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EFFECT OF CHLORHEXIDE USED IN SKIN CARE AND BODY BATH: SYSTEMATIC REVIEW

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 1, 27 - 48, 29.04.2023
https://doi.org/10.47115/jshs.1134632

Öz

Aim: In this study, studies using chlorhexidine in body baths were systematically
examined in order to understand the cleasing effect of chlorhexidine used on
body baths for cleasing purposes on the skin.
Method: Between January 1 st and April 20th, 2022, research studies whose full
texts were accessed were used in ‘Google Scholar’, ‘Medline’, ‘Pubmed’, ‘Cochrane’,
‘Wiley Online Library’. Key words are ‘having bath chlorhexidine’, ‘nursing care
with chlorhexidine’, ‘bath with chlorhexidine’. According to the inclusion criteria
from 2557 studies, 27 studies were included out of 287 studies, which met the criteria
and whose full text was reached.
Results: A total of 27 studies from the results of a multicenter study with 953
beds and 325 nurses evaluated with 972,948 patients, 26 studies. Sample groups;
patients in different age groups, intensive care units, long- term health care services,
and long- term hospitalizations in different clinics and units. Removal of
chlorhexidine bath, staphylococcus aureus (s. aureus), methicilin- resistant staphylococcus
aureus (MRSA), vacomicin- resistant enterococcus (VRE), multi-drug
resistant microorganism load from the skin, prevention of medical treatment- related
infections (blood- related infections, urinary catheter- related, ventilator- associated,
central venous catheter- related infections), prevention of bacteremia, and
body hygiene before surgical intervention.
Conclusions and Suggestions: It is seen that the cleaning process of chlorhexidine
baths on the skin is more effective than soap and non- antiseptic products. As
a results of these studies, nurses can be recommended to use 2% chlorhexidine cleaning
wipes and 4% liquid chlorhexidine to prevent infections in hygiene practices.

Kaynakça

  • Alserehi, H., Filippell, M., Emerick, M., Cabunoc, K.,M., Preas, A.,M., Sparkes, C., Johnson, K.,J., & Leekha, S. (2017). Chlorhexidine gluconate bathing practices and skin concentrations in intensive care unit patients. Ame¬rican Journal Of İnfection Control,1-3.
  • Ay, A.,F. (2020). Öz bakım uygulamaları. F. A. Ay (Ed.), Sağlık Uygulamalarında Temel Kavramlar ve Beceriler (8. Baskı, 378- 413).Nobel Tıp Kitapevleri.
  • Banfield, B., & Berbiglia, A.,V. (2014). Dorothea e. Orem: self- care deficit theory of nursing. Allıgood,R.,M (Ed.).Nur¬sing Theorists And Their Work (8th Edition, 240-253). Elsevier Mosby.
  • Boonyasiri, A., Thaisiam, P., Permpikul, C., Judaeng, T., Suiwongsa, B., Apiradeewajeset, N., Fakthongphan, T., Sud¬dee, S., Laoagtipparos, W., & Thamlikitkul, V. (2016). Effectiveness of chlorhexidine wipes for the preventi¬on of multidrug- resistant bacterial colonization and hospital- acquired ınfections in ıntensive care unit patients: a randomized trial in thailand. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol, 37(3),245- 53.
  • Chittalsinh, M.,R., Clay, K., Velasco, C., & Yu, C.,L. (2015). Daily bathing with chlorhexidine and its effects on nosoco¬mial infection rates in pediatric oncology patients. Pediatric Hematology And Oncology, Early Online, 1-7.
  • Cowdell, F., Jadotte, Y.,T., Erser, S.,J., Danby, S., Walton, S., Lawton, S., Roberts, A., Gardiner, E., Ware, F., & Cork, M. (2014). Hygiene and emollient interventions for maintaining skin integrity in older people in hospital and residential care settings (protocol). Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews,Issue,12, 1888948.
  • Deeren, D., Dewulf, E., & Verfaillie, L. (2016). Daily chlorhexidine bathing does not increase skin toxicity after remission induction or stem cell transplantation. Acta Clinica Belgica ,71(6),379- 82.
  • Dougherty, L., & Lister, S. (2015). The royal marsden hospital manual of clinical nursing procedures. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.
  • Gadermann-Axt, M., Chudomirova, K., & Noll, M. (2021). Probiotic baths for atopic dermatitis. Hautarzt, 72(6), 549-556.
  • Edmiston, E.,C., Lee, J.,C., Krepel, C.,J., Spencer, M., Leaper, D., Brown, K.,R., Lewis, D.,B., Rossi, J.,P., Malinowski, M.,J., & Se¬abrook, R.,G. (2015). Evidence for a standardized preadmission showering regimen to achieve maximal an¬tiseptic skin surface concentrations of chlorhexidine gluconate, 4%, in surgical patients. Jama Surgery, 1-7.
  • Fritz, A.,S., Camins, C.,B., Eisenstein, A.,K., Fritz, M.,J., Epplin, E.,K., Burnham, A.,C., Dukes, J., & Storch, G.,A. (2011). Efecti¬veness of measures to eradicate staphylococcus aureus carriage in patients with community- associated skin and soft tissue infections: a randomized trial. İnfec Control Hosp Epidemiol, 32 (9), 872- 888.
  • Fritz, A.,S., Hogan, G.,P., Hayek, G., Eisenstein, A.,K., Rodriguez, M., Epplin, E.,K., Garbutt, J., & Fraser, J.,V. (2012). Hou-sehold versus individual approaches to eradication of community- associated staphylococcus aureus in children: a randomized tiral. Clincal İnfections Diseases, 54(6), 741- 751.
  • Fritz, A.,S., Hogan, G.,P., Camins, C.,B., & Ainsworth, J.,A. (2013). Mupirocin and chlorhexidine resistance in staphy¬lococcus aureus in patients with community- onset skin soft tissue infections. Antimicrobial Agents And Chemotherapy, 57(1),559-568.
  • Hahnel, E., Peytavi, B.,U., Trojahn, C., Dobos, G., Stroux, A., Bartels, N.,G., Jahnke, I., Lichterfeld- Kottner, A., Ne¬els-Herzman, H., Klasen, A., & Kottner, J. (2017). The effectiveness of standardized skin care regimens on skin dryness in nursing home residents: a randomized controlled parallel- group pragmatic trial. İnter¬national Journal Of Nursing Studies,70,1-10.
  • Hon, L.,K., Tsang, K.,C.,Y., Lee, Y.,W.,V., Pong, N.,H., Ha, G., Lee, S.,T., Chow, C.,M., & Leung, T.,F. (2016). Efficacy of sodium hypochlorite (bleach) baths to reduce staphylococcus aureus colonization in childhood onset modera¬te-to-severe eczema: a randomized, placebo-controlled cross-over trial, Jdermatolog Treat, 27(2),156–162.
  • Huang, S.,S., Septimus, E., Kleinman, K., Moody, J., Hickok, J., Avery, M.,S., Lankiewicz, J., Gombosev, A., Terpstra, L., Hartford, F., Hayden, K.,M., Jernigan, A.,J., Weinstein, A.,R., Fraser, J.,V., Haffenreffer, K., Cui, E., Kaganov, E.,R., Lolans, K., Perlin, B.,J., & Platt, R. (2013). Targeted versus universal decolonization to prevent ıcu infection, The New Englang Journal Of Medicine, 398(23),2255- 2265.
  • Huang, S.,S., Septimus, E., Hayden, K.,M., Kleinman, K., Sturtevant, J., Avery, R.,T., Moody, J., Hickok, J., Lankiewicz, J., Gombosev, A., Kaganoz, R., Haffenreffer, K., Jernigan, A.,J., Perlin, B.,J., Platt, R., & Weinstein, A.,R. (2016). Effect of body surface decolonisation on bacteriuria and candiduria in intensive care units: an analysis of a cluster- randomised trial, Lancet, 16(1),1-15.
  • Huang, S.,S., Septimus, E., Kleinman, K., Moody, J., Hickok, J., Heim, L., Gombosev, A., Avery, T.,R., Haffenreffer, K., Shimelman, L., Hayden, M.,K., Weinstein, R.,A., Spencer-Smith, C., Kaganov, R.,E., Murphy, M.,V., Forehand, T., Lankiewicz, J., Coady, M.,H., Portillo, L., Sarup-Patel, J., Jernigan, J.,A., Perlin, J.,B., & Platt, R. (2019). Clor¬hexidine versus routine bahting to prevent multi drug- resistant organisms and all- cause bloodstream infection in general medical and surgical units: the abate infection cluster randomized trial. Lancet, 393 (10177),1205-1215.
  • Johnson, J., Suwantarat, N., Colantuoni, E., Ross, T.,L., Aucott, S.,W., Carroll, K.,C., & Milstone, A.,M. (2018). The impact of chlorhexidine gluconate bathing on skin bacterial burden of neonates admitted to the neonatal inten¬sive care unit. Journal Of Perinatology, 23 (8), 144- 151.
  • Kassakian, S.,Z., Mermel, L.,A., Jefferson, J.,A., Parenteau, S.,L., & Machan, J.,T. (2011). İmpact of chlorhexidine bathing on hospital- acquired ınfections among general medical patients. Infection Control And Hospital Epide¬miology, 32(3),238- 43.
  • Kline, E.,S., Neaton, D.,J., Lynfield, R., Ferrieri, P., Kulasingam, S., Dittes, K., Glennen, A., Jawahir, S., Kaizer, A., Menk, J., & Johnson, J.,R. (2108). Randomized controlled trial of a self- administered five- day antiseptic bundle ver¬sus usual disinfectant soap showers for preoperative eradication of staphylococcus aureus colonization. İnfection Control & Hospital Epidemiology,39, 889-899.
  • Lawton, S. (2016). Emollients and ageing skin: optimising effectiveness and safety. British Journal Of Nursing, 25 (11), 596-598. Loveday, H.,P., Lynam, S., Singleton, J., & Wilson, J. (2014). Clinical glove use: healthcare workers’ actions and per¬ceptions. Journal Of Hospital Infection, 86(2),110-116.
  • Loveday, H.,P., Wilson, J.,A., Pratt, R.,J., Golsorkhi, M., Tingle, A., Bak, A., Browne, J., Prieto, J., & Wilcox, M. (2014). National evidence-based guidelines for preventing healthcare-associated infections in nhs hospitals in england. Journal Of Hospital Infection, 86, (1)1-70.
  • Lynn, P. (2015). Hijyen. H. Bektaş (çev.ed.) Taylor Klinik Hemşirelik Becerileri (Third edition, ss. 325-350). Walter kluwer health. Lippincott.
  • Minoru, K., Kitao, S., Kaju, T., & Urakami, K. (2020). Evaluation of the effect of aroma oil as a bath salt on cognitive function. Psychogeriatrics, 20(2),163-171.
  • Mendes, E.,T., Ranzani, O.,T., Marchi, A.,P., Silva, M.,T., Filho, A.,J.,U., Alves, T., Guimares, T., Levin, A.,S., & Costa, S.,F. (2016). Clorhexidine bathing for prevention of colonization and infection with multi drug resistant micro¬organisms in a hematopoietic stem cell transplantation unit over a 9 year period: impact on klorhexidine susceptibiltiy. Medicine, 95 (46), 1-8.
  • Mendoza- Olazaran, S., Ortiz-Camacho, A., Resendez- Martinez, M.,F., Llaca- Dıaz, J.,M., Rodriguez-Perez, E., & Gonzalez-Garza, E. (2014). İnfluence of whole- body washing of critically ill parients with chlorhexidine on acinetobacter baumannii isolates. American Jorunal Of İnfection Control,1-5.
  • Milstone, M.,A., Elward, A., Song, X., & Zerr, M.,D. (2013). Daily chlorhexidine bathing to recude bacteremia in critically ııı children: a multicenter, cluster- randomized, two- preiod crossover trial. Lancet, 318(798),1099-1106. Mody, L., Gontjes, J.,K., Cassone, M., Gibson, E.,K., Lansing, B.,J., Mantey, J., Kabeto, M., Galecki, A., & Min, L. (2021). Ef-fectiveness of a multicompenent ınterventin to reduce multıdrug resistant organisms in nursing homes: a cluster randomized clinical trial. Jama ,4(7),1-14.
  • Noto, J.,M., Domenico, J.,H., Byrne, W.,D., Daniel, W., Talbot, T., Rice, W.,T., Bernard, R.,G., & Wheeler, P.,A. (2015). Clor-hexidine bathing and healthcare- associated infections: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA, 313 (4),369- 378. Schweizer, L.,M., Chiang, Y.,H., Septimus, E., Moody, J., Braun, B., Hafner, J., Ward, M.,A., Hickok, J., Perencevich, E.,N., Diekema, D.,J., Richards, C.,L., Cavanaugh, J.,E., Perlin, J.,B., Herwaldt, L.,A. (2015). Association of a bund¬led intervention with surgical site infections among patients undergoing cardiac, hip or knee surgery. JAMA,313(21), 4162-4171.
  • Petlın, A., Schallom, M., Prentıce, D., Sona, C., Mantıa, P., McMullen. K., & Landholt, C. (2014). Chlorhexidine glu¬conate bathing to reduce methicilin- resistant staphylococcus aureus acquisition. Critical Care Nurse, 34(5),17-25.
  • Palltto, C., Fiorio, M., Angelis De, V., Ripoli, A., Franciosini, E., Girolamo, Q.,L., Volpi, F., Lorio, P., Francisci, D., Tascini, C., & Baldelli, F. (2019). Daily bathing with %4 chlorhexidine gluconata in intensive care settings: a rando¬mized controlled tiral. Clinical Microbolology And İnfection(CMI), 25(7),705-710.
  • Paterson, R.,L., Boehm, S., Beaumont, L.,J., Patel, P.,A., Schora, D.,M., Peterson, K.,E., Burdsall, D., Hines, C., Fausone, M., Robicsek, A., & Smith, B.,A. (2016). Reduction of methicilin- resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa) infection in long term care is possible while maintaining patient socialization: a prospective randomized clinical trial. Am J Infection Control,44(12),1622- 1627.
  • Reynolds, S.,S., Woltz, P., Keating, E., Neff, J., Elliott, J., Hatch, D., Yang, Q., & Granger, B.,B. (2021). Results of the clor-hexidine gluconate bathing implementation intervention to improve evidence based nursing practices for prevention of central line associated bloodstream infections study (changing baths): a stepped wdge cluster randomized tiral. İmplementation Science, 16(45),1-16.
  • Rhee, Y., Palmer, J.,L., Okamato, K., Gemundan, S., Hammouda, K., Kemble, S.,K., Lin, M.,Y., Karen, L., Fogg, L., Gua¬naga, D., Yokoe, D.,S., Weinstein, R.,A., Frendl, G., & Hayden, M.,K. (2017). Differential effects of chlorhexidi¬ne skin cleasing methods on residual chlorhexidine skin concenstratiıns and bacterial recovery. İnfect Control Hosp Epidemiol,39(4),405-411.
  • Popp, A.,J., Layon, J.,A., Nappo, R., Richards, W.,T., & Mozingo, D.,W. (2014). Hospital- acquired infections and thermally injured patients: chlorhexidine glucoante baths work. American Jorunal Of İnfection Control, 42, 129-132.
  • Seyman, D., Oztoprak, N., Berk, H., Kızılateş, F., & Emek, M. (2014). Weekly chlorhexidine douche: does it reduce he¬althcare- associated bloodstream infections?. Scandinavian Journal Of İnfectious Diseases,46, 691-706.
  • Stone, J., Bianco, A., Monro, J., Overybey, J.,R., Cadet, J., Choi, K.,H., Pena, J., Robles, B.,N., Mella, M.,T., Matthews, K.,C., & Factor, S.,H. (2020). Study to reduce infection prior to elective cesarean deliveries (stripes): a randomi¬zed clinical trial of chlorhexidine. American Journal Of Obstetrics & Gynecology,223(113),1-11.
  • Ünsal, A. (2021). Hijyen uygulamaları. Aşti, A.,T.,Karadağ, A. (ed.).Hemşirelik Esasları Cilt 1. (ss. 376- 400). Akademi Basım.
  • Viray, A.,M., Morley, C.,J., Coopersmith, M.,C., Kollef, M.,H., Fraser, V.,J., & Warren, D.,K. (2014). Daily bathing with ch-lorhexidine- based soap and the prevention of staphylococcus aureus transmission and infection. İnfect Control Hosp Epidermiol, 35(3),243-250.
  • Zerr, M.,D., Milstone, M.,A., Dvorak, C.,C., Adler, A.,L., Chen, L., Villaluna, D., Dang, H., Qin, X., Addetia, A., Yu, L.,C., Keller, M.,C., Esbenshade, A.,J., August, K.,J., Fisher, B.,T., & Sung, L. (2021). Chlorhexidine gluconate bathing in children with cance or those undergoing hematoloiteic stem cell transplantation: a double- blinded randomized controlled trial from the children’ s oncology group. Cancer,56-65.

Cilt Bakımında ve Vücut Banyosunda Kullanılan Klorheksidinin Etkisi: Sistematik Derleme

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 1, 27 - 48, 29.04.2023
https://doi.org/10.47115/jshs.1134632

Öz

Amaç: Bu çalışma, temizleme amaçlı yapılan vücut banyolarında kullanılan
klorheksidinin cilt üzerinde temizleyici etkisini anlamak için vücut banyosunda
klorheksidinin kullanıldığı çalışmalar sistematik incelemektir.
Yöntem: 1 Ocak- 20 Nisan 2022 tarihlerinde ‘Google Scholar’,‘Medline’, ‘Pubmed’,
‘Cochrane’, ‘Wiley Online Library’ tam metnine ulaşılan araştırma çalışmaları
kullanıldı. Anahtar kelimeler ‘having bath chlorhexidine’, ‘nursing care with
chlorhexidine’, ‘bath with chlorhexidine’ dir. Ulaşılan 2557 araştırmadan dahil
edilme kriterlerine göre, 287 incelenen çalışmadan, kriterlere uygun ve tam metnine
ulaşılan 27 çalışma alındı.
Bulgular: Literatürde yapılan çalışmalarda toplam 972,948 hasta, 26 araştırma
makalesi ve çok merkezli toplam 953 yataklı, 325 hemşirenin değerlendirildiği bir
araştıma sonucundan elde edilen bulgular ile toplam 27 araştırma makalesinden
oluşmaktadır. Örneklem grubu; farklı yaş, yoğun bakım üniteleri ve kliniklerdeki
hastalardır. Bu çalışmalarda klorheksidinli banyonun, staphylococcus aureus (S.
aureus), methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), vakomicine dirençli
enterekok (VRE), çoklu ilaca dirençli mikroorganizma yükünün cilt üzerinden
uzaklaştırılması amacıyla vücut hijyenin sağlanmasında kullanıldığı görülmektedir.
Sonuçlar ve Öneriler: Klorheksidinli banyoların cilt üzerinde temizleyici etkisinin
su- sabun, non- antiseptik özellikteki ürünlere göre etkili olduğu anlaşılmaktadır.
Bu çalışmalar sonucunda hemşirelere, hijyen uygulamalarında enfeksiyonların
önlenmesi için, %2 klorheksidinli temizleme mendilleri, %4 sıvı klorheksidin
kullanılması önerilebilir.

Kaynakça

  • Alserehi, H., Filippell, M., Emerick, M., Cabunoc, K.,M., Preas, A.,M., Sparkes, C., Johnson, K.,J., & Leekha, S. (2017). Chlorhexidine gluconate bathing practices and skin concentrations in intensive care unit patients. Ame¬rican Journal Of İnfection Control,1-3.
  • Ay, A.,F. (2020). Öz bakım uygulamaları. F. A. Ay (Ed.), Sağlık Uygulamalarında Temel Kavramlar ve Beceriler (8. Baskı, 378- 413).Nobel Tıp Kitapevleri.
  • Banfield, B., & Berbiglia, A.,V. (2014). Dorothea e. Orem: self- care deficit theory of nursing. Allıgood,R.,M (Ed.).Nur¬sing Theorists And Their Work (8th Edition, 240-253). Elsevier Mosby.
  • Boonyasiri, A., Thaisiam, P., Permpikul, C., Judaeng, T., Suiwongsa, B., Apiradeewajeset, N., Fakthongphan, T., Sud¬dee, S., Laoagtipparos, W., & Thamlikitkul, V. (2016). Effectiveness of chlorhexidine wipes for the preventi¬on of multidrug- resistant bacterial colonization and hospital- acquired ınfections in ıntensive care unit patients: a randomized trial in thailand. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol, 37(3),245- 53.
  • Chittalsinh, M.,R., Clay, K., Velasco, C., & Yu, C.,L. (2015). Daily bathing with chlorhexidine and its effects on nosoco¬mial infection rates in pediatric oncology patients. Pediatric Hematology And Oncology, Early Online, 1-7.
  • Cowdell, F., Jadotte, Y.,T., Erser, S.,J., Danby, S., Walton, S., Lawton, S., Roberts, A., Gardiner, E., Ware, F., & Cork, M. (2014). Hygiene and emollient interventions for maintaining skin integrity in older people in hospital and residential care settings (protocol). Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews,Issue,12, 1888948.
  • Deeren, D., Dewulf, E., & Verfaillie, L. (2016). Daily chlorhexidine bathing does not increase skin toxicity after remission induction or stem cell transplantation. Acta Clinica Belgica ,71(6),379- 82.
  • Dougherty, L., & Lister, S. (2015). The royal marsden hospital manual of clinical nursing procedures. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.
  • Gadermann-Axt, M., Chudomirova, K., & Noll, M. (2021). Probiotic baths for atopic dermatitis. Hautarzt, 72(6), 549-556.
  • Edmiston, E.,C., Lee, J.,C., Krepel, C.,J., Spencer, M., Leaper, D., Brown, K.,R., Lewis, D.,B., Rossi, J.,P., Malinowski, M.,J., & Se¬abrook, R.,G. (2015). Evidence for a standardized preadmission showering regimen to achieve maximal an¬tiseptic skin surface concentrations of chlorhexidine gluconate, 4%, in surgical patients. Jama Surgery, 1-7.
  • Fritz, A.,S., Camins, C.,B., Eisenstein, A.,K., Fritz, M.,J., Epplin, E.,K., Burnham, A.,C., Dukes, J., & Storch, G.,A. (2011). Efecti¬veness of measures to eradicate staphylococcus aureus carriage in patients with community- associated skin and soft tissue infections: a randomized trial. İnfec Control Hosp Epidemiol, 32 (9), 872- 888.
  • Fritz, A.,S., Hogan, G.,P., Hayek, G., Eisenstein, A.,K., Rodriguez, M., Epplin, E.,K., Garbutt, J., & Fraser, J.,V. (2012). Hou-sehold versus individual approaches to eradication of community- associated staphylococcus aureus in children: a randomized tiral. Clincal İnfections Diseases, 54(6), 741- 751.
  • Fritz, A.,S., Hogan, G.,P., Camins, C.,B., & Ainsworth, J.,A. (2013). Mupirocin and chlorhexidine resistance in staphy¬lococcus aureus in patients with community- onset skin soft tissue infections. Antimicrobial Agents And Chemotherapy, 57(1),559-568.
  • Hahnel, E., Peytavi, B.,U., Trojahn, C., Dobos, G., Stroux, A., Bartels, N.,G., Jahnke, I., Lichterfeld- Kottner, A., Ne¬els-Herzman, H., Klasen, A., & Kottner, J. (2017). The effectiveness of standardized skin care regimens on skin dryness in nursing home residents: a randomized controlled parallel- group pragmatic trial. İnter¬national Journal Of Nursing Studies,70,1-10.
  • Hon, L.,K., Tsang, K.,C.,Y., Lee, Y.,W.,V., Pong, N.,H., Ha, G., Lee, S.,T., Chow, C.,M., & Leung, T.,F. (2016). Efficacy of sodium hypochlorite (bleach) baths to reduce staphylococcus aureus colonization in childhood onset modera¬te-to-severe eczema: a randomized, placebo-controlled cross-over trial, Jdermatolog Treat, 27(2),156–162.
  • Huang, S.,S., Septimus, E., Kleinman, K., Moody, J., Hickok, J., Avery, M.,S., Lankiewicz, J., Gombosev, A., Terpstra, L., Hartford, F., Hayden, K.,M., Jernigan, A.,J., Weinstein, A.,R., Fraser, J.,V., Haffenreffer, K., Cui, E., Kaganov, E.,R., Lolans, K., Perlin, B.,J., & Platt, R. (2013). Targeted versus universal decolonization to prevent ıcu infection, The New Englang Journal Of Medicine, 398(23),2255- 2265.
  • Huang, S.,S., Septimus, E., Hayden, K.,M., Kleinman, K., Sturtevant, J., Avery, R.,T., Moody, J., Hickok, J., Lankiewicz, J., Gombosev, A., Kaganoz, R., Haffenreffer, K., Jernigan, A.,J., Perlin, B.,J., Platt, R., & Weinstein, A.,R. (2016). Effect of body surface decolonisation on bacteriuria and candiduria in intensive care units: an analysis of a cluster- randomised trial, Lancet, 16(1),1-15.
  • Huang, S.,S., Septimus, E., Kleinman, K., Moody, J., Hickok, J., Heim, L., Gombosev, A., Avery, T.,R., Haffenreffer, K., Shimelman, L., Hayden, M.,K., Weinstein, R.,A., Spencer-Smith, C., Kaganov, R.,E., Murphy, M.,V., Forehand, T., Lankiewicz, J., Coady, M.,H., Portillo, L., Sarup-Patel, J., Jernigan, J.,A., Perlin, J.,B., & Platt, R. (2019). Clor¬hexidine versus routine bahting to prevent multi drug- resistant organisms and all- cause bloodstream infection in general medical and surgical units: the abate infection cluster randomized trial. Lancet, 393 (10177),1205-1215.
  • Johnson, J., Suwantarat, N., Colantuoni, E., Ross, T.,L., Aucott, S.,W., Carroll, K.,C., & Milstone, A.,M. (2018). The impact of chlorhexidine gluconate bathing on skin bacterial burden of neonates admitted to the neonatal inten¬sive care unit. Journal Of Perinatology, 23 (8), 144- 151.
  • Kassakian, S.,Z., Mermel, L.,A., Jefferson, J.,A., Parenteau, S.,L., & Machan, J.,T. (2011). İmpact of chlorhexidine bathing on hospital- acquired ınfections among general medical patients. Infection Control And Hospital Epide¬miology, 32(3),238- 43.
  • Kline, E.,S., Neaton, D.,J., Lynfield, R., Ferrieri, P., Kulasingam, S., Dittes, K., Glennen, A., Jawahir, S., Kaizer, A., Menk, J., & Johnson, J.,R. (2108). Randomized controlled trial of a self- administered five- day antiseptic bundle ver¬sus usual disinfectant soap showers for preoperative eradication of staphylococcus aureus colonization. İnfection Control & Hospital Epidemiology,39, 889-899.
  • Lawton, S. (2016). Emollients and ageing skin: optimising effectiveness and safety. British Journal Of Nursing, 25 (11), 596-598. Loveday, H.,P., Lynam, S., Singleton, J., & Wilson, J. (2014). Clinical glove use: healthcare workers’ actions and per¬ceptions. Journal Of Hospital Infection, 86(2),110-116.
  • Loveday, H.,P., Wilson, J.,A., Pratt, R.,J., Golsorkhi, M., Tingle, A., Bak, A., Browne, J., Prieto, J., & Wilcox, M. (2014). National evidence-based guidelines for preventing healthcare-associated infections in nhs hospitals in england. Journal Of Hospital Infection, 86, (1)1-70.
  • Lynn, P. (2015). Hijyen. H. Bektaş (çev.ed.) Taylor Klinik Hemşirelik Becerileri (Third edition, ss. 325-350). Walter kluwer health. Lippincott.
  • Minoru, K., Kitao, S., Kaju, T., & Urakami, K. (2020). Evaluation of the effect of aroma oil as a bath salt on cognitive function. Psychogeriatrics, 20(2),163-171.
  • Mendes, E.,T., Ranzani, O.,T., Marchi, A.,P., Silva, M.,T., Filho, A.,J.,U., Alves, T., Guimares, T., Levin, A.,S., & Costa, S.,F. (2016). Clorhexidine bathing for prevention of colonization and infection with multi drug resistant micro¬organisms in a hematopoietic stem cell transplantation unit over a 9 year period: impact on klorhexidine susceptibiltiy. Medicine, 95 (46), 1-8.
  • Mendoza- Olazaran, S., Ortiz-Camacho, A., Resendez- Martinez, M.,F., Llaca- Dıaz, J.,M., Rodriguez-Perez, E., & Gonzalez-Garza, E. (2014). İnfluence of whole- body washing of critically ill parients with chlorhexidine on acinetobacter baumannii isolates. American Jorunal Of İnfection Control,1-5.
  • Milstone, M.,A., Elward, A., Song, X., & Zerr, M.,D. (2013). Daily chlorhexidine bathing to recude bacteremia in critically ııı children: a multicenter, cluster- randomized, two- preiod crossover trial. Lancet, 318(798),1099-1106. Mody, L., Gontjes, J.,K., Cassone, M., Gibson, E.,K., Lansing, B.,J., Mantey, J., Kabeto, M., Galecki, A., & Min, L. (2021). Ef-fectiveness of a multicompenent ınterventin to reduce multıdrug resistant organisms in nursing homes: a cluster randomized clinical trial. Jama ,4(7),1-14.
  • Noto, J.,M., Domenico, J.,H., Byrne, W.,D., Daniel, W., Talbot, T., Rice, W.,T., Bernard, R.,G., & Wheeler, P.,A. (2015). Clor-hexidine bathing and healthcare- associated infections: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA, 313 (4),369- 378. Schweizer, L.,M., Chiang, Y.,H., Septimus, E., Moody, J., Braun, B., Hafner, J., Ward, M.,A., Hickok, J., Perencevich, E.,N., Diekema, D.,J., Richards, C.,L., Cavanaugh, J.,E., Perlin, J.,B., Herwaldt, L.,A. (2015). Association of a bund¬led intervention with surgical site infections among patients undergoing cardiac, hip or knee surgery. JAMA,313(21), 4162-4171.
  • Petlın, A., Schallom, M., Prentıce, D., Sona, C., Mantıa, P., McMullen. K., & Landholt, C. (2014). Chlorhexidine glu¬conate bathing to reduce methicilin- resistant staphylococcus aureus acquisition. Critical Care Nurse, 34(5),17-25.
  • Palltto, C., Fiorio, M., Angelis De, V., Ripoli, A., Franciosini, E., Girolamo, Q.,L., Volpi, F., Lorio, P., Francisci, D., Tascini, C., & Baldelli, F. (2019). Daily bathing with %4 chlorhexidine gluconata in intensive care settings: a rando¬mized controlled tiral. Clinical Microbolology And İnfection(CMI), 25(7),705-710.
  • Paterson, R.,L., Boehm, S., Beaumont, L.,J., Patel, P.,A., Schora, D.,M., Peterson, K.,E., Burdsall, D., Hines, C., Fausone, M., Robicsek, A., & Smith, B.,A. (2016). Reduction of methicilin- resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa) infection in long term care is possible while maintaining patient socialization: a prospective randomized clinical trial. Am J Infection Control,44(12),1622- 1627.
  • Reynolds, S.,S., Woltz, P., Keating, E., Neff, J., Elliott, J., Hatch, D., Yang, Q., & Granger, B.,B. (2021). Results of the clor-hexidine gluconate bathing implementation intervention to improve evidence based nursing practices for prevention of central line associated bloodstream infections study (changing baths): a stepped wdge cluster randomized tiral. İmplementation Science, 16(45),1-16.
  • Rhee, Y., Palmer, J.,L., Okamato, K., Gemundan, S., Hammouda, K., Kemble, S.,K., Lin, M.,Y., Karen, L., Fogg, L., Gua¬naga, D., Yokoe, D.,S., Weinstein, R.,A., Frendl, G., & Hayden, M.,K. (2017). Differential effects of chlorhexidi¬ne skin cleasing methods on residual chlorhexidine skin concenstratiıns and bacterial recovery. İnfect Control Hosp Epidemiol,39(4),405-411.
  • Popp, A.,J., Layon, J.,A., Nappo, R., Richards, W.,T., & Mozingo, D.,W. (2014). Hospital- acquired infections and thermally injured patients: chlorhexidine glucoante baths work. American Jorunal Of İnfection Control, 42, 129-132.
  • Seyman, D., Oztoprak, N., Berk, H., Kızılateş, F., & Emek, M. (2014). Weekly chlorhexidine douche: does it reduce he¬althcare- associated bloodstream infections?. Scandinavian Journal Of İnfectious Diseases,46, 691-706.
  • Stone, J., Bianco, A., Monro, J., Overybey, J.,R., Cadet, J., Choi, K.,H., Pena, J., Robles, B.,N., Mella, M.,T., Matthews, K.,C., & Factor, S.,H. (2020). Study to reduce infection prior to elective cesarean deliveries (stripes): a randomi¬zed clinical trial of chlorhexidine. American Journal Of Obstetrics & Gynecology,223(113),1-11.
  • Ünsal, A. (2021). Hijyen uygulamaları. Aşti, A.,T.,Karadağ, A. (ed.).Hemşirelik Esasları Cilt 1. (ss. 376- 400). Akademi Basım.
  • Viray, A.,M., Morley, C.,J., Coopersmith, M.,C., Kollef, M.,H., Fraser, V.,J., & Warren, D.,K. (2014). Daily bathing with ch-lorhexidine- based soap and the prevention of staphylococcus aureus transmission and infection. İnfect Control Hosp Epidermiol, 35(3),243-250.
  • Zerr, M.,D., Milstone, M.,A., Dvorak, C.,C., Adler, A.,L., Chen, L., Villaluna, D., Dang, H., Qin, X., Addetia, A., Yu, L.,C., Keller, M.,C., Esbenshade, A.,J., August, K.,J., Fisher, B.,T., & Sung, L. (2021). Chlorhexidine gluconate bathing in children with cance or those undergoing hematoloiteic stem cell transplantation: a double- blinded randomized controlled trial from the children’ s oncology group. Cancer,56-65.
Toplam 40 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Sağlık Kurumları Yönetimi
Bölüm Derleme
Yazarlar

Nazmiye Uğur 0000-0002-4243-4371

Meryem Türkan Işık 0000-0002-4091-8583

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 29 Nisan 2023
Yayımlanma Tarihi 29 Nisan 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 23 Haziran 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 8 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Uğur, N., & Işık, M. T. (2023). Cilt Bakımında ve Vücut Banyosunda Kullanılan Klorheksidinin Etkisi: Sistematik Derleme. Samsun Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 8(1), 27-48. https://doi.org/10.47115/jshs.1134632
AMA Uğur N, Işık MT. Cilt Bakımında ve Vücut Banyosunda Kullanılan Klorheksidinin Etkisi: Sistematik Derleme. JSHS. Nisan 2023;8(1):27-48. doi:10.47115/jshs.1134632
Chicago Uğur, Nazmiye, ve Meryem Türkan Işık. “Cilt Bakımında Ve Vücut Banyosunda Kullanılan Klorheksidinin Etkisi: Sistematik Derleme”. Samsun Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi 8, sy. 1 (Nisan 2023): 27-48. https://doi.org/10.47115/jshs.1134632.
EndNote Uğur N, Işık MT (01 Nisan 2023) Cilt Bakımında ve Vücut Banyosunda Kullanılan Klorheksidinin Etkisi: Sistematik Derleme. Samsun Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi 8 1 27–48.
IEEE N. Uğur ve M. T. Işık, “Cilt Bakımında ve Vücut Banyosunda Kullanılan Klorheksidinin Etkisi: Sistematik Derleme”, JSHS, c. 8, sy. 1, ss. 27–48, 2023, doi: 10.47115/jshs.1134632.
ISNAD Uğur, Nazmiye - Işık, Meryem Türkan. “Cilt Bakımında Ve Vücut Banyosunda Kullanılan Klorheksidinin Etkisi: Sistematik Derleme”. Samsun Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi 8/1 (Nisan 2023), 27-48. https://doi.org/10.47115/jshs.1134632.
JAMA Uğur N, Işık MT. Cilt Bakımında ve Vücut Banyosunda Kullanılan Klorheksidinin Etkisi: Sistematik Derleme. JSHS. 2023;8:27–48.
MLA Uğur, Nazmiye ve Meryem Türkan Işık. “Cilt Bakımında Ve Vücut Banyosunda Kullanılan Klorheksidinin Etkisi: Sistematik Derleme”. Samsun Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, c. 8, sy. 1, 2023, ss. 27-48, doi:10.47115/jshs.1134632.
Vancouver Uğur N, Işık MT. Cilt Bakımında ve Vücut Banyosunda Kullanılan Klorheksidinin Etkisi: Sistematik Derleme. JSHS. 2023;8(1):27-48.

Samsun Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi CC BY-NC 4.0 lisansına sahiptir.