Öz
Tooth discoloration can cause social and psychological problems and lead to loss of self-confidence in children. Concerns of parents and children on appearance and esthetics increase the importance of dental esthetic treatments in children. External tooth discoloration in children can be seen in both the primary and the permanent teeth. Poor oral hygiene, use of iron preparations and chromogenic bacteria are among the etiology of external tooth discoloration. Chromogenic bacteria can cause black/brown, green, orange or blue discolorations on the tooth surfaces of children. For clinicians, most interesting external tooth discoloration in children has been the black discoloration, which is more frequently observed compared to the other types. Most of the studies also have focused on the chromogenic bacteria associated with black discolorations, and the data concerning other types of discoloration are limited. Our knowledge on the existing chromogenic bacterial mechanisms is increasing by the developing microbiological diagnostic procedures, and new species associated with discoloration are becoming recognized. Still, studies dealing with the mechanisms of the chromogenic bacteria leading to discoloration are insufficient in the accessible sources. The objective of this article is to emphasize the role of the chromogenic bacteria in external tooth discoloration in children, to review precautions that can be taken to prevent discoloration, and current treatment methods, and to contribute to the current knowledge of the clinicians on this subject.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
- Koch G, Petersson LG, Johnson G. Abrasive effect and fluorine uptake from polishing and prophylactic pastes. Swed Dent J 1975;68:1-7.
- Wilkins EM. Clinical practice of the dental hygienist. 8th edn. Philadelphia: Lippincott William & Wilkins; 1999. p. 603-11.
- Van Steenbergen TJ, Bosch Tijhof CJ, Petit MD, Van der Velden U. Intrafamilial transmission and distribution of Prevotella intermedia and Prevotella nigrescens. J Periodontal Res 1997;32:345-50.
- Ozmeric N, Unlu O, Mansuroğlu H. Siyah pigmente periodontal patojenlerin aile bireyleri arasındaki bulaşıcılığı. Atatürk Üniv Diş Hek Fak Derg 2001;1:37-41.
- Reid JS, Beeley JA, McDonald DG. Investigations into black extrinsic tooth stain. J Dent Res 1977;56:895-9.
- Jagannadham MV, Chattopadhyay MK, Shivaji S. The major carotenoid pigment of a psychrotrophic Micrococcus roseus strain: fluorescence properties of the pigment and its binding to membranes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1996;220:724-8.
- Kiuchi K. Floc formation in activated sludge. J Gen Appl Microbiol 1968;14:399-409.
- Bartels HA. A note on a chromogenic microorganism isolated from an orange colored deposit adhering to teeth. Am J Orthod Oral Surg 1939; 25:795-6.
- Hejazi A, Falkiner FR. Serratia marcescens. J Med Microbiol 1997;46:903-12.
- Williamson NR, Fineran PC, Leeper FJ, Salmond GP. The biosynthesis and regulation of bacterial prodiginines. Nat Rev Microbiol 2006;4:887-99.
- Hattab FN, Qudeimat MA, Al-Rimawi HS. Dental discoloration: an overview. J Esthet Dent 1999;11:291-9.
- Bussell RM, Deery C. Blue chromogenic dental staining in child with West syndrome. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent 2010;11:298-9.
- King EO, Ward MK, Raney DE. Two simple media for the demonstration of pyocyanin and fluorescein. J Lab Clin Med 1954;44:301-7.
- Eisenberg E. Anomalies of the teeth with stains and discolorations. J Prev Dent 1974;2:16-20.
- Leung SW. Naturally occurring stains on the teeth of children. J Am Dent Assoc 1950;41:191-7.
- Saiki K, Gomi T, Konishi K. Deletion and purification studies to elucidate the structure of the Actinobacillus actinomycetemcommitans cytolethal distending toxin. J Biochem 2004;136:335-42.
- Pearce MA, Devine DA, Dixon RA, Van Steenbergen TJ. Genetic heterogeneity in Prevotella intermedia, Prevotella nigrescens, Prevotella corporis and related species isolated from oral and nonoral sites. Oral Microbiol Immunol 2000;15:89–95.
- Tanaka S, Yoshida M, Murakami Y, Ogiwara T, Shoji M, Kobayashi S, et al. The relationship of Prevotella intermedia, Prevotella nigrescens and Prevotella melaninogenica in the supragingival plaque of children, caries and oral malodor. J Clin Pediatr Dent 2008;32,195-9.
- Smalley JW, Silver J, Birss AJ, Withnall R, Titler PJ. The heme pigment of oral anaerobes Prevotella nigrescens and Prevotella intermedia is composed of iron (III) protoporphyrin IX in the monomeric form. Microbiology 2003;149:1711-8.
- Okamoto K, Nakayama T, Kadowaki N, Abe DB, Ratnayake K. Involvement of a lysine-specific cysteine proteinase in hemoglobin adsorption and heme accumulation by Porphyromonas gingivalis. J Biol Chem 1998;273:21225–31.
- Frandsen EV, Poulsen K, Kilian M. Conformation of the species Prevotella intermedia and Prevotella nigrescens. Int J Syst Bacteriol 1995;45:429-35.
- Ruby JD, Li Y, Luo Y, Caufield PW. Genetic characterization of the oral Actinomyces. Arch Oral Biol 2002;47:457-63.
- Hall V, Collins MD, Lawson PA, Falsen E, Duerden B. Actinomyces dentalis spp. nov. from human dental abscess. Indian J Sleep Med 2005;55:427-31.
- Sarkonen N, Kononen E, Summanen P, Kononen M, Jousimies Somer H. Phenotypic identification of Actinomyces and related species isolated from human sources. J Clin Microbiol 2001;39:3955-61.
- Stenudd C, Nordlund A, Ryberg M, Johansson I, Kallestal C, Stromberg N. The association of bacterial adhesion with dental caries. J Dent Res 2001;80:2005-10.
- Costa MT, Dorta ML, Pimenta FC. Biofilms of black tooth stains: PCR analysis reveals presence of Streptococcus mutans. Braz Dent J 2012;23:555-8.
- Takashima Y, Matsumi Y, Yamasaki Y, Hirano K, Yanagida K, Fujita K, et al. Black pigmentation in primary dentition: Case report and literature review. Pediatr Dent J 2014;24:184-8.
- Slots J. The microflora of black stain on human primary teeth. Scand J Dent Res 1974;82:484–90.
- Prathap S, Rajesh H, Boloor VA, Rao AS. Extrinsic stains and management: a new insight. J Acad Indus Res 2013;1:432-5.
- Garan A. 6-12 yaş grubu çocuklarda kromojen bakterilere bağlı siyah dışsal renklenmelerin biyokimyasal ve mikrobiyolojik olarak incelenmesi [tez]. İstanbul: Marmara Üniversitesi; 2009.
- Martin G, Manuel J, Gonzalez Garcia M, Seoane Leston J, Llorente Pendas S, Diaz Martin JJ, et al. Prevalence of black stain and associated risk factors in preschool Spanish children. Pediatr Int 2013;55:355-9.
- Schuurs A. Pathology of the dental hard tissues. 1st edn. Chichester, West Sussex, UK: Wiley Blackwell; 2013. p. 245-8.
- Saba C, Solidani M, Berlutti F. Black stains in the mixed dentition: A PCR microbiological study of the etiopathogenic bacteria. J Clin Pediatr Dent 2006;30:219-24.
Öz
Diş renklenmeleri, çocuklarda sosyal ve psikolojik sorunlara yol açarak özgüven kayıplarına sebep olabilmektedir. Ebeveynlerinin ve çocukların dış görünüşleriyle ilgili kaygıları ve estetik arayışları, günümüzde diş hekimliğinde çocuklardaki estetik tedavinin önemini arttırmaktadır. Çocuklarda dış kaynaklı diş renklenmeleri hem süt hem de daimi dişlenmede görülebilmektedir. Dış kaynaklı renklenmelerin etiyolojisinde kötü ağız hijyeni, demir preparatlarının kullanımı ve kromojenik bakteriler yer almaktadır. Kromojenik bakteriler, çocuklarda diş yüzeyinde siyah/kahverengi, yeşil, turuncu veya mavi gibi renklenmeler oluşturabilmektedir. Çocuklarda görülen dış kaynaklı diş renklenmeleri arasında, klinisyenlerin en çok ilgisini çeken, daha sık karşılaşılan siyah renklenmeler olmuştur ve araştırmaların birçoğu buna yol açan kromojenik bakteriler üzerine yoğunlaşırken, diğer renklenmelerle ilgili veriler sınırlı kalmıştır. Gelişen mikrobiyolojik tanı yöntemleriyle, mevcut kromojenik bakterilerin mekanizmaları hakkındaki bilgilerimiz artmakta ve renklenmeye neden olan yeni bakteriler tespit edilebilmektedir. Ancak, ulaşılabilir kaynaklarda kromojenik bakterilerin renklenmeye yol açan mekanizmalarıyla ilgili çalışmalar yetersiz kalmıştır. Bu makalede, çocuklardaki dış kaynaklı diş renklenmelerinde kromojenik bakterilerin rolünün vurgulanması, bu renklenmelerin tedavilerinin ve alınabilecek önlemlerin gözden geçirilmesi ve klinisyenlerin bu konudaki mevcut bilgilerine katkı sağlanması amaçlanmaktadır.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
- Koch G, Petersson LG, Johnson G. Abrasive effect and fluorine uptake from polishing and prophylactic pastes. Swed Dent J 1975;68:1-7.
- Wilkins EM. Clinical practice of the dental hygienist. 8th edn. Philadelphia: Lippincott William & Wilkins; 1999. p. 603-11.
- Van Steenbergen TJ, Bosch Tijhof CJ, Petit MD, Van der Velden U. Intrafamilial transmission and distribution of Prevotella intermedia and Prevotella nigrescens. J Periodontal Res 1997;32:345-50.
- Ozmeric N, Unlu O, Mansuroğlu H. Siyah pigmente periodontal patojenlerin aile bireyleri arasındaki bulaşıcılığı. Atatürk Üniv Diş Hek Fak Derg 2001;1:37-41.
- Reid JS, Beeley JA, McDonald DG. Investigations into black extrinsic tooth stain. J Dent Res 1977;56:895-9.
- Jagannadham MV, Chattopadhyay MK, Shivaji S. The major carotenoid pigment of a psychrotrophic Micrococcus roseus strain: fluorescence properties of the pigment and its binding to membranes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1996;220:724-8.
- Kiuchi K. Floc formation in activated sludge. J Gen Appl Microbiol 1968;14:399-409.
- Bartels HA. A note on a chromogenic microorganism isolated from an orange colored deposit adhering to teeth. Am J Orthod Oral Surg 1939; 25:795-6.
- Hejazi A, Falkiner FR. Serratia marcescens. J Med Microbiol 1997;46:903-12.
- Williamson NR, Fineran PC, Leeper FJ, Salmond GP. The biosynthesis and regulation of bacterial prodiginines. Nat Rev Microbiol 2006;4:887-99.
- Hattab FN, Qudeimat MA, Al-Rimawi HS. Dental discoloration: an overview. J Esthet Dent 1999;11:291-9.
- Bussell RM, Deery C. Blue chromogenic dental staining in child with West syndrome. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent 2010;11:298-9.
- King EO, Ward MK, Raney DE. Two simple media for the demonstration of pyocyanin and fluorescein. J Lab Clin Med 1954;44:301-7.
- Eisenberg E. Anomalies of the teeth with stains and discolorations. J Prev Dent 1974;2:16-20.
- Leung SW. Naturally occurring stains on the teeth of children. J Am Dent Assoc 1950;41:191-7.
- Saiki K, Gomi T, Konishi K. Deletion and purification studies to elucidate the structure of the Actinobacillus actinomycetemcommitans cytolethal distending toxin. J Biochem 2004;136:335-42.
- Pearce MA, Devine DA, Dixon RA, Van Steenbergen TJ. Genetic heterogeneity in Prevotella intermedia, Prevotella nigrescens, Prevotella corporis and related species isolated from oral and nonoral sites. Oral Microbiol Immunol 2000;15:89–95.
- Tanaka S, Yoshida M, Murakami Y, Ogiwara T, Shoji M, Kobayashi S, et al. The relationship of Prevotella intermedia, Prevotella nigrescens and Prevotella melaninogenica in the supragingival plaque of children, caries and oral malodor. J Clin Pediatr Dent 2008;32,195-9.
- Smalley JW, Silver J, Birss AJ, Withnall R, Titler PJ. The heme pigment of oral anaerobes Prevotella nigrescens and Prevotella intermedia is composed of iron (III) protoporphyrin IX in the monomeric form. Microbiology 2003;149:1711-8.
- Okamoto K, Nakayama T, Kadowaki N, Abe DB, Ratnayake K. Involvement of a lysine-specific cysteine proteinase in hemoglobin adsorption and heme accumulation by Porphyromonas gingivalis. J Biol Chem 1998;273:21225–31.
- Frandsen EV, Poulsen K, Kilian M. Conformation of the species Prevotella intermedia and Prevotella nigrescens. Int J Syst Bacteriol 1995;45:429-35.
- Ruby JD, Li Y, Luo Y, Caufield PW. Genetic characterization of the oral Actinomyces. Arch Oral Biol 2002;47:457-63.
- Hall V, Collins MD, Lawson PA, Falsen E, Duerden B. Actinomyces dentalis spp. nov. from human dental abscess. Indian J Sleep Med 2005;55:427-31.
- Sarkonen N, Kononen E, Summanen P, Kononen M, Jousimies Somer H. Phenotypic identification of Actinomyces and related species isolated from human sources. J Clin Microbiol 2001;39:3955-61.
- Stenudd C, Nordlund A, Ryberg M, Johansson I, Kallestal C, Stromberg N. The association of bacterial adhesion with dental caries. J Dent Res 2001;80:2005-10.
- Costa MT, Dorta ML, Pimenta FC. Biofilms of black tooth stains: PCR analysis reveals presence of Streptococcus mutans. Braz Dent J 2012;23:555-8.
- Takashima Y, Matsumi Y, Yamasaki Y, Hirano K, Yanagida K, Fujita K, et al. Black pigmentation in primary dentition: Case report and literature review. Pediatr Dent J 2014;24:184-8.
- Slots J. The microflora of black stain on human primary teeth. Scand J Dent Res 1974;82:484–90.
- Prathap S, Rajesh H, Boloor VA, Rao AS. Extrinsic stains and management: a new insight. J Acad Indus Res 2013;1:432-5.
- Garan A. 6-12 yaş grubu çocuklarda kromojen bakterilere bağlı siyah dışsal renklenmelerin biyokimyasal ve mikrobiyolojik olarak incelenmesi [tez]. İstanbul: Marmara Üniversitesi; 2009.
- Martin G, Manuel J, Gonzalez Garcia M, Seoane Leston J, Llorente Pendas S, Diaz Martin JJ, et al. Prevalence of black stain and associated risk factors in preschool Spanish children. Pediatr Int 2013;55:355-9.
- Schuurs A. Pathology of the dental hard tissues. 1st edn. Chichester, West Sussex, UK: Wiley Blackwell; 2013. p. 245-8.
- Saba C, Solidani M, Berlutti F. Black stains in the mixed dentition: A PCR microbiological study of the etiopathogenic bacteria. J Clin Pediatr Dent 2006;30:219-24.
Ayrıntılar
| Konular | Sağlık Kurumları Yönetimi |
|---|---|
| Bölüm | Derleme |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 18 Ağustos 2016 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2016 Cilt: 33 Sayı: 3 |