Risk Factors Associated with Periodontal Diseases among Yemeni Adult Patients

Abdullah Amran; Mohammed Alhajj; Zaihan Ariffin; Yanti Johari; Abeer Al-soswa; Ehab Abdulghani; Osamah Almekhlafi

doi:10.7126/cumudj.981660

Araştırma Makalesi

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 25 Sayı: 1, 71 - 78, 25.03.2022

Abdullah Amran Mohammed Alhajj Zaihan Ariffin Yanti Johari Abeer Al-soswa Ehab Abdulghani Osamah Almekhlafi

https://doi.org/10.7126/cumudj.981660

Öz

Kaynakça

1. American Academy of Periodontology. Periodontal Disease Fact Sheet. 2017 [[Access date: 20 Dec. 2020]]. Available from: Available from: https://www.perio.org/newsroom/periodontal-disease-fact-sheet.
2. Helmi MF, Huang H, Goodson JM, Hasturk H, Tavares M, Natto ZS. Prevalence of periodontitis and alveolar bone loss in a patient population at Harvard School of Dental Medicine. BMC Oral Health. 2019;19(1):254. doi: 10.1186/s12903-019-0925-z.
3. Xiong X, Buekens P, Fraser WD, Beck J, Offenbacher S. Periodontal disease and adverse pregnancy outcomes: a systematic review. Bjog. 2006;113(2):135-143. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-0528.2005.00827.x.
4. Armitage GC. Development of a classification system for periodontal diseases and conditions. Ann Periodontol. 1999;4(1):1-6. doi: 10.1902/annals.1999.4.1.1.
5. Kinane DF. Causation and pathogenesis of periodontal disease. Periodontol 2000. 2001;25:8-20. doi: 10.1034/j.1600-0757.2001.22250102.x.
6. Madiba TK, Bhayat AJSADJ. Periodontal disease-risk factors and treatment options. 2018;73(9):571-575.
7. Haq MW, Batool M, Ahsan SH, Sharma G. Efficacy of antiplaque mouthwashes: a five-day clinical trial. Gen Dent. 2011;59(3):e110-115.
8. Ali AA. Qat habit in Yemen society: a causative factor for oral periodontal diseases. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2007;4(3):243-247. doi: 10.3390/ijerph2007030008.
9. Nunn ME. Understanding the etiology of periodontitis: an overview of periodontal risk factors. Periodontol 2000. 2003;32:11-23. doi: 10.1046/j.0906-6713.2002.03202.x.
10. Beck JD. Periodontal implications: older adults. Ann Periodontol. 1996;1(1):322-357. doi: 10.1902/annals.1996.1.1.322.
11. Locker D, Slade GD, Murray H. Epidemiology of periodontal disease among older adults: a review. Periodontol 2000. 1998;16:16-33. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0757.1998.tb00113.x.
12. Holm-Pedersen P, Agerbaek N, Theilade E. Experimental gingivitis in young and elderly individuals. J Clin Periodontol. 1975;2(1):14-24. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.1975.tb01722.x.
13. Machtei EE, Dunford R, Grossi SG, Genco RJ. Cumulative nature of periodontal attachment loss. J Periodontal Res. 1994;29(5):361-364. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.1994.tb01234.x.
14. Caton JG, Armitage G, Berglundh T, Chapple ILC, Jepsen S, Kornman KS, et al. A new classification scheme for periodontal and peri-implant diseases and conditions - Introduction and key changes from the 1999 classification. J Periodontol. 2018;89 Suppl 1:S1-s8. doi: 10.1002/jper.18-0157.
15. Salih Y, Nasr AM, Ahmed ABA, Sharif ME, Adam I. Prevalence of and risk factors for periodontal disease among pregnant women in an antenatal care clinic in Khartoum, Sudan. BMC Res Notes. 2020;13(1):147. doi: 10.1186/s13104-020-04998-3.
16. Vogt M, Sallum AW, Cecatti JG, Morais SS. Factors associated with the prevalence of periodontal disease in low-risk pregnant women. Reprod Health. 2012;9:3. doi: 10.1186/1742-4755-9-3.
17. Al-Hajj W, Hwaiti H, Shamala A, Al-Azazi H, Alwesabi M. Association of Khat chewing, smoking, age and sex with periodontal status among Yemeni adults. Braz Dent Sci. 2020;23(1):8 p.-8 p.
18. Johnson GK, Guthmiller JM. The impact of cigarette smoking on periodontal disease and treatment. Periodontol 2000. 2007;44:178-194. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0757.2007.00212.x.
19. Palmer RM, Wilson RF, Hasan AS, Scott DA. Mechanisms of action of environmental factors--tobacco smoking. J Clin Periodontol. 2005;32 Suppl 6:180-195. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-051X.2005.00786.x.
20. Moore PA, Zgibor JC, Dasanayake AP. Diabetes: a growing epidemic of all ages. J Am Dent Assoc. 2003;134 Spec No:11s-15s.
21. Selwitz RH, Pihlstrom BL. How to lower risk of developing diabetes and its complications: recommendations for the patient. J Am Dent Assoc. 2003;134 Spec No:54s-58s. doi: 10.14219/jada.archive.2003.0373.
22. Nibali L, D'Aiuto F, Griffiths G, Patel K, Suvan J, Tonetti MS. Severe periodontitis is associated with systemic inflammation and a dysmetabolic status: a case-control study. J Clin Periodontol. 2007;34(11):931-937. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-051X.2007.01133.x.
23. Renvert S. Destructive periodontal disease in relation to diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases, osteoporosis and respiratory diseases. Oral Health Prev Dent. 2003;1 Suppl 1:341-357; discussison 358-349.
24. Al-Hebshi NN, Skaug N. Khat (Catha edulis)-an updated review. Addict Biol. 2005;10(4):299-307. doi: 10.1080/13556210500353020.
25. Giovannoni ML, Valdivia-Gandur I, Lozano de Luaces V, Varela Véliz H, Balasubbaiah Y, Chimenos-Küstner E. Betel and tobacco chewing habit and its relation to risk factors for periodontal disease. Oral Dis. 2018;24(5):829-839. doi: 10.1111/odi.12820.
26. Al-Maweri SA, Alaizari NA, Al-Sufyani GA. Oral mucosal lesions and their association with tobacco use and qat chewing among Yemeni dental patients. J Clin Exp Dent. 2014;6(5):e460-466. doi: 10.4317/jced.51706.
27. Al-Sharabi AK, Shuga-Aldin H, Ghandour I, Al-Hebshi NN. Qat chewing as an independent risk factor for periodontitis: a cross-sectional study. Int J Dent. 2013;2013:317640. doi: 10.1155/2013/317640.
28. Schmidt-Westhausen AM, Al Sanabani J, Al-Sharabi AK. Prevalence of oral white lesions due to qat chewing among women in Yemen. Oral Dis. 2014;20(7):675-681. doi: 10.1111/odi.12188.
29. Giannini AJ, Miller NS, Turner CE. Treatment of khat addiction. J Subst Abuse Treat. 1992;9(4):379-382. doi: 10.1016/0740-5472(92)90034-l.
30. Wedegaertner F, al-Warith H, Hillemacher T, te Wildt B, Schneider U, Bleich S, et al. Motives for khat use and abstinence in Yemen - a gender perspective. BMC Public Health. 2010;10(1):735. doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-10-735.
31. Al-Maweri SA, Al-Jamaei AA, Al-Sufyani GA, Tarakji B, Shugaa-Addin B. Oral mucosal lesions in elderly dental patients in Sana'a, Yemen. J Int Soc Prev Community Dent. 2015;5(Suppl 1):S12-19. doi: 10.4103/2231-0762.156152.
32. Awadalla NJ, Suwaydi HA. Prevalence, determinants and impacts of khat chewing among professional drivers in Southwestern Saudi Arabia. East Mediterr Health J. 2017;23(3):189-197. doi: 10.26719/2017.23.3.189.
33. Amran AG, Alhajj MN. Assessment of Gingival Health Status among a Group of Preclinical and Clinical Dental Students at Thamar University, Yemen. IOSR-JDMS. 2016;15(2):69-75.
34. Kalakonda B, Al-Maweri SA, Al-Shamiri HM, Ijaz A, Gamal S, Dhaifullah E. Is Khat (Catha edulis) chewing a risk factor for periodontal diseases? A systematic review. J Clin Exp Dent. 2017;9(10):e1264-e1270. doi: 10.4317/jced.54163.
35. Loe H, Silness J. Periodontal disease in pregnancy. I. Prevalence and severity. Acta Odontol Scand. 1963;21:533-551. doi: 10.3109/00016356309011240.
36. Silness J, Loe H. Periodontal disease in pregnancy. Ii. Correlation between oral hygiene and periodontal condtion. Acta Odontol Scand. 1964;22:121-135. doi: 10.3109/00016356408993968.
37. Ainamo J, Bay I. Problems and proposals for recording gingivitis and plaque. Int Dent J. 1975;25(4):229-235.
38. Miller PD, Jr. A classification of marginal tissue recession. Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent. 1985;5(2):8-13.
39. Beşiroğlu E, Lütfioğlu M. Relations between periodontal status, oral health–related quality of life and perceived oral health and oral health consciousness levels in a Turkish population. Int J Dent Hyg. 2020;18(3):251-260. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/idh.12443.
40. Eke PI, Dye BA, Wei L, Slade GD, Thornton-Evans GO, Borgnakke WS, et al. Update on Prevalence of Periodontitis in Adults in the United States: NHANES 2009 to 2012. J Periodontol. 2015;86(5):611-622. doi: 10.1902/jop.2015.140520.
41. Burt BAJ. Periodontitis and aging: reviewing recent evidence. The Journal of the American Dental Association. 1994;125(3):273-279.
42. Garanayak N, Das M, Patra RC, Biswal S, Panda SKJ. Effect of age on dental plaque deposition and its control by ultrasonic scaling, dental hygiene chew, and chlorhexidine (0.2% w/v) in dogs. Veterinary world. 2019;12(11):1872.
43. Seong J, Bartlett D, Newcombe R, Claydon N, Hellin N, West NJ. Prevalence of gingival recession and study of associated related factors in young UK adults. Journal of dentistry. 2018;76:58-67.
44. Mazur P, Suprunovych IJ. THE INFLUENCE OF THE AGE ON THE PREVALENCE OF GINGIVAL RECESSION IN PATIENTS WITH PERIODONTITIS. Ukrainian Dental Almanac. 2020(4):25-31.
45. Jain A, Bhavsar NV, Baweja A, Bhagat A, Ohri A, Grover V. Gender-Associated Oral and Periodontal Health Based on Retrospective Panoramic Radiographic Analysis of Alveolar Bone Loss. Gender-related Differences in Health and Disease: IntechOpen; 2020.
46. Shiau HJ, Reynolds MAJ. Sex differences in destructive periodontal disease: a systematic review. Journal of periodontology. 2010;81(10):1379-1389.
47. Sanadi RM, Chelani LR, Suthar NJ, Khuller N, Basavaraj PJ. Gender-based differences in occurrence of gingival disease among dental students: A survey. Dentistry Medical Research. 2017;5(1):17.
48. Beşiroğlu E, Lütfioğlu MJ. Relations between periodontal status, oral health–related quality of life and perceived oral health and oral health consciousness levels in a Turkish population. International journal of dental hygiene. 2020;18(3):251-260.
49. Chen H, Zhang R, Cheng R, Xu T, Zhang T, Hong X, et al. Gingival bleeding and calculus among 12-year-old Chinese adolescents: a multilevel analysis. BMC Oral Health. 2020;20:1-12.
50. Wu M, Chen S-W, Su W-L, Zhu H-Y, Ouyang S-Y, Cao Y-T, et al. Sex hormones enhance gingival inflammation without affecting IL-1β and TNF-α in periodontally healthy women during pregnancy. Mediators of inflammation. 2016;2016.
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Risk Factors Associated with Periodontal Diseases among Yemeni Adult Patients

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 25 Sayı: 1, 71 - 78, 25.03.2022

Abdullah Amran Mohammed Alhajj Zaihan Ariffin Yanti Johari Abeer Al-soswa Ehab Abdulghani Osamah Almekhlafi

https://doi.org/10.7126/cumudj.981660

Öz

Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the possible risk factors associated with periodontal diseases among adult dental patients in Yemen. Methods: The study population comprised of 805 patients attending the teaching dental hospital in Dhamar city, Yemen. The first part of investigation was interview including age, gender, systemic diseases, pregnancy (for women), as well as tooth brushing, smoking, and Qat chewing habits and dentist interval visits. The second part was clinical examination including the periodontal parameters. Data were analyzed and presented in terms frequencies and percentages or means and standard deviations, as appropriate. Chi-squared test was used for associations and Mann-Whitney U test was used for differences. Regression analysis was utilized for the determinants of the periodontal disease. A P-value < 0.05 was considered significant. Results: The bivariate analyses revealed significant differences (P< 0.05) between the independent variables (proposed risk factors) groups in relation to the periodontal parameters except for systemic disease in relation to GI and BI, visiting dentist in relation to CI, BI, and GR, and pregnancy in relation to PI, GI, CI, and BI (P> 0.05). The regression analyses revealed that the age, smoking, and brushing teeth are significant (P< 0.05) determinants for all periodontal parameters. Whereas, systemic disease was a significant determinant for GR, and sex for BI. Conclusions: Age, brushing teeth and smoking are the significant determinants of periodontal health. Education about the side effects of bad habits as well as maintaining good oral hygiene should be implemented.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Periodontal health, Risk factors, Teeth, Oral hygiene, Yemen.

Kaynakça

1. American Academy of Periodontology. Periodontal Disease Fact Sheet. 2017 [[Access date: 20 Dec. 2020]]. Available from: Available from: https://www.perio.org/newsroom/periodontal-disease-fact-sheet.
2. Helmi MF, Huang H, Goodson JM, Hasturk H, Tavares M, Natto ZS. Prevalence of periodontitis and alveolar bone loss in a patient population at Harvard School of Dental Medicine. BMC Oral Health. 2019;19(1):254. doi: 10.1186/s12903-019-0925-z.
3. Xiong X, Buekens P, Fraser WD, Beck J, Offenbacher S. Periodontal disease and adverse pregnancy outcomes: a systematic review. Bjog. 2006;113(2):135-143. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-0528.2005.00827.x.
4. Armitage GC. Development of a classification system for periodontal diseases and conditions. Ann Periodontol. 1999;4(1):1-6. doi: 10.1902/annals.1999.4.1.1.
5. Kinane DF. Causation and pathogenesis of periodontal disease. Periodontol 2000. 2001;25:8-20. doi: 10.1034/j.1600-0757.2001.22250102.x.
6. Madiba TK, Bhayat AJSADJ. Periodontal disease-risk factors and treatment options. 2018;73(9):571-575.
7. Haq MW, Batool M, Ahsan SH, Sharma G. Efficacy of antiplaque mouthwashes: a five-day clinical trial. Gen Dent. 2011;59(3):e110-115.
8. Ali AA. Qat habit in Yemen society: a causative factor for oral periodontal diseases. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2007;4(3):243-247. doi: 10.3390/ijerph2007030008.
9. Nunn ME. Understanding the etiology of periodontitis: an overview of periodontal risk factors. Periodontol 2000. 2003;32:11-23. doi: 10.1046/j.0906-6713.2002.03202.x.
10. Beck JD. Periodontal implications: older adults. Ann Periodontol. 1996;1(1):322-357. doi: 10.1902/annals.1996.1.1.322.
11. Locker D, Slade GD, Murray H. Epidemiology of periodontal disease among older adults: a review. Periodontol 2000. 1998;16:16-33. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0757.1998.tb00113.x.
12. Holm-Pedersen P, Agerbaek N, Theilade E. Experimental gingivitis in young and elderly individuals. J Clin Periodontol. 1975;2(1):14-24. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.1975.tb01722.x.
13. Machtei EE, Dunford R, Grossi SG, Genco RJ. Cumulative nature of periodontal attachment loss. J Periodontal Res. 1994;29(5):361-364. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.1994.tb01234.x.
14. Caton JG, Armitage G, Berglundh T, Chapple ILC, Jepsen S, Kornman KS, et al. A new classification scheme for periodontal and peri-implant diseases and conditions - Introduction and key changes from the 1999 classification. J Periodontol. 2018;89 Suppl 1:S1-s8. doi: 10.1002/jper.18-0157.
15. Salih Y, Nasr AM, Ahmed ABA, Sharif ME, Adam I. Prevalence of and risk factors for periodontal disease among pregnant women in an antenatal care clinic in Khartoum, Sudan. BMC Res Notes. 2020;13(1):147. doi: 10.1186/s13104-020-04998-3.
16. Vogt M, Sallum AW, Cecatti JG, Morais SS. Factors associated with the prevalence of periodontal disease in low-risk pregnant women. Reprod Health. 2012;9:3. doi: 10.1186/1742-4755-9-3.
17. Al-Hajj W, Hwaiti H, Shamala A, Al-Azazi H, Alwesabi M. Association of Khat chewing, smoking, age and sex with periodontal status among Yemeni adults. Braz Dent Sci. 2020;23(1):8 p.-8 p.
18. Johnson GK, Guthmiller JM. The impact of cigarette smoking on periodontal disease and treatment. Periodontol 2000. 2007;44:178-194. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0757.2007.00212.x.
19. Palmer RM, Wilson RF, Hasan AS, Scott DA. Mechanisms of action of environmental factors--tobacco smoking. J Clin Periodontol. 2005;32 Suppl 6:180-195. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-051X.2005.00786.x.
20. Moore PA, Zgibor JC, Dasanayake AP. Diabetes: a growing epidemic of all ages. J Am Dent Assoc. 2003;134 Spec No:11s-15s.
21. Selwitz RH, Pihlstrom BL. How to lower risk of developing diabetes and its complications: recommendations for the patient. J Am Dent Assoc. 2003;134 Spec No:54s-58s. doi: 10.14219/jada.archive.2003.0373.
22. Nibali L, D'Aiuto F, Griffiths G, Patel K, Suvan J, Tonetti MS. Severe periodontitis is associated with systemic inflammation and a dysmetabolic status: a case-control study. J Clin Periodontol. 2007;34(11):931-937. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-051X.2007.01133.x.
23. Renvert S. Destructive periodontal disease in relation to diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases, osteoporosis and respiratory diseases. Oral Health Prev Dent. 2003;1 Suppl 1:341-357; discussison 358-349.
24. Al-Hebshi NN, Skaug N. Khat (Catha edulis)-an updated review. Addict Biol. 2005;10(4):299-307. doi: 10.1080/13556210500353020.
25. Giovannoni ML, Valdivia-Gandur I, Lozano de Luaces V, Varela Véliz H, Balasubbaiah Y, Chimenos-Küstner E. Betel and tobacco chewing habit and its relation to risk factors for periodontal disease. Oral Dis. 2018;24(5):829-839. doi: 10.1111/odi.12820.
26. Al-Maweri SA, Alaizari NA, Al-Sufyani GA. Oral mucosal lesions and their association with tobacco use and qat chewing among Yemeni dental patients. J Clin Exp Dent. 2014;6(5):e460-466. doi: 10.4317/jced.51706.
27. Al-Sharabi AK, Shuga-Aldin H, Ghandour I, Al-Hebshi NN. Qat chewing as an independent risk factor for periodontitis: a cross-sectional study. Int J Dent. 2013;2013:317640. doi: 10.1155/2013/317640.
28. Schmidt-Westhausen AM, Al Sanabani J, Al-Sharabi AK. Prevalence of oral white lesions due to qat chewing among women in Yemen. Oral Dis. 2014;20(7):675-681. doi: 10.1111/odi.12188.
29. Giannini AJ, Miller NS, Turner CE. Treatment of khat addiction. J Subst Abuse Treat. 1992;9(4):379-382. doi: 10.1016/0740-5472(92)90034-l.
30. Wedegaertner F, al-Warith H, Hillemacher T, te Wildt B, Schneider U, Bleich S, et al. Motives for khat use and abstinence in Yemen - a gender perspective. BMC Public Health. 2010;10(1):735. doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-10-735.
31. Al-Maweri SA, Al-Jamaei AA, Al-Sufyani GA, Tarakji B, Shugaa-Addin B. Oral mucosal lesions in elderly dental patients in Sana'a, Yemen. J Int Soc Prev Community Dent. 2015;5(Suppl 1):S12-19. doi: 10.4103/2231-0762.156152.
32. Awadalla NJ, Suwaydi HA. Prevalence, determinants and impacts of khat chewing among professional drivers in Southwestern Saudi Arabia. East Mediterr Health J. 2017;23(3):189-197. doi: 10.26719/2017.23.3.189.
33. Amran AG, Alhajj MN. Assessment of Gingival Health Status among a Group of Preclinical and Clinical Dental Students at Thamar University, Yemen. IOSR-JDMS. 2016;15(2):69-75.
34. Kalakonda B, Al-Maweri SA, Al-Shamiri HM, Ijaz A, Gamal S, Dhaifullah E. Is Khat (Catha edulis) chewing a risk factor for periodontal diseases? A systematic review. J Clin Exp Dent. 2017;9(10):e1264-e1270. doi: 10.4317/jced.54163.
35. Loe H, Silness J. Periodontal disease in pregnancy. I. Prevalence and severity. Acta Odontol Scand. 1963;21:533-551. doi: 10.3109/00016356309011240.
36. Silness J, Loe H. Periodontal disease in pregnancy. Ii. Correlation between oral hygiene and periodontal condtion. Acta Odontol Scand. 1964;22:121-135. doi: 10.3109/00016356408993968.
37. Ainamo J, Bay I. Problems and proposals for recording gingivitis and plaque. Int Dent J. 1975;25(4):229-235.
38. Miller PD, Jr. A classification of marginal tissue recession. Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent. 1985;5(2):8-13.
39. Beşiroğlu E, Lütfioğlu M. Relations between periodontal status, oral health–related quality of life and perceived oral health and oral health consciousness levels in a Turkish population. Int J Dent Hyg. 2020;18(3):251-260. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/idh.12443.
40. Eke PI, Dye BA, Wei L, Slade GD, Thornton-Evans GO, Borgnakke WS, et al. Update on Prevalence of Periodontitis in Adults in the United States: NHANES 2009 to 2012. J Periodontol. 2015;86(5):611-622. doi: 10.1902/jop.2015.140520.
41. Burt BAJ. Periodontitis and aging: reviewing recent evidence. The Journal of the American Dental Association. 1994;125(3):273-279.
42. Garanayak N, Das M, Patra RC, Biswal S, Panda SKJ. Effect of age on dental plaque deposition and its control by ultrasonic scaling, dental hygiene chew, and chlorhexidine (0.2% w/v) in dogs. Veterinary world. 2019;12(11):1872.
43. Seong J, Bartlett D, Newcombe R, Claydon N, Hellin N, West NJ. Prevalence of gingival recession and study of associated related factors in young UK adults. Journal of dentistry. 2018;76:58-67.
44. Mazur P, Suprunovych IJ. THE INFLUENCE OF THE AGE ON THE PREVALENCE OF GINGIVAL RECESSION IN PATIENTS WITH PERIODONTITIS. Ukrainian Dental Almanac. 2020(4):25-31.
45. Jain A, Bhavsar NV, Baweja A, Bhagat A, Ohri A, Grover V. Gender-Associated Oral and Periodontal Health Based on Retrospective Panoramic Radiographic Analysis of Alveolar Bone Loss. Gender-related Differences in Health and Disease: IntechOpen; 2020.
46. Shiau HJ, Reynolds MAJ. Sex differences in destructive periodontal disease: a systematic review. Journal of periodontology. 2010;81(10):1379-1389.
47. Sanadi RM, Chelani LR, Suthar NJ, Khuller N, Basavaraj PJ. Gender-based differences in occurrence of gingival disease among dental students: A survey. Dentistry Medical Research. 2017;5(1):17.
48. Beşiroğlu E, Lütfioğlu MJ. Relations between periodontal status, oral health–related quality of life and perceived oral health and oral health consciousness levels in a Turkish population. International journal of dental hygiene. 2020;18(3):251-260.
49. Chen H, Zhang R, Cheng R, Xu T, Zhang T, Hong X, et al. Gingival bleeding and calculus among 12-year-old Chinese adolescents: a multilevel analysis. BMC Oral Health. 2020;20:1-12.
50. Wu M, Chen S-W, Su W-L, Zhu H-Y, Ouyang S-Y, Cao Y-T, et al. Sex hormones enhance gingival inflammation without affecting IL-1β and TNF-α in periodontally healthy women during pregnancy. Mediators of inflammation. 2016;2016.
51. Suragimath G. Periodontal Disease and Pregnancy Outcome. Gingival Disease-A Professional Approach for Treatment and Prevention: IntechOpen; 2019.
52. Jepsen S, Caton JG, Albandar JM, Bissada NF, Bouchard P, Cortellini P, et al. Periodontal manifestations of systemic diseases and developmental and acquired conditions: Consensus report of workgroup 3 of the 2017 World Workshop on the Classification of Periodontal and Peri‐Implant Diseases and Conditions. Journal of clinical periodontology. 2018;45:S219-S229.
53. Albandar JM, Susin C, Hughes FJJ. Manifestations of systemic diseases and conditions that affect the periodontal attachment apparatus: Case definitions and diagnostic considerations. Journal of clinical periodontology. 2018;45:S171-S189.
54. Dörfer CE, Staehle HJ, Wolff DJ. Three‐year randomized study of manual and power toothbrush effects on pre‐existing gingival recession. Journal of clinical periodontology. 2016;43(6):512-519.
55. Harvey C, Serfilippi L, Barnvos DJ. Effect of frequency of brushing teeth on plaque and calculus accumulation, and gingivitis in dogs. Journal of veterinary dentistry. 2015;32(1):16-21.
56. Heasman PA, Holliday R, Bryant A, Preshaw PMJ. Evidence for the occurrence of gingival recession and non‐carious cervical lesions as a consequence of traumatic toothbrushing. Journal of clinical periodontology. 2015;42:S237-S255.
57. Litonjua LA, Andreana S, Bush PJ, Cohen REJ. Toothbrushing and gingival recession. International dental journal. 2003;53(2):67-72.
58. Al-Sharabi AK, Shuga-Aldin H, Ghandour I, Al-Hebshi NNJ. Qat chewing as an independent risk factor for periodontitis: a cross-sectional study. International journal of dentistry. 2013;2013.
59. Al‐Akhali M, Al‐Moraissi EJ. Khat chewing habit produces a significant adverse effect on periodontal, oral health: A systematic review and meta‐analysis. Journal of periodontal research. 2017;52(6):937-945.
60. Mengel R, Eigenbrodt M, Schünemann T, Florès‐de‐Jacoby LJ. Periodontal status of a subject sample of Yemen. Journal of clinical periodontology. 1996;23(5):437-443.
61. Al‐Hebshi N, Skaug NJ. Effect of khat chewing on 14 selected periodontal bacteria in sub‐and supragingival plaque of a young male population. Oral Microbiology. 2005;20(3):141-146.
62. Al-hebshi NN, Al-Ak’hali MJ. Experimental gingivitis in male khat (Catha edulis) chewers. J Int Acad Periodontol. 2010;12(2):56-62.
63. Warnakulasuriya S, Dietrich T, Bornstein MM, Peidró EC, Preshaw PM, Walter C, et al. Oral health risks of tobacco use and effects of cessation. International dental journal. 2010;60(1):7-30.
64. Leite FR, Nascimento GG, Scheutz F, Lopez RJ. Effect of smoking on periodontitis: a systematic review and meta-regression. American journal of preventive medicine. 2018;54(6):831-841.
65. Banihashemrad SA, Fatemi K, Najafi MHJ. Effect of smoking on gingival recession. Dental Research Journal. 2009;5(1).
66. Shchipkova A, Nagaraja H, Kumar PJ. Subgingival microbial profiles of smokers with periodontitis. Journal of dental research. 2010;89(11):1247-1253.
67. Söder B, Jin L, Wickholm SJ. Granulocyte elastase, matrix metalloproteinase‐8 and prostaglandin E2 in gingival crevicular fluid in matched clinical sites in smokers and non‐smokers with persistent periodontitis. Journal of clinical periodontology. 2002;29(5):384-391.
68. Matthews JB, Chen FM, Milward MR, Ling MR, Chapple ILJ. Neutrophil superoxide production in the presence of cigarette smoke extract, nicotine and cotinine. Journal of clinical periodontology. 2012;39(7):626-634.
69. Holde GE, Jönsson B, Oscarson N, Müller HPJ. To what extent does smoking affect gingival bleeding response to supragingival plaque? Site‐specific analyses in a population‐based study. Journal of periodontal research. 2020;55(2):277-286.
70. Mavropoulos A, Brodin P, Rösing CK, Aass AM, Aars HJ. Gingival blood flow in periodontitis patients before and after periodontal surgery assessed in smokers and non‐smokers. Journal of periodontology. 2007;78(9):1774-1782.

Toplam 70 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil	İngilizce
Konular	Sağlık Kurumları Yönetimi
Bölüm	Original Research Articles
Yazarlar	Abdullah Amran 0000-0003-0533-1688 Mohammed Alhajj 0000-0003-4477-3024 Zaihan Ariffin 0000-0001-7712-8959 Yanti Johari 0000-0002-5712-2741 Abeer Al-soswa 0000-0003-2274-5014 Ehab Abdulghani 0000-0002-3392-4248 Osamah Almekhlafi 0000-0003-1342-4016
Yayımlanma Tarihi	25 Mart 2022
Gönderilme Tarihi	12 Ağustos 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı	Yıl 2022Cilt: 25 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

EndNote	Amran A, Alhajj M, Ariffin Z, Johari Y, Al-soswa A, Abdulghani E, Almekhlafi O (01 Mart 2022) Risk Factors Associated with Periodontal Diseases among Yemeni Adult Patients. Cumhuriyet Dental Journal 25 1 71–78.

Kapak Resmi İndir

Makale Dosyaları

Tam Metin

Cumhuriyet Dental Journal (Cumhuriyet Dent J, CDJ) is the official publication of Cumhuriyet University Faculty of Dentistry. CDJ is an international journal dedicated to the latest advancement of dentistry. The aim of this journal is to provide a platform for scientists and academicians all over the world to promote, share, and discuss various new issues and developments in different areas of dentistry. First issue of the Journal of Cumhuriyet University Faculty of Dentistry was published in 1998. In 2010, journal's name was changed as Cumhuriyet Dental Journal. Journal’s publication language is English.

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