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Türkiye’de Lojistik Sektöründe Faaliyet Gösteren İşletmelerin Dijital Trendlerinin İncelenmesi

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 15 Sayı: 57, 98 - 116, 31.01.2020
https://doi.org/10.19168/jyasar.569599

Öz

Endüstri 4.0’la beraber
her sektörde yeni uygulamalar geliştirilmeye başlanmıştır. Bu uygulama
alanlarından bazıları; tedarik zinciri geliştirmeleri, rota optimizasyonları, Büyük
Veri kullanımı, yapay zeka geliştirilmesi, akıllı depo tasarımları, robotlaşma
ve otomasyon, sürücüsüz araçların hem üretim hem de sektör hizmetlerindeki
gelişimidir. Tüm bu geliştirme ve teknolojiler sektörde dijitalleşme süreci
gerektirmektedir. Bu çalışma Endüstri 4.0’la oluşan değişim rüzgarlarının
Türkiye’deki lojistik sektöründe hangi trendleri yarattığına odaklanmaktadır.
Yapılan literatür taraması, röportaj analizleri ve teknoloji, lojistik, servis
ve IT tedariki, perakende gibi farklı sektörlerden 65 şirketin katılımıyla
yapılan anket çalışması analizi sonucunda, 2017 ve sonrasında Türkiye lojistik
sektöründeki trendlerin Supergrid Lojistik, otonom lojistik, robotik ve
otomasyon, Nesnelerin İnterneti, Bulut Lojistik, Büyük Veri ve e-ticaret
şeklinde sıralanabileceği sonucuna varılmıştır.

Destekleyen Kurum

Türk-Alman Üniversitesi

Proje Numarası

2018BM0028

Kaynakça

  • Angeleanu, A. (2015). New technology trends and their transformative impact on logistics and supply chain processes. International Journal of Economic Practices and Theories, 5(5), 413-419.
  • Ardito, L., Petruzzelli, A. M., Panniello, U., & Garavelli, A. C. (2019). Towards Industry 4.0: Mapping digital technologies for supply chain management-marketing integration. Business Process Management Journal, 25(2), 323-346.
  • Barreto, L., Amaral, A., & Pereira, T. (2017). Industry 4.0 implications in logistics: an overview. Procedia Manufacturing, 13, 1245-1252.
  • Bonkenburg, T. (2016). Robotics in logistics: A DPDHL perspective on implications and use cases for the logistics industry. DHL Customer Solutions & Innovation: Bonn, Germany, 4.
  • Büyüközkan, G., & Göçer, F. (2018). An extension of ARAS methodology under interval valued intuitionistic fuzzy environment for digital supply chain. Applied Soft Computing, 69, 634-654.
  • Chen, W., Feng, G., Zhang, C., Liu, P., Ren, W., Cao, N., & Ding, J. (2019). Development and Application of Big Data Platform for Garlic Industry Chain. Computers, Materials & Continua, 58(1), 229-248.
  • Coşkun, S., Kayikci, Y., & Gençay, E. (2019). Adapting Engineering Education to Industry 4.0 Vision. Technologies, 7(1), 10.
  • da Silva, V. L., Kovaleski, J. L., & Pagani, R. N. (2019). Technology transfer in the supply chain oriented to industry 4.0: a literature review. Technology Analysis & Strategic Management, 31(5), 546-562.
  • Da Xu, L., He, W., & Li, S. (2014). Internet of things in industries: A survey. IEEE Transactions on industrial informatics, 10(4), 2233-2243.
  • Degryse, C. (2016). Digitalisation of the economy and its impact on labour markets. ETUI Research Paper-Working Paper.
  • DHL. (2016). Logistics Trend Radar. DHL Customer Solutions & Innovation.
  • Digital Transformation of Industries: Logistics Industry. (2016). World Economic Forum White Paper.
  • Edirisuriya, A., Weerabahu, S., & Wickramarachchi, R. (2018, Aralık). Applicability of Lean and Green Concepts in Logistics 4.0: A Systematic Review of Literature. In 2018 International Conference on Production and Operations Management Society (POMS) (pp. 1-8). IEEE.
  • Govindan, K., Cheng, T. C. E., Mishra, N., & Shukla, N. (2018). Big data analytics and application for logistics and supply chain management.
  • Ham, A. M. (2018). Integrated scheduling of m-truck, m-drone, and m-depot constrained by time-window, drop-pickup, and m-visit using constraint programming. Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies, 91, 1-14.
  • Hofmann, E., Rüsch, M., (2017). Industry 4.0 and the current status as well as future prospects on logistics. Computers in Industry 89, 23–34.
  • https://www.orange-business.com/en/magazine/5-digital-trends-transforming-the-logistics-industry
  • Industrial Internet Consortium. (2015). Fact sheet. http://www.iiconsortium.org/docs/IIC_FACT_ SHEET.pdf.
  • Ivanov, D., Dolgui, A., Sokolov, B., Werner, F., & Ivanova, M. (2016). A dynamic model and an algorithm for short-term supply chain scheduling in the smart factory industry 4.0. International Journal of Production Research, 54(2), 386-402.
  • J. Nasser. (2014). Cyber physical systems in the context of Industry 4.0. Automation, Quality and Testing, Robotics, 2014 IEEE International Conference on. IEEE.
  • Kayikci, Y. (2017). E-Commerce in Logistics and Supply Chain Management. in Mehdi Khosrow-Pour (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Information Science and Technology, 4th Ed.,Vol.7,5367-5377, IGI Global
  • Kayikci, Y. (2018). Sustainability impact of digitization in logistics. Procedia manufacturing, 21, 782-789.
  • Kolberg, D., & Zühlke, D. (2015). Lean automation enabled by industry 4.0 technologies. IFAC-PapersOnLine, 48(3), 1870-1875.
  • Krajcovic, M., Grznar, P., Fusko, M., & Skokan, R. (2018). Intelligent Logistics for Intelligent Production Systems. Communications-Scientific letters of the University of Zilina, 20(4), 16-23.
  • Kranenburg, R. v. (2007). The Internet of Things: A Critique of Ambient Technology and the All-Seeing Network of RFID. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Institute of Network Cultures.
  • Kucukaltan, B., Irani, Z., & Aktas, E. (2016). A decision support model for identification and prioritization of key performance indicators in the logistics industry. Computers in Human Behavior, 65, 346-358.
  • Li, W., Zhong, Y., Wang, X., & Cao, Y. (2013). Resource virtualization and service selection in cloud logistics. Journal of Network and Computer Applications, 36(6), 1696-1704.
  • Liboni, L. B., Cezarino, L. O., Jabbour, C. J. C., Oliveira, B. G., & Stefanelli, N. O. (2019). Smart industry and the pathways to HRM 4.0: implications for SCM. Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, 24(1), 124-146.
  • Lins, T., Oliveira, R. A. R., Correia, L. H., & Silva, J. S. (2019, Nisan). Industry 4.0 Retrofitting. In 2018 VIII Brazilian Symposium on Computing Systems Engineering (SBESC) (pp. 8-15). IEEE.
  • Lu, Y., 2017. Industry 4.0: a survey on technologies, applications and open research issues. J. Ind. Inform. Integrat. 1–10.
  • Maslarić, M., Nikoličić, S., & Mirčetić, D. (2016). Logistics response to the industry 4.0: the physical internet. Open engineering, 6(1).
  • MENON, S., SHAH, S., & COUTROUBIS, A. (2019, Nisan). An Overview of Smart Manufacturing for Competitive and Digital Global Supply Chains. In 2018 IEEE International Conference on Technology Management, Operations and Decisions (ICTMOD) (pp. 178-183). IEEE.
  • MÜSİAD. (2017). Endüstri 4.0 ve geleceğin lojstiği. 2017 Lojistik Sektör Raporu. 103.
  • Müller, F., Jaeger, D., & Hanewinkel, M. (2019). Digitization in wood supply–A review on how Industry 4.0 will change the forest value chain. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 162, 206-218.
  • Müller, J. M., Kiel, D., & Voigt, K. I. (2018). What drives the implementation of industry 4.0? The role of opportunities and challenges in the context of sustainability. Sustainability, 10(1), 247.
  • Neradilova, H., & Fedorko, G. (2017). Simulation of the Supply of Workplaces by the AGV in the Digital Factory. Procedia engineering, 192, 638-643.
  • Nguyen, T., Li, Z. H. O. U., Spiegler, V., Ieromonachou, P., & Lin, Y. (2018). Big data analytics in supply chain management: A state-of-the-art literature review. Computers & Operations Research, 98, 254-264.
  • Pisano, G. P. (2015). You need an innovation strategy. Harvard Business Review, 93(6), 44-54.
  • Posada, J., Toro, C., Barandiaran, I., Oyarzun, D., Stricker, D., de Amicis, R., ... & Vallarino, I. (2015). Visual computing as a key enabling technology for industrie 4.0 and industrial internet. IEEE computer graphics and applications, 35(2), 26-40.
  • Rüßmann, M., Lorenz, M., Gerbert, P., Waldner, M., Justus, J., Engel, P., & Harnisch, M. (2015). Industry 4.0: The future of productivity and growth in manufacturing industries. Boston Consulting Group, 9(1), 54-89.
  • Sanders, N. R. (2014). Big data driven supply chain management: A framework for implementing analytics and turning information into intelligence. Pearson Education.
  • Sangwan, K. S. (2017). Key activities, decision variables and performance indicators of reverse logistics. Procedia CIRP, 61, 257-262.
  • Schlüter, F., & Hetterscheid, E. (2017). Supply chain process oriented technology-framework for Industry 4.0. In Proceedings of the Hamburg International Conference of Logistics (HICL) (pp. 275-299).
  • Schwab, K. (2016). The fourth industrial revolution. World Economic Forum 6-9.
  • Taschner, A. (2016). Improving SME logistics performance through benchmarking. Benchmarking: An International Journal, 23(7), 1780-1797.
  • Teng, S. Y., Li, X. J., Zhao, Z., Qin, P. L., & Lu, Y. Y. (2018). Countermeasure Analysis on Internet Logistics. In E3S Web of Conferences (Vol. 38, p. 01036). EDP Sciences.
  • Thomas Bauernhansl, Jörg Krüger, Gunther Reinhart, Günther Schuh. 2016. Wgp-Standpunkt Industrie 4.0, Wissenschaftliche Gesellschaft für Produktionstechnik Wgp e. v.
  • Tjahjono, B., Esplugues, C., Ares, E., & Pelaez, G. (2017). What does industry 4.0 mean to supply chain?. Procedia Manufacturing, 13, 1175-1182.
  • Todorovic, V., Maslaric, M., Bojic, S., Jokic, M., Mircetic, D., & Nikolicic, S. (2018). Solutions for More Sustainable Distribution in the Short Food Supply Chains. Sustainability, 10(10), 3481.
  • Wang, G., Gunasekaran, A., Ngai, E. W., & Papadopoulos, T. (2016). Big data analytics in logistics and supply chain management: Certain investigations for research and applications. International Journal of Production Economics, 176, 98-110.
  • Witkowski, K. (2017). Internet of things, big data, industry 4.0–innovative solutions in logistics and supply chains management. Procedia Engineering, 182, 763-769.
  • Zhou, K., Liu, T., & Zhou, L. (2015, Ağustos). Industry 4.0: Towards future industrial opportunities and challenges. In 2015 12th International Conference on Fuzzy Systems and Knowledge Discovery (FSKD) (pp. 2147-2152). IEEE.

Investigation of Digital Trends Operating in the Logistics Sector in Turkey

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 15 Sayı: 57, 98 - 116, 31.01.2020
https://doi.org/10.19168/jyasar.569599

Öz

Proje Numarası

2018BM0028

Kaynakça

  • Angeleanu, A. (2015). New technology trends and their transformative impact on logistics and supply chain processes. International Journal of Economic Practices and Theories, 5(5), 413-419.
  • Ardito, L., Petruzzelli, A. M., Panniello, U., & Garavelli, A. C. (2019). Towards Industry 4.0: Mapping digital technologies for supply chain management-marketing integration. Business Process Management Journal, 25(2), 323-346.
  • Barreto, L., Amaral, A., & Pereira, T. (2017). Industry 4.0 implications in logistics: an overview. Procedia Manufacturing, 13, 1245-1252.
  • Bonkenburg, T. (2016). Robotics in logistics: A DPDHL perspective on implications and use cases for the logistics industry. DHL Customer Solutions & Innovation: Bonn, Germany, 4.
  • Büyüközkan, G., & Göçer, F. (2018). An extension of ARAS methodology under interval valued intuitionistic fuzzy environment for digital supply chain. Applied Soft Computing, 69, 634-654.
  • Chen, W., Feng, G., Zhang, C., Liu, P., Ren, W., Cao, N., & Ding, J. (2019). Development and Application of Big Data Platform for Garlic Industry Chain. Computers, Materials & Continua, 58(1), 229-248.
  • Coşkun, S., Kayikci, Y., & Gençay, E. (2019). Adapting Engineering Education to Industry 4.0 Vision. Technologies, 7(1), 10.
  • da Silva, V. L., Kovaleski, J. L., & Pagani, R. N. (2019). Technology transfer in the supply chain oriented to industry 4.0: a literature review. Technology Analysis & Strategic Management, 31(5), 546-562.
  • Da Xu, L., He, W., & Li, S. (2014). Internet of things in industries: A survey. IEEE Transactions on industrial informatics, 10(4), 2233-2243.
  • Degryse, C. (2016). Digitalisation of the economy and its impact on labour markets. ETUI Research Paper-Working Paper.
  • DHL. (2016). Logistics Trend Radar. DHL Customer Solutions & Innovation.
  • Digital Transformation of Industries: Logistics Industry. (2016). World Economic Forum White Paper.
  • Edirisuriya, A., Weerabahu, S., & Wickramarachchi, R. (2018, Aralık). Applicability of Lean and Green Concepts in Logistics 4.0: A Systematic Review of Literature. In 2018 International Conference on Production and Operations Management Society (POMS) (pp. 1-8). IEEE.
  • Govindan, K., Cheng, T. C. E., Mishra, N., & Shukla, N. (2018). Big data analytics and application for logistics and supply chain management.
  • Ham, A. M. (2018). Integrated scheduling of m-truck, m-drone, and m-depot constrained by time-window, drop-pickup, and m-visit using constraint programming. Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies, 91, 1-14.
  • Hofmann, E., Rüsch, M., (2017). Industry 4.0 and the current status as well as future prospects on logistics. Computers in Industry 89, 23–34.
  • https://www.orange-business.com/en/magazine/5-digital-trends-transforming-the-logistics-industry
  • Industrial Internet Consortium. (2015). Fact sheet. http://www.iiconsortium.org/docs/IIC_FACT_ SHEET.pdf.
  • Ivanov, D., Dolgui, A., Sokolov, B., Werner, F., & Ivanova, M. (2016). A dynamic model and an algorithm for short-term supply chain scheduling in the smart factory industry 4.0. International Journal of Production Research, 54(2), 386-402.
  • J. Nasser. (2014). Cyber physical systems in the context of Industry 4.0. Automation, Quality and Testing, Robotics, 2014 IEEE International Conference on. IEEE.
  • Kayikci, Y. (2017). E-Commerce in Logistics and Supply Chain Management. in Mehdi Khosrow-Pour (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Information Science and Technology, 4th Ed.,Vol.7,5367-5377, IGI Global
  • Kayikci, Y. (2018). Sustainability impact of digitization in logistics. Procedia manufacturing, 21, 782-789.
  • Kolberg, D., & Zühlke, D. (2015). Lean automation enabled by industry 4.0 technologies. IFAC-PapersOnLine, 48(3), 1870-1875.
  • Krajcovic, M., Grznar, P., Fusko, M., & Skokan, R. (2018). Intelligent Logistics for Intelligent Production Systems. Communications-Scientific letters of the University of Zilina, 20(4), 16-23.
  • Kranenburg, R. v. (2007). The Internet of Things: A Critique of Ambient Technology and the All-Seeing Network of RFID. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Institute of Network Cultures.
  • Kucukaltan, B., Irani, Z., & Aktas, E. (2016). A decision support model for identification and prioritization of key performance indicators in the logistics industry. Computers in Human Behavior, 65, 346-358.
  • Li, W., Zhong, Y., Wang, X., & Cao, Y. (2013). Resource virtualization and service selection in cloud logistics. Journal of Network and Computer Applications, 36(6), 1696-1704.
  • Liboni, L. B., Cezarino, L. O., Jabbour, C. J. C., Oliveira, B. G., & Stefanelli, N. O. (2019). Smart industry and the pathways to HRM 4.0: implications for SCM. Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, 24(1), 124-146.
  • Lins, T., Oliveira, R. A. R., Correia, L. H., & Silva, J. S. (2019, Nisan). Industry 4.0 Retrofitting. In 2018 VIII Brazilian Symposium on Computing Systems Engineering (SBESC) (pp. 8-15). IEEE.
  • Lu, Y., 2017. Industry 4.0: a survey on technologies, applications and open research issues. J. Ind. Inform. Integrat. 1–10.
  • Maslarić, M., Nikoličić, S., & Mirčetić, D. (2016). Logistics response to the industry 4.0: the physical internet. Open engineering, 6(1).
  • MENON, S., SHAH, S., & COUTROUBIS, A. (2019, Nisan). An Overview of Smart Manufacturing for Competitive and Digital Global Supply Chains. In 2018 IEEE International Conference on Technology Management, Operations and Decisions (ICTMOD) (pp. 178-183). IEEE.
  • MÜSİAD. (2017). Endüstri 4.0 ve geleceğin lojstiği. 2017 Lojistik Sektör Raporu. 103.
  • Müller, F., Jaeger, D., & Hanewinkel, M. (2019). Digitization in wood supply–A review on how Industry 4.0 will change the forest value chain. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 162, 206-218.
  • Müller, J. M., Kiel, D., & Voigt, K. I. (2018). What drives the implementation of industry 4.0? The role of opportunities and challenges in the context of sustainability. Sustainability, 10(1), 247.
  • Neradilova, H., & Fedorko, G. (2017). Simulation of the Supply of Workplaces by the AGV in the Digital Factory. Procedia engineering, 192, 638-643.
  • Nguyen, T., Li, Z. H. O. U., Spiegler, V., Ieromonachou, P., & Lin, Y. (2018). Big data analytics in supply chain management: A state-of-the-art literature review. Computers & Operations Research, 98, 254-264.
  • Pisano, G. P. (2015). You need an innovation strategy. Harvard Business Review, 93(6), 44-54.
  • Posada, J., Toro, C., Barandiaran, I., Oyarzun, D., Stricker, D., de Amicis, R., ... & Vallarino, I. (2015). Visual computing as a key enabling technology for industrie 4.0 and industrial internet. IEEE computer graphics and applications, 35(2), 26-40.
  • Rüßmann, M., Lorenz, M., Gerbert, P., Waldner, M., Justus, J., Engel, P., & Harnisch, M. (2015). Industry 4.0: The future of productivity and growth in manufacturing industries. Boston Consulting Group, 9(1), 54-89.
  • Sanders, N. R. (2014). Big data driven supply chain management: A framework for implementing analytics and turning information into intelligence. Pearson Education.
  • Sangwan, K. S. (2017). Key activities, decision variables and performance indicators of reverse logistics. Procedia CIRP, 61, 257-262.
  • Schlüter, F., & Hetterscheid, E. (2017). Supply chain process oriented technology-framework for Industry 4.0. In Proceedings of the Hamburg International Conference of Logistics (HICL) (pp. 275-299).
  • Schwab, K. (2016). The fourth industrial revolution. World Economic Forum 6-9.
  • Taschner, A. (2016). Improving SME logistics performance through benchmarking. Benchmarking: An International Journal, 23(7), 1780-1797.
  • Teng, S. Y., Li, X. J., Zhao, Z., Qin, P. L., & Lu, Y. Y. (2018). Countermeasure Analysis on Internet Logistics. In E3S Web of Conferences (Vol. 38, p. 01036). EDP Sciences.
  • Thomas Bauernhansl, Jörg Krüger, Gunther Reinhart, Günther Schuh. 2016. Wgp-Standpunkt Industrie 4.0, Wissenschaftliche Gesellschaft für Produktionstechnik Wgp e. v.
  • Tjahjono, B., Esplugues, C., Ares, E., & Pelaez, G. (2017). What does industry 4.0 mean to supply chain?. Procedia Manufacturing, 13, 1175-1182.
  • Todorovic, V., Maslaric, M., Bojic, S., Jokic, M., Mircetic, D., & Nikolicic, S. (2018). Solutions for More Sustainable Distribution in the Short Food Supply Chains. Sustainability, 10(10), 3481.
  • Wang, G., Gunasekaran, A., Ngai, E. W., & Papadopoulos, T. (2016). Big data analytics in logistics and supply chain management: Certain investigations for research and applications. International Journal of Production Economics, 176, 98-110.
  • Witkowski, K. (2017). Internet of things, big data, industry 4.0–innovative solutions in logistics and supply chains management. Procedia Engineering, 182, 763-769.
  • Zhou, K., Liu, T., & Zhou, L. (2015, Ağustos). Industry 4.0: Towards future industrial opportunities and challenges. In 2015 12th International Conference on Fuzzy Systems and Knowledge Discovery (FSKD) (pp. 2147-2152). IEEE.
Toplam 52 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Batin Latif Aylak

Yaşanur Kayıkcı

Mehmet Ali Taş

Proje Numarası 2018BM0028
Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Ocak 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020 Cilt: 15 Sayı: 57

Kaynak Göster

APA Aylak, B. L., Kayıkcı, Y., & Taş, M. A. (2020). Türkiye’de Lojistik Sektöründe Faaliyet Gösteren İşletmelerin Dijital Trendlerinin İncelenmesi. Yaşar Üniversitesi E-Dergisi, 15(57), 98-116. https://doi.org/10.19168/jyasar.569599
AMA Aylak BL, Kayıkcı Y, Taş MA. Türkiye’de Lojistik Sektöründe Faaliyet Gösteren İşletmelerin Dijital Trendlerinin İncelenmesi. Yaşar Üniversitesi E-Dergisi. Ocak 2020;15(57):98-116. doi:10.19168/jyasar.569599
Chicago Aylak, Batin Latif, Yaşanur Kayıkcı, ve Mehmet Ali Taş. “Türkiye’de Lojistik Sektöründe Faaliyet Gösteren İşletmelerin Dijital Trendlerinin İncelenmesi”. Yaşar Üniversitesi E-Dergisi 15, sy. 57 (Ocak 2020): 98-116. https://doi.org/10.19168/jyasar.569599.
EndNote Aylak BL, Kayıkcı Y, Taş MA (01 Ocak 2020) Türkiye’de Lojistik Sektöründe Faaliyet Gösteren İşletmelerin Dijital Trendlerinin İncelenmesi. Yaşar Üniversitesi E-Dergisi 15 57 98–116.
IEEE B. L. Aylak, Y. Kayıkcı, ve M. A. Taş, “Türkiye’de Lojistik Sektöründe Faaliyet Gösteren İşletmelerin Dijital Trendlerinin İncelenmesi”, Yaşar Üniversitesi E-Dergisi, c. 15, sy. 57, ss. 98–116, 2020, doi: 10.19168/jyasar.569599.
ISNAD Aylak, Batin Latif vd. “Türkiye’de Lojistik Sektöründe Faaliyet Gösteren İşletmelerin Dijital Trendlerinin İncelenmesi”. Yaşar Üniversitesi E-Dergisi 15/57 (Ocak 2020), 98-116. https://doi.org/10.19168/jyasar.569599.
JAMA Aylak BL, Kayıkcı Y, Taş MA. Türkiye’de Lojistik Sektöründe Faaliyet Gösteren İşletmelerin Dijital Trendlerinin İncelenmesi. Yaşar Üniversitesi E-Dergisi. 2020;15:98–116.
MLA Aylak, Batin Latif vd. “Türkiye’de Lojistik Sektöründe Faaliyet Gösteren İşletmelerin Dijital Trendlerinin İncelenmesi”. Yaşar Üniversitesi E-Dergisi, c. 15, sy. 57, 2020, ss. 98-116, doi:10.19168/jyasar.569599.
Vancouver Aylak BL, Kayıkcı Y, Taş MA. Türkiye’de Lojistik Sektöründe Faaliyet Gösteren İşletmelerin Dijital Trendlerinin İncelenmesi. Yaşar Üniversitesi E-Dergisi. 2020;15(57):98-116.