BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

Çürük prevalansındaki yaklaşımlar ve karyogram konsepti

Yıl 2011, Cilt: 14 Sayı: 3, 230 - 245, 23.09.2011

Ceren Koser Adil Nalcaci

Öz

ÖZET

Toplumlardaki ağız sağlığını belirleyebilmek için çeşitli indeks sistemleri kullanılmaktadır. Toplumdaki diş çürüğü ölçümü ve karşılaştırılması için en yaygın olarak DMFT ve DMFS indeks sistemleri kullanılmaktadır. Bu sistemler Dünya Sağlık Örgütü tarafından tavsiye edilmesine rağmen, DMFT ortalama değerlerinin farklı dağılımları, kimi popülasyonlarda kontrol altında olan ama kiminde hala birçok çürük bulunan bireyleri, doğru bir şekilde yansıtamamaktadır.  Yeni bir indeks önerisi ile uzmanların basit ve açık bir indeksden yararlanması, bununla beraber sağlık otoriteleri, profesyonel olmayan kişilerin de bu uygulamayı kullanabilmesi için Significant Caries Index popülasyonlardaki en yüksek çürük skoruna sahip olan bireylere dikkati çekmek üzere oluşturulmuştur.

Çürük gelişimine yatkın insanları belirlemek ve bu bireylerde hastalığı durdurmak için koruyucu ve uygun tedavi edici hizmeti sağlamak, çürük riskini ve bakteri diyet ve konak cevabı arasındaki ilişkiyi görsel olarak göstermek için Karyogram geliştirilmiştir. Karyogram, bireye sorulan çeşitli sorularla beraber gelecekteki çürük riskini ortaya koyan bir bilgisayar programı ile çürüğe sebep olan birçok faktörü basit bir şekilde yansıttığı için eğitimsel amaçla kullanılabileceği gibi sağlık personeli olmayan bir araştırmacı tarafından da uygulanabilmektedir.

Bu makalenin amacı çürük prevalansını hesaplamak için kullanılan indeksleri ve karyogramı ayrıntılı bir şekilde incelemektir.

Anahtar kelimeler: DMFT, DMFS, Significant Caries Index, karyogram, çürük prevalansı.

ABSTRACT

There are various kinds of index systems to identify the oral health of populations. For measuring and comparing the caries prevalence in populations the most commonly used index systems are DMFT and DMFS. Despite these systems advanced by WHO, the distinct variance of DMFT mean values doesn’t reflect the individuals with high caries prevalence in populations. To attack attention to the individuals with high caries prevalence a new index system Significant Caries Index is created. This index could also applied by unprofessional individuals in consideration of determining the oral health of communities.

To determine the individuals who are predisposed to dental caries and to arrest this condition providing preventive and therapeutic service, and also to identify caries risk and the relationship between bacteria, diet and host response, cariogram has been developed. Cariogram is a computer programme which shows the caries risk of an individual according to the answers of some particular questions about the person’s oral health and life style. Because this programme is reflecting easily the various causes of dental caries, could be used for educational work up and also could be applied by a researcher who is not a medical personel.

The aim of this review is to examine particularly the indexes used for measuring caries prevalence and cariogram.

Key words: DMFT, DMFS, Significant Caries Index, cariogram, caries prevalance.

Anahtar Kelimeler

-

Kaynakça

  • Gökalp S, Doğan GB. Türkiye Ağız- Diş Sağlığı Profili 2004. T.C. Ankara: Sağlık Bakanlığı Ana Çocuk Sağlığı Ve Aile Planlaması Basımevi; 2006.
  • Aggerryd T. Goals for oral health in the year 2000: cooperation between WHO, FDI and the National Dental Association. Int Dent J 1983;33:55– 59.
  • Oral health surveys: basic methods. 3 rd ed. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1987.
  • Bloemendal E, De Vet H, Bouter L. The value of bitewing radiographs in epidemiological caries research: a systematic review of the literature. J Dent 2004;32:255–264.
  • Bischoff JI, Van Der Merwe EHM, Retief DH,. Barbakow FH, Cleaton- Jones PE. Relationship between flourid concentration in enamel, DMFT index, and degree of flourosis in a community residing in an area with a high level of flourid. J Dent Res 1976;55:37-42.
  • Slakter MJ, Juliano DB, Fishman SL. Estimating examiner consistency with DMFS measures. J Dent Res 1976;55:930-934.
  • Alvarez JO, Eguren JC, Caceda J, Navia JM. The effect of nutritional status on the age disturbance of dental caries in the primary teeth. J Dent Res 1990;69:1564-1566.
  • Tal Becker, D.M.D, Liran Levin, D.M.D, Tzippy Shochat, M.Sc.; Shmuel Einy, D.M.D. How Much Does the DMFT Index Underestimate the Need for Restorative Care? J Dent Edu 2007;71:677-681.
  • Cypriano S, Sousa M, Wada R. Evaluation of simplified DMFT indices in epidemiological surveys of dental Pşblica 2005;39:285-292. Rev Saşde
  • Dini EL, Foschini ALR, Brandão IMG, Silva SRC. Changes in caries prevalence in 7-12 year-old children from Brazil:1989-1995. Cad Saşde Pşblica 1999;15:617-621. São Paulo,
  • Petersson HG, Bratthall D. The caries decline: a review of reviews. Eur J Oral Sci 1996;104:436-443.
  • Pitts NB, Evans DJ, Nugent ZJ, Pine C. The dental caries experience of 12- year-old children in England and Wales. Surveys coordinated by the British Association for the Study of Community Dentistry in 2000/2001. Community Dent Health 2002;19:46- 53.
  • Hujoel PP, Lamont RJ, DeRouen TA, Davis S, Leroux BG. Within-subject coronal caries distribution patterns: an evaluation of randommess with respect to the midline. J Dent Res 1994;73:1575-1580.
  • Burt BA. Prevention policies in the light of the changed distribution of dental caries. Acta Odontol Scand 1998;56:179–186.
  • Kaste LM, Selwitz RH, Oldakowski RJ, Brunelle JA, Winn DM, Brown LJ. Coronal caries in the primary and permanent dentition of children and adolescents 1–17 years of age: United States, 1988–91. J Dent Res 1996;75(Spec Iss):631–641.
  • Mosha HJ, Fejerskov O, Langebaek J, Thylstrup A, Baelum V, Manji F. Caries experience in urban Tanzanian children 1973–84. Scand J Dent Res 1988;96:385–389.
  • Wei SH, Holm AK, Tong LS, Yuen SW. Dental caries prevalence and related factors in 5-year-old children in 1993;15:116–119.
  • Pitts NB. Do we understand which children need and get appropriate dental care? Br Dent J 1997;182:273– 278. 19. Bratthall D. Introducing the Significant Caries Index together with a proposal for a new global oral health goal for 12-year-olds. Int Dent J 2000;50:378–384.
  • Nishi M, Stjernswärd J, Carlsson P, Bratthall D. Caries experience of some countries and areas expressed by the Significant Caries Index. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2002;30:296– 301.
  • Marthaler T, Menghini G, Steiner M. Use of the Significant Caries Index in quantifying the changes in caries in Switzerland from 1964 to 2000. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2005;33:159-166.
  • Campus G, Solinas G, Maida C, Castiglia P. The 'Significant Caries Index' (SiC): a critical approach. Oral Health Prev Dent 2003;3:171-178.
  • Namal N, G. Can G, Vehid S, Koksal S, Kaymaz A. Dental health status and risk factors for dental caries in adults in Istanbul, Turkey. La Revue de Santé de la Méditerranée orientale 2008;1:110-114. 24. National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Conference statement. Diagnosis and management of dental caries throughout life, March 26-28, 2001. National Institute of Health Consensus Development Panel. J Am Dent Assoc 2001;132:1153- 1161.
  • Petersson GH; Bratthall D. Caries risk assessment: a comparison between the computer program 'Cariogram', dental hygienists and dentists. Swed Dent J 2000;24:129-137.
  • Petersson GH, Isberg PE, Twetman S. Caries risk assessment in school children using a reduced Cariogram model without saliva tests. BMC Oral Health 2010;19:10-15.
  • Bratthall D. Dental caries; intevened- interrupted-interpreted. remarks and cariography. Eur J Oral Sci 1996;104:486-491. Concluding
  • Hausen H. Caries prediction – state of the art. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 1997;25:87–96.
  • Seppa L, Hausen H, Pollanen L, Karkkainen S, Helasharju K. Effect of intensified caries prevention on approximal caries in adolescents with high 1991;25:392–395. Caries Res
  • Hausen H, Karkkainen S, Seppa L. Application of the high-risk strategy to control dental caries. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2000;28:26–34.
  • Kallestal C. The effect of five years' implementation of caries-preventive methods adolescents. Caries Res 2005;39:20- 26. high-risk
  • Batchelor P, Sheiham A. The limitations of a 'high-risk' approach for the prevention of dental caries. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2002;30:302–312.
  • Beck JD. Risk revisited. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 1998;26:220– 225.
  • Hänsel Petersson G, Twetman S, Bratthall D. Evaluation of a computer program for caries risk assessment in schoolchildren. 2002;36:327–340. Caries Res
  • Abernathy JR, Graves RC, Bohannan HM, Stamm JW, Greenberg BG, Disney application of a prediction model for dental caries. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 1987;15:24–28. and
  • Axelsson P. An introduction to risk prediction and preventive dentistry. Chicago, IL: Quintessence Publishing Co; 2000.
  • Beck JD, Weintraub JA, Disney JA, Graves RC, Stamm JW, Kaste LM, Bohannan HM. University of North Carolina caries risk assessment study: comparisons of high risk prediction, and any risk etiologic models. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 1992;20:313–321.
  • Disney JA, Graves RC, Stamm JW, Bohannan HM, Abernathy JR, Zack DD. The University of North Carolina Caries Risk Assessment study: further developments in caries risk prediction. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 1992;20:64–75.
  • Douglass CW. Risk assessment in dentistry. J Dent Educ 1998;62:756– 761.
  • Hausen H, Seppä L, Fejerskov O. Can caries be predicted? In: Thylstrup A, Fejerskov O, editors. Textbook of clinical Copenhagen: Munksgaard; 1994. p. 393–411. 2nd ed.
  • Messer LB. Assessing caries risk in children (Review). Aust Dent J 2000;45:10–16.
  • Moss ME, Zero DT. An overview of caries risk assessment, and its potential utility. J Dent Educ 1995;59:932–940.
  • Pitts NB. Diagnostic tools and measurements – impact on appropriate care (Review). Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 1997;25:24–35.
  • Pitts NB. Risk assessment and caries prediction. J Dent Educ 1998;62:762– 770.
  • Powell LV. Caries prediction: a review of the literature (Review). Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 1998;26:361–371.
  • Reich E, Lussi A, Newbrun E. Caries- risk assessment (Review). Int Dent J 1999;49:15–26. 47. Stewart PW, Stamm JW. Classification tree prediction models for dental caries from clinical, microbiological, and interview data. J Dent Res 1991;70:1239–1251.
  • Tinanoff N. Dental caries risk assessment and prevention (Review). Dent Clin North Am 1995;39:709– 719.
  • Vanobbergen J, Martens L, Lesaffre E, Bogaerts K, Declerck D. Assessing risk indicators for dental caries in the primary dentition. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2001;29:424–434.
  • Helderman WH, Mulder J, van'T Hof MA, Truin GJ. Validation of a Swiss method of caries prediction in Dutch children. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2001;29:341–345.
  • Helfenstein U, Steiner M, Marthaler TM. Caries prediction on the basis of past caries including precavity lesions. Caries Res 1991;25:372–376.
  • Li Y, Wang W. Predicting caries in permanent teeth from caries in primary teeth: an eight-year cohort study. J Dent Res 2002;81:561–566. 53. Raadal M, Espelid prevalence in primary teeth as a I. Caries for caries increment.
  • Van Palenstein Helderman WH, van't Hof MA, van Loveren C. Prognosis of caries increment with past caries experience variables. Caries Res 2001;35:186–192
  • Hjern A, Grindefjord M, Sundberg H, Rosen M. Social inequality in oral health and use of dental care in Sweden. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2001;29:167–174.
  • Hobdell MH, Oliveira ER, Bautista R, Myburgh NG, Lalloo R, Narendran S, Johnson NW. Oral diseases and socio- economic status (SES). Br Dent J 2003;194:91–96.
  • Irigoyen ME, Maupome G, Mejia AM. Caries experience and treatment needs in a 6- to 12-year-old urban population in relation to socio-economic status. Community 1999;16:245–249. Health
  • Petersen PE, Hoerup N, Poomviset N, Prommajan J, Watanapa A. Oral health status and oral health behaviour of urban and rural schoolchildren in southern 2001;51:95–102.
  • Pine C, Burnside G, Craven R. Inequalities in dental health in the north-west of England. Community Dent Health 2003;20:55–56.
  • Prendergast MJ, Williams SA, Curzon ME. An assessment of dental caries prevalence among Gujurati, Pakistani and white Caucasian five-year-old children resident in Dewsbury, West Yorkshire. Community Dent Health 1989;6:223–232.
  • Sundby A, Petersen PE. Oral health status in relation to ethnicity of children in the Municipality of Copenhagen, Denmark. Int J Paediatr Dent 2003;13:150–157.
  • Thomson WM, Poulton R, Kruger E, Boyd behavioural risk factors for tooth loss from age 18 to 26 among participants in the Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Study. Caries Res 2000;34:361–366. and
  • Keyes PH. Recent advances in dental caries research. Bacteriology. Int Dent J 1962;12: 443–64 in: Bratthall D, Hänsel Petersson G. Cariogram – a multifactorial risk assessment model for Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2005;33:256–264. disease.
  • Hänsel Petersson G, Carlsson P, Bratthall D. Caries risk assessment: a comparison between the computer program 'cariogram', dental students and dental instructors. Eur J Dent Educ 1998;2:184–190.
  • Hänsel Petersson G, Bratthall D. Caries risk assessment: a comparison between the computer program 'cariogram', dental hygienists and dentists. Swed Dent J 2000;24:129– 137
  • Hänsel Petersson G, Fure S, Bratthall D. Evaluation of a computer based caries risk assessment program in an elderly group of individuals. Acta Odontol Scand 2003;61:164–171.
  • Bratthall D, Hänsel Petersson G. Cariogram - a multifactorial risk assessment model for a multifactorial disease. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2005;33:256–264.

Çürük prevalansındaki yaklaşımlar ve karyogram konsepti

Yıl 2011, Cilt: 14 Sayı: 3, 230 - 245, 23.09.2011

Ceren Koser Adil Nalcaci

Öz

Toplumlardaki ağız sağlığını belirleyebilmek için çeşitli indeks sistemleri kullanılmaktadır. Toplumdaki diş çürüğü ölçümü ve karşılaştırılması için en yaygın olarak DMFT ve DMFS indeks sistemleri kullanılmaktadır. Bu sistemler Dünya Sağlık Örgütü tarafından tavsiye edilmesine rağmen, DMFT ortalama değerlerinin farklı dağılımları, kimi popülasyonlarda kontrol altında olan ama kiminde hala birçok çürük bulunan bireyleri, doğru bir şekilde yansıtamamaktadır. Yeni bir indeks önerisi ile uzmanların basit ve açık bir indeksden yararlanması, bununla beraber sağlık otoriteleri, profesyonel olmayan kişilerin de bu uygulamayı kullanabilmesi için Significant Caries Index popülasyonlardaki en yüksek çürük skoruna sahip olan bireylere dikkati çekmek üzere oluşturulmuştur. Çürük gelişimine yatkın insanları belirlemek ve bu bireylerde hastalığı durdurmak için koruyucu ve uygun tedavi edici hizmeti sağlamak, çürük riskini ve bakteri diyet ve konak cevabı arasındaki ilişkiyi görsel geliştirilmiştir. Karyogram, bireye sorulan çeşitli sorularla beraber gelecekteki çürük riskini ortaya koyan bir bilgisayar programı ile çürüğe sebep olan birçok faktörü basit bir şekilde yansıttığı için eğitimsel amaçla kullanılabileceği gibi sağlık personeli olmayan bir araştırmacı tarafından da uygulanabilmektedir

Anahtar Kelimeler

DMFT DMFS Significant Caries Index karyogram çürük prevalansı

Kaynakça

  • Gökalp S, Doğan GB. Türkiye Ağız- Diş Sağlığı Profili 2004. T.C. Ankara: Sağlık Bakanlığı Ana Çocuk Sağlığı Ve Aile Planlaması Basımevi; 2006.
  • Aggerryd T. Goals for oral health in the year 2000: cooperation between WHO, FDI and the National Dental Association. Int Dent J 1983;33:55– 59.
  • Oral health surveys: basic methods. 3 rd ed. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1987.
  • Bloemendal E, De Vet H, Bouter L. The value of bitewing radiographs in epidemiological caries research: a systematic review of the literature. J Dent 2004;32:255–264.
  • Bischoff JI, Van Der Merwe EHM, Retief DH,. Barbakow FH, Cleaton- Jones PE. Relationship between flourid concentration in enamel, DMFT index, and degree of flourosis in a community residing in an area with a high level of flourid. J Dent Res 1976;55:37-42.
  • Slakter MJ, Juliano DB, Fishman SL. Estimating examiner consistency with DMFS measures. J Dent Res 1976;55:930-934.
  • Alvarez JO, Eguren JC, Caceda J, Navia JM. The effect of nutritional status on the age disturbance of dental caries in the primary teeth. J Dent Res 1990;69:1564-1566.
  • Tal Becker, D.M.D, Liran Levin, D.M.D, Tzippy Shochat, M.Sc.; Shmuel Einy, D.M.D. How Much Does the DMFT Index Underestimate the Need for Restorative Care? J Dent Edu 2007;71:677-681.
  • Cypriano S, Sousa M, Wada R. Evaluation of simplified DMFT indices in epidemiological surveys of dental Pşblica 2005;39:285-292. Rev Saşde
  • Dini EL, Foschini ALR, Brandão IMG, Silva SRC. Changes in caries prevalence in 7-12 year-old children from Brazil:1989-1995. Cad Saşde Pşblica 1999;15:617-621. São Paulo,
  • Petersson HG, Bratthall D. The caries decline: a review of reviews. Eur J Oral Sci 1996;104:436-443.
  • Pitts NB, Evans DJ, Nugent ZJ, Pine C. The dental caries experience of 12- year-old children in England and Wales. Surveys coordinated by the British Association for the Study of Community Dentistry in 2000/2001. Community Dent Health 2002;19:46- 53.
  • Hujoel PP, Lamont RJ, DeRouen TA, Davis S, Leroux BG. Within-subject coronal caries distribution patterns: an evaluation of randommess with respect to the midline. J Dent Res 1994;73:1575-1580.
  • Burt BA. Prevention policies in the light of the changed distribution of dental caries. Acta Odontol Scand 1998;56:179–186.
  • Kaste LM, Selwitz RH, Oldakowski RJ, Brunelle JA, Winn DM, Brown LJ. Coronal caries in the primary and permanent dentition of children and adolescents 1–17 years of age: United States, 1988–91. J Dent Res 1996;75(Spec Iss):631–641.
  • Mosha HJ, Fejerskov O, Langebaek J, Thylstrup A, Baelum V, Manji F. Caries experience in urban Tanzanian children 1973–84. Scand J Dent Res 1988;96:385–389.
  • Wei SH, Holm AK, Tong LS, Yuen SW. Dental caries prevalence and related factors in 5-year-old children in 1993;15:116–119.
  • Pitts NB. Do we understand which children need and get appropriate dental care? Br Dent J 1997;182:273– 278. 19. Bratthall D. Introducing the Significant Caries Index together with a proposal for a new global oral health goal for 12-year-olds. Int Dent J 2000;50:378–384.
  • Nishi M, Stjernswärd J, Carlsson P, Bratthall D. Caries experience of some countries and areas expressed by the Significant Caries Index. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2002;30:296– 301.
  • Marthaler T, Menghini G, Steiner M. Use of the Significant Caries Index in quantifying the changes in caries in Switzerland from 1964 to 2000. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2005;33:159-166.
  • Campus G, Solinas G, Maida C, Castiglia P. The 'Significant Caries Index' (SiC): a critical approach. Oral Health Prev Dent 2003;3:171-178.
  • Namal N, G. Can G, Vehid S, Koksal S, Kaymaz A. Dental health status and risk factors for dental caries in adults in Istanbul, Turkey. La Revue de Santé de la Méditerranée orientale 2008;1:110-114. 24. National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Conference statement. Diagnosis and management of dental caries throughout life, March 26-28, 2001. National Institute of Health Consensus Development Panel. J Am Dent Assoc 2001;132:1153- 1161.
  • Petersson GH; Bratthall D. Caries risk assessment: a comparison between the computer program 'Cariogram', dental hygienists and dentists. Swed Dent J 2000;24:129-137.
  • Petersson GH, Isberg PE, Twetman S. Caries risk assessment in school children using a reduced Cariogram model without saliva tests. BMC Oral Health 2010;19:10-15.
  • Bratthall D. Dental caries; intevened- interrupted-interpreted. remarks and cariography. Eur J Oral Sci 1996;104:486-491. Concluding
  • Hausen H. Caries prediction – state of the art. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 1997;25:87–96.
  • Seppa L, Hausen H, Pollanen L, Karkkainen S, Helasharju K. Effect of intensified caries prevention on approximal caries in adolescents with high 1991;25:392–395. Caries Res
  • Hausen H, Karkkainen S, Seppa L. Application of the high-risk strategy to control dental caries. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2000;28:26–34.
  • Kallestal C. The effect of five years' implementation of caries-preventive methods adolescents. Caries Res 2005;39:20- 26. high-risk
  • Batchelor P, Sheiham A. The limitations of a 'high-risk' approach for the prevention of dental caries. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2002;30:302–312.
  • Beck JD. Risk revisited. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 1998;26:220– 225.
  • Hänsel Petersson G, Twetman S, Bratthall D. Evaluation of a computer program for caries risk assessment in schoolchildren. 2002;36:327–340. Caries Res
  • Abernathy JR, Graves RC, Bohannan HM, Stamm JW, Greenberg BG, Disney application of a prediction model for dental caries. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 1987;15:24–28. and
  • Axelsson P. An introduction to risk prediction and preventive dentistry. Chicago, IL: Quintessence Publishing Co; 2000.
  • Beck JD, Weintraub JA, Disney JA, Graves RC, Stamm JW, Kaste LM, Bohannan HM. University of North Carolina caries risk assessment study: comparisons of high risk prediction, and any risk etiologic models. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 1992;20:313–321.
  • Disney JA, Graves RC, Stamm JW, Bohannan HM, Abernathy JR, Zack DD. The University of North Carolina Caries Risk Assessment study: further developments in caries risk prediction. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 1992;20:64–75.
  • Douglass CW. Risk assessment in dentistry. J Dent Educ 1998;62:756– 761.
  • Hausen H, Seppä L, Fejerskov O. Can caries be predicted? In: Thylstrup A, Fejerskov O, editors. Textbook of clinical Copenhagen: Munksgaard; 1994. p. 393–411. 2nd ed.
  • Messer LB. Assessing caries risk in children (Review). Aust Dent J 2000;45:10–16.
  • Moss ME, Zero DT. An overview of caries risk assessment, and its potential utility. J Dent Educ 1995;59:932–940.
  • Pitts NB. Diagnostic tools and measurements – impact on appropriate care (Review). Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 1997;25:24–35.
  • Pitts NB. Risk assessment and caries prediction. J Dent Educ 1998;62:762– 770.
  • Powell LV. Caries prediction: a review of the literature (Review). Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 1998;26:361–371.
  • Reich E, Lussi A, Newbrun E. Caries- risk assessment (Review). Int Dent J 1999;49:15–26. 47. Stewart PW, Stamm JW. Classification tree prediction models for dental caries from clinical, microbiological, and interview data. J Dent Res 1991;70:1239–1251.
  • Tinanoff N. Dental caries risk assessment and prevention (Review). Dent Clin North Am 1995;39:709– 719.
  • Vanobbergen J, Martens L, Lesaffre E, Bogaerts K, Declerck D. Assessing risk indicators for dental caries in the primary dentition. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2001;29:424–434.
  • Helderman WH, Mulder J, van'T Hof MA, Truin GJ. Validation of a Swiss method of caries prediction in Dutch children. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2001;29:341–345.
  • Helfenstein U, Steiner M, Marthaler TM. Caries prediction on the basis of past caries including precavity lesions. Caries Res 1991;25:372–376.
  • Li Y, Wang W. Predicting caries in permanent teeth from caries in primary teeth: an eight-year cohort study. J Dent Res 2002;81:561–566. 53. Raadal M, Espelid prevalence in primary teeth as a I. Caries for caries increment.
  • Van Palenstein Helderman WH, van't Hof MA, van Loveren C. Prognosis of caries increment with past caries experience variables. Caries Res 2001;35:186–192
  • Hjern A, Grindefjord M, Sundberg H, Rosen M. Social inequality in oral health and use of dental care in Sweden. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2001;29:167–174.
  • Hobdell MH, Oliveira ER, Bautista R, Myburgh NG, Lalloo R, Narendran S, Johnson NW. Oral diseases and socio- economic status (SES). Br Dent J 2003;194:91–96.
  • Irigoyen ME, Maupome G, Mejia AM. Caries experience and treatment needs in a 6- to 12-year-old urban population in relation to socio-economic status. Community 1999;16:245–249. Health
  • Petersen PE, Hoerup N, Poomviset N, Prommajan J, Watanapa A. Oral health status and oral health behaviour of urban and rural schoolchildren in southern 2001;51:95–102.
  • Pine C, Burnside G, Craven R. Inequalities in dental health in the north-west of England. Community Dent Health 2003;20:55–56.
  • Prendergast MJ, Williams SA, Curzon ME. An assessment of dental caries prevalence among Gujurati, Pakistani and white Caucasian five-year-old children resident in Dewsbury, West Yorkshire. Community Dent Health 1989;6:223–232.
  • Sundby A, Petersen PE. Oral health status in relation to ethnicity of children in the Municipality of Copenhagen, Denmark. Int J Paediatr Dent 2003;13:150–157.
  • Thomson WM, Poulton R, Kruger E, Boyd behavioural risk factors for tooth loss from age 18 to 26 among participants in the Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Study. Caries Res 2000;34:361–366. and
  • Keyes PH. Recent advances in dental caries research. Bacteriology. Int Dent J 1962;12: 443–64 in: Bratthall D, Hänsel Petersson G. Cariogram – a multifactorial risk assessment model for Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2005;33:256–264. disease.
  • Hänsel Petersson G, Carlsson P, Bratthall D. Caries risk assessment: a comparison between the computer program 'cariogram', dental students and dental instructors. Eur J Dent Educ 1998;2:184–190.
  • Hänsel Petersson G, Bratthall D. Caries risk assessment: a comparison between the computer program 'cariogram', dental hygienists and dentists. Swed Dent J 2000;24:129– 137
  • Hänsel Petersson G, Fure S, Bratthall D. Evaluation of a computer based caries risk assessment program in an elderly group of individuals. Acta Odontol Scand 2003;61:164–171.
  • Bratthall D, Hänsel Petersson G. Cariogram - a multifactorial risk assessment model for a multifactorial disease. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2005;33:256–264.
Toplam 63 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Review
Yazarlar

Ceren Koser

Adil Nalcaci

Yayımlanma Tarihi 23 Eylül 2011
Gönderilme Tarihi 22 Ekim 2010
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2011Cilt: 14 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

EndNote Koser C, Nalcaci A (01 Eylül 2011) Çürük prevalansındaki yaklaşımlar ve karyogram konsepti. Cumhuriyet Dental Journal 14 3 230–245.

Cumhuriyet Dental Journal (Cumhuriyet Dent J, CDJ) is the official publication of Cumhuriyet University Faculty of Dentistry. CDJ is an international journal dedicated to the latest advancement of dentistry. The aim of this journal is to provide a platform for scientists and academicians all over the world to promote, share, and discuss various new issues and developments in different areas of dentistry. First issue of the Journal of Cumhuriyet University Faculty of Dentistry was published in 1998. In 2010, journal's name was changed as Cumhuriyet Dental Journal. Journal’s publication language is English.


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