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Çocuklarda Empati Gelişiminin Desteklenmesi

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 1 Sayı: 2, 201 - 223, 15.12.2020

Gizem Nur Şakar

Öz

Bu çalışmada empatinin tanımları ve önemi tarihsel gelişiminden başlayarak sunulmuştur. Empatinin bileşenleri ve teorileri ayrıntılı olarak açıklanmıştır. Empati ile karıştırılan benzer kavramların ayırt edici özellikleri belirtilmiştir. Okul öncesi çocuklarda empatinin gelişimi ve desteklenmesine ilişkin ilgili literatür gözden geçirilmiş ve çocuklarda empatiyi etkileyen faktörler aile, okul ve nörogelişimsel olmak üzere üç boyutta incelenmiştir. Literatür taraması sonucunda empatinin doğumdan itibaren gelişmeye başladığı ve yeterli bir destekle gelişmeye devam ettiği sonucuna varılmıştır. Bu sonuç ışığında aileler ve okullar için ilgili öneriler sunulmuştur.

Anahtar Kelimeler

empati gelişim okul öncesi çocukları aile okul

Kaynakça

  • Acun-Kapıkıran, N. (2010). Kişilerarası ilişkiler ve iletişimde empati. In A. Kaya (Ed.), Kişilerarası ilişkiler ve etkili iletişim (pp. 110-130). Ankara: Pegem Yayınevi.
  • Arkonaç, O. (1999). Psikiyatri Sözlüğü. [Dictionary of the psychiatry ]. İstanbul: Nobel Tıp Kitabevleri.
  • Aydın, O. (2015) Empati Bağlamında Çoklu Zekaya Yeniden Bakmak, In Kabapınar, Y. (Ed), Empatiyle gelişmek empatiyi geliştirmek çocuk ve empati (pp. 21-43). Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
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  • Barnett, M. A. (1990). Empathy and related responses in children. In N, Eisenberg & J. Strayer (Eds.). Empathy and its development. (pp.146-163). Cambridge University Press
  • Bryant, B. K. (1990). Mental health, temperament, family and friends: Perspectives on children’s empathy and social perspective taking. In N. Eisenberg & J. Strayer (Eds.), Empathy and its development (pp. 245-270). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
  • Brems, C., & Sohl, M. A. (1995). The role of empathy in parenting strategy choices. Family Relations, 44(2), 189-194. doi:10.2307/584808
  • Bolt, L. V., & Tellegen, S. (1995). The Connection between the reading of books and the development of sympathy and empathy. Imagination, Cognition and Personality, 14(3), 247-260. doi:10.2190/p4r8-kpkg-0b0c-r4lt
  • Cale, C. (2010), A case study examining the impact of adventure-based counseling on high school adolescent self-esteem, empathy, and racism (Doctoral Dissertation). Retrieved from https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/1585
  • Cotton, K. (2001). Developing Empathy in Children and Youth, Retrieved from http://www.nwrel.org/spcd
  • Dadds, M.R., Hunter, K., Hawes, D.J., Frost, A.D., Vassallo, S., Bunn, P., & El Masry, Y. (2008). A measure of cognitive and affective empathy in children using parent ratings. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 39, 111–122. doi:10.1007/s10578-007-0075-4
  • Davis M. (1980). A multi-dimensional approach to individual differences in empathy JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology ,10, 85-86.
  • Davis, M. H. (1983). Measuring individual differences in empathy: Evidence for a multidimensional approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44(1), 113-126. doi:10.1037/0022- 3514.44.1.113
  • Davis, M. H. (1983). The effects of dispositional empathy on emotional reactions and helping: A multidimensional approach. Journal of Personality, 51(2), 167-184. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1983.tb00860.x
  • Davis, M. (1996) Empathy: A social psychological approach. Boulder, Co: Westview Press
  • Decety, J., & Jackson, P. L. (2004). The functional architecture of human empathy. Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience Reviews, 3(2), 71-100. doi:10.1177/1534582304267187
  • Decety, J., & Meyer, M. (2008). From emotion resonance to empathic understanding: A social developmental neuroscience account. Development and Psychopathology, 20(4), 1053-1080. doi:10.1017/s0954579408000503
  • Decety, J., & Cowell, J. M. (2015). Empathy, justice, and moral behavior. American Journal of Bioethics – Neuroscience, 6(3), 3-14. doi:10.1080/21507740.2015.1047055
  • Decety, J. (2015). The neural pathways, development and functions of empathy. Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences, 3, 1-6. doi:10.1016/j.cobeha.2014.12.001
  • Derman, M. T. (2013). Determining the empathic skill levels of children by their domestic factors. The Journal of Academic Social Science Studies, 6(1), 1365-1382. doi:10.9761/jasss_588
  • Ditkowsky, A. (2018). For educators: How to build empathy and strengthen your school community. Retrieved from https://mcc.gse.harvard.edu/resources-for-educators/how-build-empathy-strengthen-school-community
  • Dökmen,Ü. (1995). İletişim çatışmaları ve empati, İstanbul: Sistem Yayıncılık
  • Endersen, I. M., Olweus, D. (2001). Constructive and destructive behavior: Implications for family, school, and society. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
  • Eisenberg-Berg, N., & Lennon, R. (1980). Altruism and the assessment of empathy in the preschool years. Child Development, 51(2), 552-557 doi:10.2307/1129290
  • Eisenberg, N., Strayer, J. (1990). Empathy and its development. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
  • Eisenberg, N., Murphy, B.C. & Sheapard. S. (1997). The development of empathic accuracy. In W. Ickes (Ed.), Empathic accuracy (pp. 73-116). New York: The Guilford Press
  • Eisenberg, N., Tracy, S., & Knafo, A. (2016). Prosocial development. In M. Lamb & M. Lerner (Eds.), Handbook of child psychology and developmental science (pp. 610–656). New York: Wiley.
  • Eisenberg, N. (2000). Empathy and sympathy. In M. Lewis &J.M. Havilland (Eds.), Handbook of emotions (2nd ed, pp. 677-691). New York: Wiley.
  • Eisenberg, N., Tracy, S., & Knafo, A. (2016). Prosocial development. In M. Lamb & M. Lerner (Eds.), Handbook of child psychology and developmental science (pp. 610–656). New York: Wiley.
  • Eslinger, P. J. (1998). Neurological and neuropsychological bases of empathy. European Neurology, 39(4), 193-199. doi:10.1159/000007933
  • Fabes, R. A., Eisenberg, N., & Eisenbud, L. (1993). Behavioral and physiological correlates of children’s reactions to others in distress. Developmental Psychology, 29, 655-663. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.29.4.655
  • Feshbach, N. D., & Roe, K. (1968). Empathy in six- and seven-year-olds. Child Development, 39(1), 133-145. doi:10.2307/1127365
  • Feshbach, N., & Kuchenbecker, S.Y. (1974, September). A three component model of empathy. Paper presented at the Symposium on the Concept of Empathy: Bond Between Cognition and Social Behavior, New Orleans, Louisiana
  • Feshbach, N. (1978). Studies of empathic behavior in children. Progress in experimental personality research, 8, 1-47 .
  • Feshbach, N.D. (1997). Empathy: The formative years. Implications for clinical practice. In A.C. Bohart & L.S. Greenberg (Eds.), Empathy reconsidered: New directions in psychotherapy (pp. 33-59). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
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Supporting Empathy Development in Children

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 1 Sayı: 2, 201 - 223, 15.12.2020

Gizem Nur Şakar

Öz

In this study, definitions and importance of empathy were presented starting from its historical development. The components of and theories on empathy were explained in detail. The distinctive features of similar concepts confused with empathy were specified. The relevant literature on the development and support of empathy in preschool children was reviewed, and the factors affecting empathy in children were examined under three aspects: family, school, and neurodevelopmental. As a result of the literature review, it was concluded that empathy starts to develop from birth and continue developing with an adequate support. In light of this result, relevant suggestions were presented for families and schools.

Anahtar Kelimeler

empathy development pre-school children family school

Kaynakça

  • Acun-Kapıkıran, N. (2010). Kişilerarası ilişkiler ve iletişimde empati. In A. Kaya (Ed.), Kişilerarası ilişkiler ve etkili iletişim (pp. 110-130). Ankara: Pegem Yayınevi.
  • Arkonaç, O. (1999). Psikiyatri Sözlüğü. [Dictionary of the psychiatry ]. İstanbul: Nobel Tıp Kitabevleri.
  • Aydın, O. (2015) Empati Bağlamında Çoklu Zekaya Yeniden Bakmak, In Kabapınar, Y. (Ed), Empatiyle gelişmek empatiyi geliştirmek çocuk ve empati (pp. 21-43). Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
  • Bandura, A. (1977). Social Learning Theory. New York: General Learning Press.
  • Barnett, M. A., & McCoy, S. J. (1989). The relation of distressful childhood experiences and empathy in college undergraduates. The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 150(4), 417-426. doi:10.1080/00221325.1989.9914607
  • Barnett, M. A. (1990). Empathy and related responses in children. In N, Eisenberg & J. Strayer (Eds.). Empathy and its development. (pp.146-163). Cambridge University Press
  • Bryant, B. K. (1990). Mental health, temperament, family and friends: Perspectives on children’s empathy and social perspective taking. In N. Eisenberg & J. Strayer (Eds.), Empathy and its development (pp. 245-270). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
  • Brems, C., & Sohl, M. A. (1995). The role of empathy in parenting strategy choices. Family Relations, 44(2), 189-194. doi:10.2307/584808
  • Bolt, L. V., & Tellegen, S. (1995). The Connection between the reading of books and the development of sympathy and empathy. Imagination, Cognition and Personality, 14(3), 247-260. doi:10.2190/p4r8-kpkg-0b0c-r4lt
  • Cale, C. (2010), A case study examining the impact of adventure-based counseling on high school adolescent self-esteem, empathy, and racism (Doctoral Dissertation). Retrieved from https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/1585
  • Cotton, K. (2001). Developing Empathy in Children and Youth, Retrieved from http://www.nwrel.org/spcd
  • Dadds, M.R., Hunter, K., Hawes, D.J., Frost, A.D., Vassallo, S., Bunn, P., & El Masry, Y. (2008). A measure of cognitive and affective empathy in children using parent ratings. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 39, 111–122. doi:10.1007/s10578-007-0075-4
  • Davis M. (1980). A multi-dimensional approach to individual differences in empathy JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology ,10, 85-86.
  • Davis, M. H. (1983). Measuring individual differences in empathy: Evidence for a multidimensional approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44(1), 113-126. doi:10.1037/0022- 3514.44.1.113
  • Davis, M. H. (1983). The effects of dispositional empathy on emotional reactions and helping: A multidimensional approach. Journal of Personality, 51(2), 167-184. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1983.tb00860.x
  • Davis, M. (1996) Empathy: A social psychological approach. Boulder, Co: Westview Press
  • Decety, J., & Jackson, P. L. (2004). The functional architecture of human empathy. Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience Reviews, 3(2), 71-100. doi:10.1177/1534582304267187
  • Decety, J., & Meyer, M. (2008). From emotion resonance to empathic understanding: A social developmental neuroscience account. Development and Psychopathology, 20(4), 1053-1080. doi:10.1017/s0954579408000503
  • Decety, J., & Cowell, J. M. (2015). Empathy, justice, and moral behavior. American Journal of Bioethics – Neuroscience, 6(3), 3-14. doi:10.1080/21507740.2015.1047055
  • Decety, J. (2015). The neural pathways, development and functions of empathy. Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences, 3, 1-6. doi:10.1016/j.cobeha.2014.12.001
  • Derman, M. T. (2013). Determining the empathic skill levels of children by their domestic factors. The Journal of Academic Social Science Studies, 6(1), 1365-1382. doi:10.9761/jasss_588
  • Ditkowsky, A. (2018). For educators: How to build empathy and strengthen your school community. Retrieved from https://mcc.gse.harvard.edu/resources-for-educators/how-build-empathy-strengthen-school-community
  • Dökmen,Ü. (1995). İletişim çatışmaları ve empati, İstanbul: Sistem Yayıncılık
  • Endersen, I. M., Olweus, D. (2001). Constructive and destructive behavior: Implications for family, school, and society. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
  • Eisenberg-Berg, N., & Lennon, R. (1980). Altruism and the assessment of empathy in the preschool years. Child Development, 51(2), 552-557 doi:10.2307/1129290
  • Eisenberg, N., Strayer, J. (1990). Empathy and its development. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
  • Eisenberg, N., Murphy, B.C. & Sheapard. S. (1997). The development of empathic accuracy. In W. Ickes (Ed.), Empathic accuracy (pp. 73-116). New York: The Guilford Press
  • Eisenberg, N., Tracy, S., & Knafo, A. (2016). Prosocial development. In M. Lamb & M. Lerner (Eds.), Handbook of child psychology and developmental science (pp. 610–656). New York: Wiley.
  • Eisenberg, N. (2000). Empathy and sympathy. In M. Lewis &J.M. Havilland (Eds.), Handbook of emotions (2nd ed, pp. 677-691). New York: Wiley.
  • Eisenberg, N., Tracy, S., & Knafo, A. (2016). Prosocial development. In M. Lamb & M. Lerner (Eds.), Handbook of child psychology and developmental science (pp. 610–656). New York: Wiley.
  • Eslinger, P. J. (1998). Neurological and neuropsychological bases of empathy. European Neurology, 39(4), 193-199. doi:10.1159/000007933
  • Fabes, R. A., Eisenberg, N., & Eisenbud, L. (1993). Behavioral and physiological correlates of children’s reactions to others in distress. Developmental Psychology, 29, 655-663. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.29.4.655
  • Feshbach, N. D., & Roe, K. (1968). Empathy in six- and seven-year-olds. Child Development, 39(1), 133-145. doi:10.2307/1127365
  • Feshbach, N., & Kuchenbecker, S.Y. (1974, September). A three component model of empathy. Paper presented at the Symposium on the Concept of Empathy: Bond Between Cognition and Social Behavior, New Orleans, Louisiana
  • Feshbach, N. (1978). Studies of empathic behavior in children. Progress in experimental personality research, 8, 1-47 .
  • Feshbach, N.D. (1997). Empathy: The formative years. Implications for clinical practice. In A.C. Bohart & L.S. Greenberg (Eds.), Empathy reconsidered: New directions in psychotherapy (pp. 33-59). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
  • Feshbach, N. D. (1975). Empathy in children: Some theoretical and empirical considerations. The Counseling Psychologist, 5(2), 25–30. https://doi.org/10.1177/001100007500500207
  • Freud, S. (1958). Civilization and its discontents. New York: Doubleday Anchor Books.
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  • Hatcher, S. L., Nadeau, M. S., Walsh, L. K., Reynolds, M., Galea, J., & Marz, K. (1994). The teaching of empathy for high school and college students: Testing Rogerian methods with the interpersonal reactivity index. Adolescence, 29(116), 961–974.
  • Harold, H. (1978) The evolution of empathy, Personnel and Guidance Journal, 57, 35-38
  • Hoffman, M.L. (1982). Development of prosocial motivation: Empathy and guilt. In N. Eisenberg (Ed.) The development of prosocial behavior. (pp. 281-313) New York: Academic Press
  • Housman, D. K. (2017). The importance of emotional competence and self-regulation from birth: A case for the evidence-based emotional cognitive social early learning approach. International Journal of Child Care and Education Policy, 11(1). doi:10.1186/s40723-017-0038-6
  • Hoffman, M. L. (1990). Empathy and justice motivation. Motivation and Emotion, 14(2), 151–172. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00991641
  • Hoffman, M. L. (2000). Empathy and moral development: Implications for caring and justice. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Ickes, W. (1997). Empathic accuracy. New York: The Guilford Press.
  • Kapıkıran, N.A., Kapıkıran, Ş., & Başaran, B.I. (2010). Psikolojik danışma ve rehberlik öğrencilerinin empatik eğilimler ve algıladıkları anne ve baba olumlu sosyal davranışları: Cinsiyetin farklılaştırıcı rolü. Ege Eğitim Dergisi, 11(1), 1-19
  • Kalliopuska, M. (1992, March). Holistic empathy education among preschool and school children. Paper Presented at the International Scientific Conference Comenius Heritage and Education of Man, Prague
  • Kidd, D. C., & Castano, E. (2013). Reading literary fiction improves theory of mind. Science, 342(6156), 377-380. doi:10.1126/science.1239918
  • Kesselring, T., & Müller, U. (2011). The concept of egocentrism in the context of Piaget’s theory. New Ideas in Psychology, 29(3), 327-345. doi:10.1016/j.newideapsych.2010.03.008 Knafo, A., Zahn-Waxler, C., Van Hulle, C., Robinson, J. L., & Rhee, S. H. (2008). The developmental origins of a disposition toward empathy: Genetic and environmental contributions. Emotion, 8(6), 737–752. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0014179
  • Laible, D. J., Carlo, G. ve Roesch, S. C. (2004). Pathway to self-esteem in late adolesence: The role of parent and peer attachment, empathy, and social behaviours. Journal of Adolesence, 2(6), 703-716.
  • Lamb, M. E., & Malkin, C. M. (1986). The development of social expectations in distress-relief sequences: A longitudinal study. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 9(2), 235-249. doi:10.1177/016502548600900207
  • Lipsitt, N. 1993. Development Of Empathy İn Children: The Contribution Of Maternal Empathy And Communication Style. PHD, Ohaio
  • Martin, G. B., & Clark, R. D. (1982). Distress crying in neonates: Species and peer specificity. Developmental Psychology, 18(1), 3–9. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.18.1.3
  • Mar, R. A., Oatley, K., & Peterson, J. B. (2014). Exploring the link between reading fiction and empathy: Ruling out individual differences and examining outcomes. Communications, 34(4). doi:10.1515/comm.2009.025
  • Mark, I. L., Ijzendoorn, M. H., & Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J. (2002). Development of empathy in girls during the second year of life: Associations with parenting, attachment, and temperament. Social Development, 11(4), 451-468. doi:10.1111/1467-9507.00210
  • Mehrabian, A., Epstein, N. (1972) A measure of emotional empathy. Journal of Personality, 40(4), 525-543. . https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.1972.tb00078.x
  • Miall, D. S., & Kuiken, D. (1994). Beyond text theory: Understanding literary response. Discourse Processes, 17(3), 337-352. doi:10.1080/01638539409544873
  • Nell, M. L., Drew, W. F., & Bush, D. E. (2013). From play to practice: Connecting teachers' play to children's learning. Washington, DC: National Association for the Education of Young Children. Önder, A.(2011). Yaşayarak öğrenme için eğitici drama. Ankara: Nobel Yayıncılık
  • Önder, A. (2015). Çocukta Empatinin Gelişimi, In Kabapınar, Y. (Ed.). Empatiyle gelişmek empatiyi geliştirmek çocuk ve empati. Ankara: Pegem Akademi
  • Pala, A. (2008). Öğretmen adaylarının empati kurma düzeyleri üzerine bir araştırma. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 1(23). 13-23.
  • Padilla-Walker, L. M., & Christensen, K. J. (2010). Empathy and self-regulation as mediators between parenting and adolescents' prosocial behavior toward strangers, friends, and family. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 21(3), 545-551. doi:10.1111/j.1532-7795.2010.00695.
  • Peterson, J., & Flanders, J. (2005). Play and the regulation of aggression. In R. Tremblay, W. Hartup, & J. Archer (Eds.), Developmental origins of aggression (pp. 133–157). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
  • Pink, D. (2007). The whole new mind. New York: Riverhead Books.
  • Piaget, J. (1965). The moral judgment of the child. New York: Harcourt, Brace.
  • Poole, C., Miller, S. A., Church, E. B. (2005). How empathy develops: effective responses to children help set the foundation for empathy 0 to 2 why is she crying? Early Childhood Today, 20(2), 21-25.
  • Preston, S. D., & Waal, F. B. (2002). Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 25(1), 1-20. doi:10.1017/s0140525x02000018
  • Purkey, W. W., & Novak, J. M. (2008). Fundamentals of invitational education. Kennesaw, GA: International Alliance for Invitational Education.
  • Rogers, C. R. (1957). The necessary and sufficient conditions of therapeutic personality change. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 21(2), 95-103. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0045357
  • Rogers, C. R. (1975). Empathic: An unappreciated way of being. The Counseling Psychologist, 5(2), 2-10. doi:10.1177/001100007500500202
  • Rogers, C. R. (1983). Empatik olmak değeri anlaşılmamış bir varoluş şeklidir (F. Akkoyun, Trans.). Ankara Üniversitesitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi, 16(1), 103-124.
  • Satan,A. (2015). Empatik Duyarlılığın Gelişiminde Ailenin Rolü, In Kabapınar, Y. (Ed.) Empatiyle Gelişmek Empatiyi Geliştirmek Çocuk ve Empati, (pp.58-70).Ankara: Pegem Akademi
  • Salovey, P. & Mayer, J. D. (1990). Emotional İntelligence. Imagination Cognition and Personality, 9(3), 185- 211, https://doi.org/10.2190/DUGG-P24E-52WK-6CDG
  • Sezgin, B. (2015). Oyun-Tiyatro-Drama İlişkisi: Kuram ve Uygulama. İstanbul: Bgst Yayınları.
  • Shapiro, L. E. (2000). Yüksek EQ'lu bir çocuk yetistirmek:Anne ve babalar icin duygusal zeka rehberi [How to Raise a Child with a High EQ: Parents' Guide to Emotional Intelligence] (U.Kartal Trans. Ed.). Istanbul: Varlık Yayınları.
  • Staub, E. (1990). Commentary on part I. In N. Eisenberg, J. Strayer (Eds.) Empathy and its development. (pp. 103-115) Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
  • Stern, J. A., & Cassidy, J. (2018). Empathy from infancy to adolescence: An attachment perspective on the development of individual differences. Developmental Review, 47, 1-22. doi:10.1016/j.dr.2017.09.002
  • Strayer, J. (1990). Affective and cognitive perspectives on empathy. In N. Eisenberg & J. Strayer (Eds.), Cambridge studies in social and emotional development. Empathy and its development, (pp. 218–244). Cambridge University Press.
  • Strayer, J., & Roberts, W. (2004). Empathy and observed anger and aggression in five-year-olds. Social Development, 13(1), 1-13. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9507.2004.00254.x
  • Stiff, J. B., Dillard, J. P., Somera, L., Kim, H., & Sleight, C. (1988). Empathy, communication, and prosocial behavior. Communication Monographs, 55(2), 198-213. doi:10.1080/03637758809376166
  • Simner, M. L. (1971). Newborn’s response to the cry of another infant. Developmental Psychology, 5, 136-150.
  • Smilansky, S., & Shefatya, L. (1990). Facilitating play: A medium for promoting cognitive, socio-emotional, and academic development in young children. Gaithersburg, MD.: Psychosocial & Educational Publications
  • Sünbül, A. M. (2007). Eğitim, gelişim ve değişim, Konya: Eğitim Akademi Yayınevi.
  • Sornson, R., Dismondy, M., Shaw, K., & Fay, J. (2018). The juice box bully: Empowering kids to stand up for others. Brighton, MI: Early Learning Foundation.
  • Thompson, R. A. (1990). Empathy and emotional understanding: The early development of empathy. In N. Eisenberg &J. Strayer (Eds.), Empathy and its development (pp. 119-145). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
  • Toussaint, L., & Webb, J. R. (2005). Gender differences in the relationship between empathy and forgiveness. The Journal of Social Psychology, 145(6), 673-685.
  • Ünal, F. (2007). Çocuklarda empatinin gelişimi: Empatinin gelişiminde anne baba tutumlarının etkisi. Milli Eğitim Dergisi, 36(176), 134-148.
  • Weiner (1985). Spontaneous, causal thinking. Psychological Bulletin, 97, 74-84.
  • Wispe, L. (1990). History of the concept of empathy, In Eisenberg, N., Strayer, J.(Eds). Empathy and its development. Cambridge University Press
  • Wondra, J. D., & Ellsworth, P. C. (2017). An appraisal theory of empathy and other vicarious emotional experiences. Psychological Review, 122(3), 411. doi:10.31234/osf.io/ejms8
  • World Leaders in Research-Based User Experience (n.d.). Sympathy vs. Empathy in UX. Retrieved from https://www.nngroup.com/articles/sympathy-vs-empathy-ux/appro
  • Young, S. K., Fox, N. A., & Zahn-Waxler, C. (1999). The relations between temperament and empathy in 2-year-olds. Developmental Psychology, 35, 1189 –1197. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.35.5.1189
  • Yüksel, A. (2015). Kavram, Kapsam ve Tarihsel Gelişim Bağlamında Empati. In Kabapınar,Y. (Ed.), Empatiyle gelişmek empatiyi geliştirmek çocuk ve empati , (pp. 2-18). Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
  • Zahn-Waxler, C., Radke-Yarrow, M., Wagner, E., & Chapman, M. (1992). Development of concern for others. Developmental Psychology, 28, 126–135.
Toplam 94 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Alan Eğitimleri
Bölüm Derlemeler
Yazarlar

Gizem Nur Şakar 0000-0001-5696-0674

Yayımlanma Tarihi 15 Aralık 2020
Gönderilme Tarihi 21 Ekim 2020
Kabul Tarihi 5 Aralık 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020 Cilt: 1 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Şakar, G. N. (2020). Supporting Empathy Development in Children. Gelişim Ve Psikoloji Dergisi, 1(2), 201-223.
 Kapak Resmi İndir

Gelişim ve Psikoloji Dergisi (GPD) (Journal of Development and Psychology (JODAP)) yılda iki kez yayınlanan uluslararası hakemli ve akademik bir dergidir. e-ISSN 2717-7858