Virol. 2007; 79(10):1606-1610. doi:10.1002/jmv.20956.
  • Pappas DE, Hendley JO. Transmission of colds. In: Eccles R, Weber O, eds. Common Cold. Basel/Switzerland: Birkhäuser Verlag. 2009; 197-210.
  • Reed SE. An investigation of the possible transmission of Rhinovirus colds through indirect contact. J Hyg (Lond). 1975; 75(2):249-258.
  • D’Alessio DJ, Peterson JA, Dick CR ve diğ.Transmission of experimental rhinovirus colds in volunteer married couples. J Infect Dis. 1976; 133(1):28-36.
  • Gwaltney JM. Epidemiology of the common cold. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1980; 353:54-60.
  • Zitter JN, Mazonson PD, Miller DP ve diğ. Aircraft cabin air recirculation and symptoms of the common cold. JAMA. 2017; 288(4):483-486.
  • Dick EC, Jennings LC, Mink KA ve diğ. Aerosol transmission of rhinovirus colds. J Infect Dis. 1987; 156(3):442-448.
  • Sandora TJ, Shih MC, Goldmann DA. Reducing absenteeism from gastrointestinal and respiratory illness in elementary school students: a randomized, controlled trial of an infection-control intervention. Pediatrics. 2008; 121(6):e1555-62. doi:10.1542/peds.2007-2597.
  • Sandora TJ, Taveras EM, Shih M-C ve diğ. A Randomized, Controlled Trial of a Multifaceted Intervention Including Alcohol-Based Hand Sanitizer and Hand-Hygiene Education to Reduce Illness Transmission in the Home. Pediatrics. 2005; 116(3):587-594. doi:10.1542/peds.2005-0199.
  • Winther B, Gwaltney JM, Hendley JO. Respiratory Virus Infection of Monolayer Cultures of Human Nasal Epithelial Cells. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1990; 141:839-845. doi:10.1164/ajrccm/141.4_Pt_1.839.
  • Eccles R. Mechanisms of symptoms of common cold and flu. In: Eccles R, Weber O, eds. Common Cold. Basel/Switzerland: Birkhäuser Verlag. 2009;23-45.
  • Naclerio RM, Proud D, Kagey-Sobotka A ve diğ.Is histamine responsible for the symptoms of rhinovirus colds? A look at the inflammatory mediators following infection. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1988; 7(3):218-222.
  • Proud D, Reynolds CJ, Lacapra S ve diğ. Nasal provocation with bradykinin induces symptoms of rhinitis and a sore throat. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1988; 137(3):613-616. doi:10.1164/ajrccm/137.3.613.
  • Ball TM, Holberg CJ, Martinez FD ve diğ. Is there a common cold constitution? Ambul Pediatr.2002; 2(4):261-267.
  • Slapak I, Skoupa J, Strnad P ve diğ. Efficacy of isotonic nasal wash (seawater) in the treatment and prevention of rhinitis in children. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2008; 134(1):67-74. doi:10.1001/archoto.2007.19.
  • Dynamed Editorial Team. Record No. 903639, Upper respiratory infection (URI) in children. In: [updated 2. Ipswich (MA): EBSCO Information Services; 1995:[about 108 screens].
  • Guppy MPB, Mickan SM, Del Mar CB. “Drink plenty of fluids”: a systematic review of evidence for this recommendation in acute respiratory infections. BMJ. 2004; 328(7438):499-500. doi:10.1136/bmj.38028.627593.BE.
  • Guppy MP, Mickan SM, Del Mar CB ve diğ. Advising patients to increase fluid intake for treating acute respiratory infections. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011; (2):CD004419. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004419.pub3.
  • FDA Releases Recommendations Regarding Use of Over-the-Counter Cough and Cold Products. http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/2008/ucm116839.htm. Accessed March 15, 2015.
  • FDA Statement Following CHPA’s Announcement on Nonprescription Over-the-Counter Cough and Cold Medicines in Children. http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/2008/ucm116964.htm. Accessed March 15, 2015.
  • Schaefer MK, Shehab N, Cohen AL ve diğ. Adverse events from cough and cold medications in children. Pediatrics. 2008; 121(4):783-787. doi:10.1542/peds.2007-3638.
  • Paul IM, Yoder KE, Crowell KR ve diğ. Effect of dextromethorphan, diphenhydramine, and placebo on nocturnal cough and sleep quality for coughing children and their parents. Pediatrics. 2004; 114(1):85-90.
  • Smith SM, Schroeder K, Fahey T. Over-the-counter (OTC) medications for acute cough in children and adults in community settings. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014; 11:CD001831. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001831.pub5.
  • Wong T, Stang AS, Ganshorn H ve diğ. Combined and alternating paracetamol and ibuprofen therapy for febrile children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013; 10:CD009572. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD009572.pub2.
  • Cohen HA, Rozen J, Kristal H ve diğ. Effect of honey on nocturnal cough and sleep quality: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Pediatrics. 2012; 130(3):465-471. doi:10.1542/peds.2011-3075.
  • Oduwole O, Meremikwu MM, Oyo-Ita A ve diğ. Honey for acute cough in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014; 12:CD007094. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD007094.pub4.
  • Paul IM, Beiler JS, King TS ve diğ. Vapor rub, petrolatum, and no treatment for children with nocturnal cough and cold symptoms. Pediatrics. 2010; 126(6):1092-1099. doi:10.1542/peds.2010-1601.
  • Hemila H, Chalker E. Vitamin C for preventing and treating the common cold. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013; 1:CD000980. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD000980.pub4.
  • Fahey T, Stocks N, Thomas T. Systematic review of the treatment of upper respiratory tract infection. Arch Dis Child. 1998; 79(3):225-230.
  • Kenealy T, Arroll B. Antibiotics for the common cold and acute purulent rhinitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013; 6:CD000247. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD000247.pub3.
  • Gilroy CM, Steiner JF, Byers T ve diğ. Echinacea and truth in labeling. Arch Intern Med. 2003; 163(6):699-704.
  • Spasov AA, Ostrovskij O V, Chernikov M V ve diğ.Comparative controlled study of Andrographis paniculata fixed combination, Kan Jang and an Echinacea preparation as adjuvant, in the treatment of uncomplicated respiratory disease in children. Phyther Res PTR. 2004; 18(1):47-53. doi:10.1002/ptr.1359.
  • Taylor JA, Weber W, Standish L ve diğ. Efficacy and safety of echinacea in treating upper respiratory tract infections in children: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2003; 290(21):2824-2830. doi:10.1001/jama.290.21.2824.
  • Wu T, Zhang J, Qiu Y ve diğ.Chinese medicinal herbs for the common cold. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007; (1):CD004782. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004782.pub2.
  • Ruohola A, Heikkinen T, Waris M ve diğ. Intranasal fluticasone propionate does not prevent acute otitis media during viral upper respiratory infection in children. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2000; 106(3):467-471. doi:10.1067/mai.2000.108912.
  • Clavenna A, Sequi M, Cartabia M ve diğ. Effectiveness of nebulized beclomethasone in preventing viral wheezing: an RCT. Pediatrics. 2014; 133(3):505-512. doi:10.1542/peds.2013-2404.
  • Walsh A, Edwards H. Management of childhood fever by parents: literature review. J Adv Nurs. 2006; 54(2):217-227. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2648.2006.03802.x.
  • Welschen I, Kuyvenhoven M, Hoes A ve diğ. Antibiotics for acute respiratory tract symptoms: patients’ expectations, GPs’ management and patient satisfaction. Fam Pract. 2004; 21(3):234-237.
  • Correa JC, Pinto D, Salas LA ve diğ. A cluster-randomized controlled trial of handrubs for prevention of infectious diseases among children in Colombia. Rev Panam Salud Publica. 2012; 31(6):476-484.
  • Larson EL, Lin SX, Gomez-Pichardo C ve diğ. Effect of antibacterial home cleaning and handwashing products on infectious disease symptoms: a randomized, double-blind trial. Ann Intern Med. 2004; 140(5):321-329.
  • Luby SP, Agboatwalla M, Feikin DR ve diğ. Effect of handwashing on child health: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2005; 366(9481):225-233. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)66912-7.
  • Jefferson T, Del Mar CB, Dooley L ve diğ. Physical interventions to interrupt or reduce the spread of respiratory viruses. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011; (7):CD006207. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD006207.pub4.
  • De Silva A, Atukorala S, Weerasinghe I ve diğ. Iron supplementation improves iron status and reduces morbidity in children with or without upper respiratory tract infections: a randomized controlled study in Colombo, Sri Lanka. Am J Clin Nutr. 2003; 77(1):234-241.
  • Camargo CA, Ganmaa D, Frazier AL ve diğ. Randomized trial of vitamin D supplementation and risk of acute respiratory infection in Mongolia. Pediatrics. 2012; 130(3):561-567. doi:10.1542/peds.2011-3029.
  • Singh M, Das RR. Zinc for the common cold. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013; 6:CD001364. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001364.pub4.
  • Karsch-Völk M, Barrett B, Kiefer D ve diğ. . Echinacea for preventing and treating the common cold. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014; 2:CD000530. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD000530.pub3.
  • Hao Q, Dong BR, Wu T. Probiotics for preventing acute upper respiratory tract infections. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015; 2:CD006895. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD006895.pub3.
Toplam 55 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Sağlık Kurumları Yönetimi
Bölüm Derleme
Yazarlar

Selim Öncel 0000-0002-5493-1818

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Ocak 2018
Gönderilme Tarihi 1 Kasım 2017
Kabul Tarihi 2 Ocak 2018
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2018 Cilt: 4 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Öncel, S. (2018). Soğuk Algınlığı Ve Klinik Yaklaşımlar. Kocaeli Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 4(1), 27-31. https://doi.org/10.30934/kusbed.348505
AMA Öncel S. Soğuk Algınlığı Ve Klinik Yaklaşımlar. KOU Sag Bil Derg. Ocak 2018;4(1):27-31. doi:10.30934/kusbed.348505
Chicago Öncel, Selim. “Soğuk Algınlığı Ve Klinik Yaklaşımlar”. Kocaeli Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi 4, sy. 1 (Ocak 2018): 27-31. https://doi.org/10.30934/kusbed.348505.
EndNote Öncel S (01 Ocak 2018) Soğuk Algınlığı Ve Klinik Yaklaşımlar. Kocaeli Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi 4 1 27–31.
IEEE S. Öncel, “Soğuk Algınlığı Ve Klinik Yaklaşımlar”, KOU Sag Bil Derg, c. 4, sy. 1, ss. 27–31, 2018, doi: 10.30934/kusbed.348505.
ISNAD Öncel, Selim. “Soğuk Algınlığı Ve Klinik Yaklaşımlar”. Kocaeli Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi 4/1 (Ocak 2018), 27-31. https://doi.org/10.30934/kusbed.348505.
JAMA Öncel S. Soğuk Algınlığı Ve Klinik Yaklaşımlar. KOU Sag Bil Derg. 2018;4:27–31.
MLA Öncel, Selim. “Soğuk Algınlığı Ve Klinik Yaklaşımlar”. Kocaeli Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, c. 4, sy. 1, 2018, ss. 27-31, doi:10.30934/kusbed.348505.
Vancouver Öncel S. Soğuk Algınlığı Ve Klinik Yaklaşımlar. KOU Sag Bil Derg. 2018;4(1):27-31.