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Ortodontide beyaz nokta lezyonları ve güncel teşhis, korunma ve tedavi yaklaşımları

Year 2009, Volume: 12 Issue: 2, 152 - 161, 30.10.2011

Tancan Uysal Mihri Amasyali Alper Koyuturk

Abstract

As oral hygiene becomes more difficult in patients with fixed orthodontic appliances; the decalcification of the enamel surface adjacent to these appliances is prevalent. Decalcification is manifested as a white spot lesion (WSL) on enamel, and orthodontic patients develop significantly more WSLs than non-orthodontic patients. If these lesions are left untreated, they may progress to produce carious cavitations, and may also present aesthetic problems. Thus, the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of WSLs are crucial to minimize tooth decay as well as tooth discoloration that could compromise the aesthetics of the smile. Clearly, it is the orthodontists’ responsibility to be aware of the risk for decalcifications and take precautions to avoid or limit their development. The present review presents the most recent researches about formation, prevention and treatment methods against WSLs; before, during and after orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances.

ÖZET

Sabit ortodontik tedavi gören hastalarda diş fırçalamanın ve ağız bakımının zor olmasından dolayı, braketlere komşu mine yüzeylerinin dekalsifikasyonu yaygın olarak gözlenmektedir. Dekalsifikasyon mine yüzeyinde beyaz bir noktasal lezyon olarak gözlenir ve ortodontik tedavi gören hastalarda görmeyenlere göre daha yaygın olarak gelişmektedir. Bu lezyon tedavi edilmeden bırakılırsa minede çürük kavitesi oluşabilir ve ileri estetik problemler ortaya çıkabilir. Beyaz nokta lezyonlarının önlenmesi, doğru tanısı ve tedavisi; estetik ve fonksiyonel sorun oluşturan diş çürüğünü en aza indirmek için gereklidir. Dekalsifikasyon risklerinin farkında olmak, onların gelişimini sınırlandırmak ve kaçınmak için önlem almak ortodonti uzmanlarının sorumluluğundadır. Bu derleme sabit ortodontik tedaviler sırasında ve sonrasında beyaz lezyonların oluşması, önlenmesi ve tedavisi hakkında güncel araştırmaları sunmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Beyaz nokta lezyonları, demineralizasyon, dekalsifikasyon

Keywords

White spot lesions; demineralization; decalcification

References

  • Bishara SE, Ostby AW. White spot lesions: formation, prevention, and treatment. Semin Orthod, 14:174-182, 2008.
  • Summitt JB, Robbins JW, Schwartz RS. Fundamentals of Operative Dentistry: A Contemporary Approach, 3rd ed. Hanover Park, IL, Quintessence Publishing, Chapter 1, pp 2-4, 2006.
  • Øgaard B. Prevalence of white spot lesions in 19-year olds: a study on untreated and orthodontically treated persons 5 years after treatment. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop, 96:423-427, 1989.
  • Gorelick L, Geiger AM, Gwinnet AJ. Incidence of white spot formation after bonding and banding. Am J Orthod, 81:93-98, 1982.
  • Mizrahi E. Enamel demineralization following orthodontic treatment. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop, 82:62-67, 1982.
  • Mitchell L. An investigation into the effect of a fluoridereleasing adhesive on the prevalence of enamel surface changes associated with directly bonded orthodontic attachments. Br J Orthod, 19:207- , 1992.
  • Banks PA, Chadwick SM, Asher-McDade C, Wright JL. Fluoride releasing elastomerics—a prospective controlled clinical trial. Br J Orthod, 22:401-407, 2000.
  • Wisth PJ, Nord A. Caries experience in orthodontically treated individuals. Angle Orthod, 47:59-64, 1977.
  • Willmot D. White spot lesions after orthodontic treatment. Semin Orthod, 14:209-219, 2008.
  • Willmot DR, Brook AH. The incidence of post-orthodontic demineralized enamel lesions in an orthodontic clinic. J Dent Res, :1049, 1999.
  • Øgaard B. White spot lesions during orthodontic treatment: mechanisms and fluoride preventive aspects. Semin Orthod, 14:183- , 2008.
  • Russell AL. The differential diagnosis of fluoride and nonfluoride enamel opacities. J Public Health Dent, 21:143-146, 1961.
  • Benson P. Evaluation of white spot lesions on teeth with orthodontic brackets. Semin Orthod, 14:200-208, 2008.
  • Angmar-Mansson B, ten Bosch JJ. Optical methods for the detection and quantification of caries. Adv Dent Res, 1:14-20, 1987.
  • Gillgrass TJ, Benington PC, Millett DT, Newell J, Gilmour WH. Modified composite or conventional glass ionomer for band cementation? A comparative clinical trial. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop, 120:49-53, 2001.
  • Alexander SA, Ripa LW. Effects of self-applied topical fluoride preparations in orthodontic patients. Angle Orthod, 70:424-430, 2000.
  • Gelgor E, Buyukyilmaz T. A practical approach to white spot lesion removal. World J Orthod, 4:152–156, 2003.
  • Cochran JA, Ketley CE, Arnadóttir IB, Fernandes B, Koletsi- Kounari H, Oila AM, van Loveren C, Whelton HP, O'Mullane DM. A comparison of the prevalence of fluorosis in 8-year-old children from seven European study sites using a standardized methodology. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol, 32(Suppl 1):28-33, 2004.
  • Sabieha AM, Rock WP. A comparison of clinical and photographic scoring using the TF and modified DDE indices. Community Dent Health, 15:82-87, 1998.
  • Ellwood RP, Cortea DF, O’Mullane DM. A photographic study of developmental defects of enamel in Brazilian school children. Int Dent J, 46:69-75, 1996.
  • Edgar WM, Rugg-Gunn AJ, Jenkins GN, Geddes DA. Photographic and direct visual recording of experimental caries-like changes in human dental enamel. Arch Oral Biol, 23:667-673, 1978.
  • Mattick CR, Mitchell L, Chadwick SM, Wright J. Fluoride releasing elastomeric modules reduce decalcification: a randomized controlled trial. J Orthod, 28:217-219, 2001.
  • Wenderoth CJ, Weinstein M, Borislow AJ. Effectiveness of a fluoride-releasing sealant in reducing decalcification during orthodontic treatment. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop, 116:629- , 1999.
  • Millett DT, Nunn JH, Welbury RR, Gordon PH. Decalcification in relation to brackets bonded with glass ionomer cement or a resin adhesive. Angle Orthod, 69:65-70, 1999.
  • Ten Bosch JJ, Borsboom PC, ten Cate JM. A nondestructive method for monitoring de- and remineralization of enamel. Caries Res, 14:90-95, 1980.
  • Borsboom PCF, Ten Bosch JJ. Fiber-optic scattering monitor for use with bulk opaque material. Applied Optics, 21:3531-3535, 1982.
  • Ten Bosch JJ, van der Mei HC, Borsboom PC. Optical monitor of in vitro caries. A comparison with chemical and microradiographic determination of mineral loss in early lesions. Caries Res, 18:540- , 1984.
  • Rawls HR, Owen WD. Demonstration of dye-uptake as a potential aid in early diagnosis of incipient caries. Caries Res, 12:69- , 1978.
  • Hosoya Y, Taguchi T, Tay FR. Evaluation of a new caries detecting dye for primary and permanent carious dentin. J Dent, :137-143, 2007.
  • Shrestha BM. Use of ultraviolet light in early detection of smooth surface carious lesions in rats. Caries Res, 14:448-451, 1980.
  • Bjelkhagen H, Sundström F, Angmar-Månsson B, Rydén H. Early detection of enamel caries by the luminescence excited by visible laser light. Swed Dent J, 6:1-7, 1982.
  • De Josselin de Jong E, Sundstrom F, Westerling H, Tranaeuss S, ten Bosch JJ, Angmar-Mansson B. A new method for in vivo quantification of changes in initial enamel caries with laser fluorescence. Caries Res, 29:2-7, 1995. al-Khateeb S, ten Cate JM, Angmar-Månsson B, de Josselin de
  • Jong E, Sundström G, Exterkate RA, Oliveby A. Quantification of formation and remineralization of artificial enamel lesions with a new portable fluorescence device. Adv Dent Res, 11:502-506, 1997.
  • Benson PE, Pender N, Higham SM. Quantifying enamel demineralization from teeth with orthodontic brackets—a comparison of two methods. Part 1: repeatability and agreement. Eur J Orthod, :149-158, 2003.
  • Øgaard B, Rolla G, Arends J. Orthodontic appliances and enamel demineralization. Part 1. Lesion development. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop, 94:68-73, 1988.
  • Øgaard B, Rİlla G, Arends J, ten Cate JM. Orthodontic appliances and enamel demineralization. Part 2. Prevention and treatment of lesions. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop, 94:123-128, O’Reilly MM, Featherstone JDB. Demineralization and remineralization around orthodontic appliances: an in vivo study. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop, 92:33-40, 1987.
  • Büyükyilmaz T, Tangugsorn V, Ogaard B, Arends J, Ruben J, Rİlla G. The effect of titanium tetrafluoride (TiF4) application around orthodontic brackets. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop, :293-296, 1994.
  • Benson PE, Pender N, Higham SM. An in situ caries model to study demineralization during fixed orthodontics. Clin Orthod Res, :143-153, 1999.
  • Chatterjee R, Kleinberg I. Effect of orthodontic band placement on the chemical composition of human incisor plaque. Arch Oral Biol, 24:97-100, 1979.
  • Mizrahi E. Surface distribution of enamel opacities following orthodontic treatment. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop, 84:323- , 1983.
  • Samawi S. Localisation and surface area measurement of post- orthodontic white lesions by computerized image analysis. Masters dissertation, University of Sheffield, 2005.
  • Wilson RM, Donly KJ. Demineralization around orthodontic brackets bonded with resin-modified glass ionomer cement and fluoride-releasing resin composite. Pediatr Dent, 23:255-259, 2001.
  • Donly KJ, Issa SS. Potential remineralization of postorthodontic demineralized enamel and the use of enamel microabrasion and bleaching for esthetics. Semin Orthod, 14:220-225, 2008.
  • Donly KJ, Istre S, Istre T. In vitro enamel remineralization at orthodontic band margins cemented with glass ionomer cement. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop, 107: 461-464, 1995.
  • Vorhies BA, Donly KJ, Staley RN. Enamel demineralization adjacent to orthodontic brackets bonded with hybrid glass ionomer cements: an in vitro study. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop, :668-674, 1998.
  • Eliades T. Orthodontic materials research and applications: Part 1. Current status and projected future developments in bonding and adhesives. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop, 130:445-451, 2006.
  • Staley RN. Effect of fluoride varnish on demineralization around orthodontic brackets. Semin Orthod, 14:194-199, 2008.
  • Marinho VC, Higgins JP, Logan S, Sheiham A. Fluoride varnishes for preventing dental caries in children and adolescents. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 3:CD002279, 2002.
  • Marinho VC, Higgins JP, Logan S, Sheiham A. Topical fluorides (toothpastes, mouthrinses, gels or varnishes) for preventing dental caries in children and adolescents. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, :CD002782, 2003.
  • Seppa L. Fluoride varnishes in caries prevention. Med Princ Pract, 13:307-311, 2004.
  • Retief DH, Harris BE, Bradley EL. In vitro enamel fluoride uptake from topical fluoride agents. Dent Materials, 1:93-97, 1985.
  • Øgaard B. Effects of fluoride on caries development and progression in vivo. J Dent Res, 69 (Spec Issue):813-819,1990.
  • Dijkman TG, Arends J. The role of “CaF2-like” material in topical fluoridation of enamel in situ. Acta Odontol Scand, 46:391- , 1988.
  • Ogaard B. The cariostatic mechanism of fluoride. Compend Contin Educ Dent, 20(1 Suppl):10-17, quiz 34,1999.
  • Geiger AM, Gorelick L, Gwinnett AJ, Griswold PG. The effect of a fluoride program on white spot formation during orthodontic treatment. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop, 93:29-37, 1988.
  • Geiger AM, Gorelick L, Gwinnett AJ, Benson BJ. Reducing white spot lesions in orthodontic populations with fluoride rinsing. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop, 101:403-407, 1992.
  • Øgaard B, Gjermo P, Rİlla G. Plaque-inhibiting effect in orthodontic patients of a dentifrice containing stannous fluoride. Am J Orthod, 78:266-272, 1980.
  • Sengun A, Sari Z, Ramoglu SI, Malkoc S, Duran I. Evaluation of the dental plaque pH recovery effect of a xylitol lozenge on patients with fixed orthodontic appliances. Angle Orthod, 74:240–244, 2004.
  • Øgaard B, ten Bosch JJ. Regression of white spot enamel lesions. A new optical method for quantitative longitudinal evaluation in vivo. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop, 106:238-242, 1994.
  • Al-Khateeb S, Forsberg CM, de Josselin de Jong E, Angmar- Månsson B. A longitudinal laser fluorescence study of white spot lesions in orthodontic patients. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop, :595-602, 1998.
  • Al-Khateeb S, Exterkate R, Angmar-Månsson B, ten Cate JM. Effect of acid-etching on remineralization of enamel white spot lesions. Acta Odontol Scand, 58:31-36, 2000.
  • Leach SA, Lee GTR, Edgar WM. Remineralization of artificial caries like lesions in human enamel in-situ by chewing sorbitol gum. J Dent Res, 68:1064-1068, 1989.
  • Manning RH, Edgar WMH. Salivary stimulation by chewing gum and its role in the remineralization of caries like lesions in human enamel in situ. J Clin Dent, 3:71-74, 1992.
  • Manning RH, Edgar WM, Amalamanyi E. Effects of chewing gums sweetened with sorbitol or a sorbitol/xylitol mixture on the remineralization of human enamel lesions in situ. Caries Res, 26:104- , 1992.
  • Arends J, Christoffersen J, Schuthof J, Smits MT. Influence of xylitol on demineralization of enamel. Caries Res, 18:296-301, 1984.
  • Donly KJ. The adolescent patient: special whitening challenges. Compend Contin Educ Dent, 24:390-396,2003.
  • Donly KJ, Kennedy P, Segura A, Gerlach RW. Effectiveness and safety of tooth bleaching in teenagers. Pediatr Dent, 27:298-302, Donly KJ, Henson T, Jamison D, Gerlach RW. Clinical trial evaluating two peroxide whitening strips used by teenagers. Gen Dent, 54:110-112, 2006.
  • Rodd HD, Davidson LE. The aesthetic management of severe dental fluorosis in the young patient. Dent Update, 24:408-411, 1997.
  • Welbury RR, Carter NE. The hydrochloric acid-pumice microabrasion technique in the treatment of postorthodontic decalcification. Br J Orthod, 20:181-185,1993.
  • Croll TP, Bullock GA. Enamel microabrasion for removal of smooth surface decalcification lesions. J Clin Orthod, 28:365-370, Murphy TC, Willmot DR, Rodd HD. Management of post- orthodontic demineralized white lesions with microabrasion: a quantitative assessment. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop, 131:27- , 2007. Yaz" ma Adresi : Doç. Dr. Tancan Uysal
  • Erciyes Üniversitesi Di Hekimli i Fakültesi Ortodonti Anabilim Dal Kampüs, , Melikgazi, KAYSER` Tel : 0352 4374937/29102 Faks : 0352 4380657

ORTODONT DE BEYAZ NOKTA LEZYONLARI VE GÜNCEL TE H S, KORUNMA VE TEDAV YAKLA IMLARI

Year 2009, Volume: 12 Issue: 2, 152 - 161, 30.10.2011

Tancan Uysal Mihri Amasyali Alper Koyuturk

Abstract

Sabit ortodontik tedavi gören hastalarda di f rçalaman n ve a zbak m n n zor olmas ndan dolay , braketlere kom u mine yüzeylerinin dekalsifikasyonu yayg n olarak gözlenmektedir. Dekalsifikasyon mine yüzeyinde beyaz bir noktasal lezyon olarak gözlenir ve ortodontik tedavi gören hastalarda görmeyenlere göre daha yayg n olarak geli mektedir. Bu lezyon tedavi edilmeden b rak l rsa minede çürük kavitesi olu abilir ve ileri estetik problemler ortaya ç kabilir. Beyaz nokta lezyonlar n n önlenmesi, do ru tan s ve tedavisi; estetik ve fonksiyonel sorun olu turan di çürü ünü en aza indirmek için gereklidir. Dekalsifikasyon risklerinin fark nda olmak, onlar ngeli imini s n rland rmak ve kaç nmak için önlem almak ortodonti uzmanlar n n sorumlulu undad r. Bu derleme sabit ortodontik tedaviler s ras nda ve sonras nda beyaz lezyonlar n olu mas , önlenmesi ve tedavisi hakk nda güncel ara t rmalar sunmaktad r

Keywords

Beyaz nokta lezyonlar demineralizasyon dekalsifikasyon

References

  • Bishara SE, Ostby AW. White spot lesions: formation, prevention, and treatment. Semin Orthod, 14:174-182, 2008.
  • Summitt JB, Robbins JW, Schwartz RS. Fundamentals of Operative Dentistry: A Contemporary Approach, 3rd ed. Hanover Park, IL, Quintessence Publishing, Chapter 1, pp 2-4, 2006.
  • Øgaard B. Prevalence of white spot lesions in 19-year olds: a study on untreated and orthodontically treated persons 5 years after treatment. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop, 96:423-427, 1989.
  • Gorelick L, Geiger AM, Gwinnet AJ. Incidence of white spot formation after bonding and banding. Am J Orthod, 81:93-98, 1982.
  • Mizrahi E. Enamel demineralization following orthodontic treatment. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop, 82:62-67, 1982.
  • Mitchell L. An investigation into the effect of a fluoridereleasing adhesive on the prevalence of enamel surface changes associated with directly bonded orthodontic attachments. Br J Orthod, 19:207- , 1992.
  • Banks PA, Chadwick SM, Asher-McDade C, Wright JL. Fluoride releasing elastomerics—a prospective controlled clinical trial. Br J Orthod, 22:401-407, 2000.
  • Wisth PJ, Nord A. Caries experience in orthodontically treated individuals. Angle Orthod, 47:59-64, 1977.
  • Willmot D. White spot lesions after orthodontic treatment. Semin Orthod, 14:209-219, 2008.
  • Willmot DR, Brook AH. The incidence of post-orthodontic demineralized enamel lesions in an orthodontic clinic. J Dent Res, :1049, 1999.
  • Øgaard B. White spot lesions during orthodontic treatment: mechanisms and fluoride preventive aspects. Semin Orthod, 14:183- , 2008.
  • Russell AL. The differential diagnosis of fluoride and nonfluoride enamel opacities. J Public Health Dent, 21:143-146, 1961.
  • Benson P. Evaluation of white spot lesions on teeth with orthodontic brackets. Semin Orthod, 14:200-208, 2008.
  • Angmar-Mansson B, ten Bosch JJ. Optical methods for the detection and quantification of caries. Adv Dent Res, 1:14-20, 1987.
  • Gillgrass TJ, Benington PC, Millett DT, Newell J, Gilmour WH. Modified composite or conventional glass ionomer for band cementation? A comparative clinical trial. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop, 120:49-53, 2001.
  • Alexander SA, Ripa LW. Effects of self-applied topical fluoride preparations in orthodontic patients. Angle Orthod, 70:424-430, 2000.
  • Gelgor E, Buyukyilmaz T. A practical approach to white spot lesion removal. World J Orthod, 4:152–156, 2003.
  • Cochran JA, Ketley CE, Arnadóttir IB, Fernandes B, Koletsi- Kounari H, Oila AM, van Loveren C, Whelton HP, O'Mullane DM. A comparison of the prevalence of fluorosis in 8-year-old children from seven European study sites using a standardized methodology. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol, 32(Suppl 1):28-33, 2004.
  • Sabieha AM, Rock WP. A comparison of clinical and photographic scoring using the TF and modified DDE indices. Community Dent Health, 15:82-87, 1998.
  • Ellwood RP, Cortea DF, O’Mullane DM. A photographic study of developmental defects of enamel in Brazilian school children. Int Dent J, 46:69-75, 1996.
  • Edgar WM, Rugg-Gunn AJ, Jenkins GN, Geddes DA. Photographic and direct visual recording of experimental caries-like changes in human dental enamel. Arch Oral Biol, 23:667-673, 1978.
  • Mattick CR, Mitchell L, Chadwick SM, Wright J. Fluoride releasing elastomeric modules reduce decalcification: a randomized controlled trial. J Orthod, 28:217-219, 2001.
  • Wenderoth CJ, Weinstein M, Borislow AJ. Effectiveness of a fluoride-releasing sealant in reducing decalcification during orthodontic treatment. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop, 116:629- , 1999.
  • Millett DT, Nunn JH, Welbury RR, Gordon PH. Decalcification in relation to brackets bonded with glass ionomer cement or a resin adhesive. Angle Orthod, 69:65-70, 1999.
  • Ten Bosch JJ, Borsboom PC, ten Cate JM. A nondestructive method for monitoring de- and remineralization of enamel. Caries Res, 14:90-95, 1980.
  • Borsboom PCF, Ten Bosch JJ. Fiber-optic scattering monitor for use with bulk opaque material. Applied Optics, 21:3531-3535, 1982.
  • Ten Bosch JJ, van der Mei HC, Borsboom PC. Optical monitor of in vitro caries. A comparison with chemical and microradiographic determination of mineral loss in early lesions. Caries Res, 18:540- , 1984.
  • Rawls HR, Owen WD. Demonstration of dye-uptake as a potential aid in early diagnosis of incipient caries. Caries Res, 12:69- , 1978.
  • Hosoya Y, Taguchi T, Tay FR. Evaluation of a new caries detecting dye for primary and permanent carious dentin. J Dent, :137-143, 2007.
  • Shrestha BM. Use of ultraviolet light in early detection of smooth surface carious lesions in rats. Caries Res, 14:448-451, 1980.
  • Bjelkhagen H, Sundström F, Angmar-Månsson B, Rydén H. Early detection of enamel caries by the luminescence excited by visible laser light. Swed Dent J, 6:1-7, 1982.
  • De Josselin de Jong E, Sundstrom F, Westerling H, Tranaeuss S, ten Bosch JJ, Angmar-Mansson B. A new method for in vivo quantification of changes in initial enamel caries with laser fluorescence. Caries Res, 29:2-7, 1995. al-Khateeb S, ten Cate JM, Angmar-Månsson B, de Josselin de
  • Jong E, Sundström G, Exterkate RA, Oliveby A. Quantification of formation and remineralization of artificial enamel lesions with a new portable fluorescence device. Adv Dent Res, 11:502-506, 1997.
  • Benson PE, Pender N, Higham SM. Quantifying enamel demineralization from teeth with orthodontic brackets—a comparison of two methods. Part 1: repeatability and agreement. Eur J Orthod, :149-158, 2003.
  • Øgaard B, Rolla G, Arends J. Orthodontic appliances and enamel demineralization. Part 1. Lesion development. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop, 94:68-73, 1988.
  • Øgaard B, Rİlla G, Arends J, ten Cate JM. Orthodontic appliances and enamel demineralization. Part 2. Prevention and treatment of lesions. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop, 94:123-128, O’Reilly MM, Featherstone JDB. Demineralization and remineralization around orthodontic appliances: an in vivo study. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop, 92:33-40, 1987.
  • Büyükyilmaz T, Tangugsorn V, Ogaard B, Arends J, Ruben J, Rİlla G. The effect of titanium tetrafluoride (TiF4) application around orthodontic brackets. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop, :293-296, 1994.
  • Benson PE, Pender N, Higham SM. An in situ caries model to study demineralization during fixed orthodontics. Clin Orthod Res, :143-153, 1999.
  • Chatterjee R, Kleinberg I. Effect of orthodontic band placement on the chemical composition of human incisor plaque. Arch Oral Biol, 24:97-100, 1979.
  • Mizrahi E. Surface distribution of enamel opacities following orthodontic treatment. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop, 84:323- , 1983.
  • Samawi S. Localisation and surface area measurement of post- orthodontic white lesions by computerized image analysis. Masters dissertation, University of Sheffield, 2005.
  • Wilson RM, Donly KJ. Demineralization around orthodontic brackets bonded with resin-modified glass ionomer cement and fluoride-releasing resin composite. Pediatr Dent, 23:255-259, 2001.
  • Donly KJ, Issa SS. Potential remineralization of postorthodontic demineralized enamel and the use of enamel microabrasion and bleaching for esthetics. Semin Orthod, 14:220-225, 2008.
  • Donly KJ, Istre S, Istre T. In vitro enamel remineralization at orthodontic band margins cemented with glass ionomer cement. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop, 107: 461-464, 1995.
  • Vorhies BA, Donly KJ, Staley RN. Enamel demineralization adjacent to orthodontic brackets bonded with hybrid glass ionomer cements: an in vitro study. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop, :668-674, 1998.
  • Eliades T. Orthodontic materials research and applications: Part 1. Current status and projected future developments in bonding and adhesives. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop, 130:445-451, 2006.
  • Staley RN. Effect of fluoride varnish on demineralization around orthodontic brackets. Semin Orthod, 14:194-199, 2008.
  • Marinho VC, Higgins JP, Logan S, Sheiham A. Fluoride varnishes for preventing dental caries in children and adolescents. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 3:CD002279, 2002.
  • Marinho VC, Higgins JP, Logan S, Sheiham A. Topical fluorides (toothpastes, mouthrinses, gels or varnishes) for preventing dental caries in children and adolescents. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, :CD002782, 2003.
  • Seppa L. Fluoride varnishes in caries prevention. Med Princ Pract, 13:307-311, 2004.
  • Retief DH, Harris BE, Bradley EL. In vitro enamel fluoride uptake from topical fluoride agents. Dent Materials, 1:93-97, 1985.
  • Øgaard B. Effects of fluoride on caries development and progression in vivo. J Dent Res, 69 (Spec Issue):813-819,1990.
  • Dijkman TG, Arends J. The role of “CaF2-like” material in topical fluoridation of enamel in situ. Acta Odontol Scand, 46:391- , 1988.
  • Ogaard B. The cariostatic mechanism of fluoride. Compend Contin Educ Dent, 20(1 Suppl):10-17, quiz 34,1999.
  • Geiger AM, Gorelick L, Gwinnett AJ, Griswold PG. The effect of a fluoride program on white spot formation during orthodontic treatment. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop, 93:29-37, 1988.
  • Geiger AM, Gorelick L, Gwinnett AJ, Benson BJ. Reducing white spot lesions in orthodontic populations with fluoride rinsing. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop, 101:403-407, 1992.
  • Øgaard B, Gjermo P, Rİlla G. Plaque-inhibiting effect in orthodontic patients of a dentifrice containing stannous fluoride. Am J Orthod, 78:266-272, 1980.
  • Sengun A, Sari Z, Ramoglu SI, Malkoc S, Duran I. Evaluation of the dental plaque pH recovery effect of a xylitol lozenge on patients with fixed orthodontic appliances. Angle Orthod, 74:240–244, 2004.
  • Øgaard B, ten Bosch JJ. Regression of white spot enamel lesions. A new optical method for quantitative longitudinal evaluation in vivo. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop, 106:238-242, 1994.
  • Al-Khateeb S, Forsberg CM, de Josselin de Jong E, Angmar- Månsson B. A longitudinal laser fluorescence study of white spot lesions in orthodontic patients. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop, :595-602, 1998.
  • Al-Khateeb S, Exterkate R, Angmar-Månsson B, ten Cate JM. Effect of acid-etching on remineralization of enamel white spot lesions. Acta Odontol Scand, 58:31-36, 2000.
  • Leach SA, Lee GTR, Edgar WM. Remineralization of artificial caries like lesions in human enamel in-situ by chewing sorbitol gum. J Dent Res, 68:1064-1068, 1989.
  • Manning RH, Edgar WMH. Salivary stimulation by chewing gum and its role in the remineralization of caries like lesions in human enamel in situ. J Clin Dent, 3:71-74, 1992.
  • Manning RH, Edgar WM, Amalamanyi E. Effects of chewing gums sweetened with sorbitol or a sorbitol/xylitol mixture on the remineralization of human enamel lesions in situ. Caries Res, 26:104- , 1992.
  • Arends J, Christoffersen J, Schuthof J, Smits MT. Influence of xylitol on demineralization of enamel. Caries Res, 18:296-301, 1984.
  • Donly KJ. The adolescent patient: special whitening challenges. Compend Contin Educ Dent, 24:390-396,2003.
  • Donly KJ, Kennedy P, Segura A, Gerlach RW. Effectiveness and safety of tooth bleaching in teenagers. Pediatr Dent, 27:298-302, Donly KJ, Henson T, Jamison D, Gerlach RW. Clinical trial evaluating two peroxide whitening strips used by teenagers. Gen Dent, 54:110-112, 2006.
  • Rodd HD, Davidson LE. The aesthetic management of severe dental fluorosis in the young patient. Dent Update, 24:408-411, 1997.
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There are 71 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Review
Authors

Tancan Uysal

Mihri Amasyali

Alper Koyuturk

Publication Date October 30, 2011
Submission Date October 30, 2011
Published in Issue Year 2009Volume: 12 Issue: 2

Cite

EndNote Uysal T, Amasyali M, Koyuturk A (October 1, 2011) Ortodontide beyaz nokta lezyonları ve güncel teşhis, korunma ve tedavi yaklaşımları. Cumhuriyet Dental Journal 12 2 152–161.

Cumhuriyet Dental Journal (Cumhuriyet Dent J, CDJ) is the official publication of Cumhuriyet University Faculty of Dentistry. CDJ is an international journal dedicated to the latest advancement of dentistry. The aim of this journal is to provide a platform for scientists and academicians all over the world to promote, share, and discuss various new issues and developments in different areas of dentistry. First issue of the Journal of Cumhuriyet University Faculty of Dentistry was published in 1998. In 2010, journal's name was changed as Cumhuriyet Dental Journal. Journal’s publication language is English.


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