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Early Childhood Caries and Candida Relationship

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 2, 116 - 123, 30.06.2022

Esra Özgöçmen Tuğba Yiğit

Öz

The primary risk factors of early childhood caries, which affect young children, are substrate, host, microorganism and time. In recent studies, increased Candida levels in the oral flora of children are associated with development of early childhood caries. Candida ssp. are pathogenic in relation to oral and systemic predisposing factors such as insufficient oral hygiene habits, tooth decay, malnutrition, high carbohydrate dietary habits, immunosuppression, long-term antibiotic treatment and radiation therapy. The pathogenicity of Candida ssp. depends on virulence factors such as adhesion, biofilm formation, germ tube formation, dimorphism, toxin production, enzyme synthesis, phenotypic switch and virulence encoding genes. Candida ssp. play a role in the pathogenesis of caries with carbohydrate fermentation, adhesion to tooth surfaces, biofilm formation, dentinal tubule penetration, enzyme synthesis, aciduricity and acidogenicity properties. In addition, symbiotic relationships between Candida ssp. and Streptococcus mutans cause the development of rapid onset common carious lesions. Studies show that Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis, Candida glabrata, Candida krusei and Candida dubliniensis are present in the oral flora of children with early childhood caries. The purpose of this review is to summarize the virulence factors of Candida ssp. and Candida ssp. associated with early childhood caries and to raise awareness on the subject.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Candida caries oral hygiene

Kaynakça

  • 1. Early Childhood Caries: IAPD Bangkok Declaration. Int J Paediatr Dent, 2019, 29(3):384-86.
  • 2. Gupta P, Gupta N, Pawar AP, Birajdar SS, Natt AS, Singh HP. Role of sugar and sugar substitutes in dental caries: a review. ISRN Dent. 2013; 2013: 519421.
  • 3. Tanner AC, Mathney JM, Kent RL, Chalmers NI, Hugles CV, Loo CY, et al. Cultivable anaerobic microbiota of severe early childhood caries. J Clin Microbiol. 2011; 49(4): 1464-74.
  • 4. De Carvalho FG, Silva DS, Hebling J, Spolidorio LC, Spolidorio DM. Presence of Mutans streptococci and Candida spp. in dental plaque/dentine of carious teeth and early childhood caries. Arch Oral Biol. 2006; 51(11): 1024-28.
  • 5. Thomas A, Mhambrey S, Chokshi K, Chokshi A, Jana S, Thakur S, et al. Association of oral Candida albicans with severe early childhood caries - a pilot study. J Clin Diagn Res. 2016; 10(8): 109-12.
  • 6. Nayak A, Nayak RN, Bhat K. Antifungal activity of a toothpaste containing Ganoderma lucidum against Candida albicans - an in vitro study. J Int Oral Health. 2010; 2(2): 51-7.
  • 7. Abacı Ö, Haliki A. Candida albicans’ın virulans faktörleri. Orlab On-Line Mikrobiyoloji Dergisi. 2004; 2(9): 1-8.
  • 8. Iwata K. Fungal toxins as a parasitic factor responsible for the establishment of fungal infections. Mycopathologia. 1978; 65(1-3):141-54.
  • 9. Cannon RD, Chaffin WL. Oral colonization by Candida albicans. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med. 1999; 10(3): 359-83.
  • 10. Staab JF, Bahn YS, Tai CH, Cook PF, Sundstrom P. Expression of transglutaminase substrate activity on Candida albicans germ tubes through a coiled, disulfide-bonded N-terminal domain of Hwp1 requires C-terminal glycosylphosphatidylinositol modification. J Biol Chem. 2004; 279(39): 40737-47.
  • 11. Fu Y, Rieg G, Fonzi WA, Belanger PH, Edwards JE Jr, Filler SG. Expression of the Candida albicans gene Als1 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae induces adherence to endothelial and epithelial cells. Infect Immun. 1998; 66(4): 1783-86.
  • 12. Odds, EC. Candida and Candidosis: A Review and Bibliography. 2nd ed. London: Bailliere-Tindall; 1988.
  • 13. Cottier F, Mühlschlegel FA. Sensing the environment: response of Candida albicans to the x factor. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 2009; 295(1): 1-9.
  • 14. Baillie GS, Douglas LJ. Candida biofilms and their susceptibility to antifungal agents. Methods Enzymol. 1999; 310: 644-56.
  • 15. Felk A, Kretschmar M, Albrecht A, Schaller M, Beinhauer S, Nichterlein T. et al. Candida albicans hyphal formation and the expression of the Efg1-regulated proteinases Sap4 to Sap6 are required for the invasion of parenchymal organs. Infect Immun. 2002; 70(7): 3689-3700.
  • 16. Ghannoum MA, Abu-Elteen KH. Pathogenicity determinants of Candida. Mycoses. 1990; 33(6): 265-82.
  • 17. Rüchel R, Tegeler R, Trost M. A comparison of secretory proteinases from different strains of Candida albicans. Sabouraudia. 1982; 20(3) :233-44.
  • 18. Hagihara Y, Kaminishi H, Cho T, Tanaka M, Kaita H. Degradation of human dentine collagen by an enzyme produced by the yeast Candida albicans. Arch Oral Biol. 1988; 33(8): 617-19.
  • 19. Li W, Yu D, Gao S, Lin J, Chen Z, Zhao W. Role of Candida albicans-secreted aspartyl proteinases (Saps)in severe early childhood caries. Int J Mol Sci. 2014; 15(6): 10766-99.
  • 20. Sen BH, Safavi KE, Spangberg LS. Colonization of Candida albicans on cleaned human dental hard tissues. ArchOral Biol. 1997; 42(7): 513-20.
  • 21. Seneviratne CJ, Wang Y, Jin L, Abiko Y, Samaranayake LP. Candida albicans biofilm formation is associated with increased anti-oxidative capacities. Proteomics. 2008; 8(14): 2936-47.
  • 22. Slutsky B, Staebell M, Anderson J, Risen L, Pfaller M, Soll DR. White-opaque transition: a second high-frequency switching system in Candida albicans. J Bacteriol. 1987; 169(1): 189-97.
  • 23. Falsetta ML, Klein MI, Colonne PM, Scott-Anne K, Gregoire S, Pai CH, et al. Symbiotic relationship between Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans synergizes virulence of plaque biofilms in vivo. Infect Immun. 2014; 82(5): 1968-81.
  • 24. Ellepola K, Liu Y, Cao T, Koo H, Seneviratne CJ. Bacterial GtfB augments Candida albicans accumulation in cross-kingdom biofilms. J Dent Res. 2017; 96(10): 1129-35.
  • 25. Gregoire S, Xiao J, Silva BB, Gonzalez I, Agidi PS, Klein MI, et al. Role of glucosyltransferase B in interactions of Candida albicans with Streptococcus mutans and with an experimental pellicle on hydroxyapatite surfaces. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2011; 77(18): 6357-67.
  • 26. Qiu R, Li W, Lin Y, Yu D, Zhao W. Genotypic diversity and cariogenicity of Candida albicans from children with early childhood caries and caries-free children. BMC Oral Health. 2015; 15(1): 144.
  • 27. Klinke T, Urban M, Lück C, Hannig C, Kuhn M, Kramer N. Changes in Candida spp., Mutans Streptococci and Lactobacilli following treatment of early childhood caries: a 1-year follow-up. Caries Res. 2014; 48(1): 24-31.
  • 28. Kneist S, Borutta A, Sigusch BW, Nietzsche S, Küpper H, Kostrzewa M et al. First-time isolation of Candida dubliniensis from plaque and carious dentine of primary teeth. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent. 2015; 16(4): 365-70.
  • 29. Klinke T, Kneist S, de Soet JJ, Kuhlisch E, Mauersberger S, Forster A, et al. Acid production by oral strains of Candida albicans and lactobacilli. Caries Res. 2009; 43(2): 83-91.
  • 30. Melo NR, Taguchi H, Culhari VP, Kamei K., Mikami Y., Simith SN., et al. Oral candidiasis of HIV- infected children undergoing sequential HIV therapies. Med Mycol. 2009; 47(2): 149-56.
  • 31. Bhai N, Tendolkar U, Baradkar V, Mathur M, Kulkarni M. Paediatric oropharyngeal and cutaneous candidiasis with special reference to Candida dubliniensis. J Med Microbiol. 2014; 63(4): 518–21.
  • 32. Al-Ahmad A, Auschill TM, Dakhel R, Wittmer A, Pelz K, Heumann C, et al. Prevalence of Candida albicans and Candida dubliniensis in caries-free and caries-active children in relation to the oral microbiota-a clinical study. Clin Oral Investig. 2016; 20(8): 1963-71.
  • 33. Kumar K, Prakash A, Tasleem M, Islam A, Ahmad F, Hassan MI. Functional annotation of putative hypothetical proteins from Candida dubliniensis. Gene. 2014; 543(1): 93-100.
  • 34. Portela MB, Lima de Amorim E, Santos AM, Alexandre da Rocha Curvelo J, de Oliveira Martins K, Capillé CL, et al. Candida species from oral cavity of HIV-infected children exhibit reduced virulence factors in the HAART era. Microb Pathog. 2017; 102: 74-81.
  • 35. Coco BJ, Bagg J, Cross LJ, Jose A, Cross J, Ramage G. Mixed Candida albicans and Candida glabrata populations associated with the pathogenesis of denture stomatitis. Oral Microbiol Immunol. 2008; 23(5): 377-83.
  • 36. Parahitiyawa NB, Samaranayake YH, Samaranayake LP, Ye J, Tsang PW, Cheung BP, et al. Interspecies variation in Candida biofilms formation studied using the calgary biofilms device. APMIS. 2006; 114(4): 298-306.
  • 37. Silva S, Negri M, Henriques M, Oliveira R, Williams DW, Azeredo J. Adherence and biofilm formation of non-Candida albicans Candida species. Trends Microbiol. 2011; 19(5): 241-47.
  • 38. Dixon TC, Steinbach WJ, Benjamin DK Jr, Williams LW, Myers LA. Disseminated Candida tropicalis in a patient with chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis. South Med J. 2004; 97(8): 788-90.
  • 39. Sapaar B, Nur A, Hirota K, Yumoto H, Murakami K, Amoh T, et al. Effects of extracellular DNA from Candida albicans and pneumonia-related pathogens on Candida biofilm formation and hyphal transformation. J Appl Microbiol. 2014; 116(6): 1531-42.

Erken Çocukluk Çağı Çürüğü ve Candida İlişkisi

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 2, 116 - 123, 30.06.2022

Esra Özgöçmen Tuğba Yiğit

Öz

Küçük yaştaki çocukları etkileyen erken çocukluk çağı çürüğünün öncül risk faktörleri substrat, konak, mikroorganizma ve zamandır. Son yıllarda yapılan çalışmalarda çocukların ağız florasındaki artmış Candida seviyeleri erken çocukluk çağı çürüğü gelişimiyle ilişkilendirilmektedir. Candida’lar ağız hijyeni alışkanlıkları, diş çürüğü, yetersiz beslenme, yüksek karbonhidrat içerikli diyet, immünosupresyon, uzun süreli antibiyotik kullanımı ve radyasyon tedavisi gibi oral ve sistemik predispozan faktörlere bağlı olarak patojen özellik göstermektedir. Candida’ların patojenitesi adezyon yapma, biyofilm oluşturma, germ tüp oluşturma, dimorfizm, toksin üretimi, enzim sentezleme, fenotip değişimi ve virülans kodlayan genler gibi virülans faktörlere bağlıdır. Candida’lar karbonhidrat fermentasyonu, diş yüzeylerine adezyon yapma, biyofilm oluşturma, dentin tübüllerini penetre etme, enzim sentezleme, asidojenik ve asidürük olma özellikleriyle çürük patogenezinde rol almaktadır. Ayrıca Candida’lar ile Streptococcus mutans arasındaki simbiyotik etkileşimler hızlı başlangıçlı yaygın çürük lezyonlarının gelişimine neden olmaktadır. Yapılan çalışmalarda erken çocukluk çağı çürüğü gözlenen çocukların ağız florasında Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis, Candida glabrata, Candida krusei ve Candida dubliniensis türlerinin bulunduğu belirtilmektedir. Bu derlemenin amacı Candida’ların virülans faktörlerini ve erken çocukluk çağı çürüğü ile ilişkili Candida türlerini özetlemek ve konuyla ilgili farkındalık oluşturmaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

candida diş çürüğü oral hijyen

Kaynakça

  • 1. Early Childhood Caries: IAPD Bangkok Declaration. Int J Paediatr Dent, 2019, 29(3):384-86.
  • 2. Gupta P, Gupta N, Pawar AP, Birajdar SS, Natt AS, Singh HP. Role of sugar and sugar substitutes in dental caries: a review. ISRN Dent. 2013; 2013: 519421.
  • 3. Tanner AC, Mathney JM, Kent RL, Chalmers NI, Hugles CV, Loo CY, et al. Cultivable anaerobic microbiota of severe early childhood caries. J Clin Microbiol. 2011; 49(4): 1464-74.
  • 4. De Carvalho FG, Silva DS, Hebling J, Spolidorio LC, Spolidorio DM. Presence of Mutans streptococci and Candida spp. in dental plaque/dentine of carious teeth and early childhood caries. Arch Oral Biol. 2006; 51(11): 1024-28.
  • 5. Thomas A, Mhambrey S, Chokshi K, Chokshi A, Jana S, Thakur S, et al. Association of oral Candida albicans with severe early childhood caries - a pilot study. J Clin Diagn Res. 2016; 10(8): 109-12.
  • 6. Nayak A, Nayak RN, Bhat K. Antifungal activity of a toothpaste containing Ganoderma lucidum against Candida albicans - an in vitro study. J Int Oral Health. 2010; 2(2): 51-7.
  • 7. Abacı Ö, Haliki A. Candida albicans’ın virulans faktörleri. Orlab On-Line Mikrobiyoloji Dergisi. 2004; 2(9): 1-8.
  • 8. Iwata K. Fungal toxins as a parasitic factor responsible for the establishment of fungal infections. Mycopathologia. 1978; 65(1-3):141-54.
  • 9. Cannon RD, Chaffin WL. Oral colonization by Candida albicans. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med. 1999; 10(3): 359-83.
  • 10. Staab JF, Bahn YS, Tai CH, Cook PF, Sundstrom P. Expression of transglutaminase substrate activity on Candida albicans germ tubes through a coiled, disulfide-bonded N-terminal domain of Hwp1 requires C-terminal glycosylphosphatidylinositol modification. J Biol Chem. 2004; 279(39): 40737-47.
  • 11. Fu Y, Rieg G, Fonzi WA, Belanger PH, Edwards JE Jr, Filler SG. Expression of the Candida albicans gene Als1 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae induces adherence to endothelial and epithelial cells. Infect Immun. 1998; 66(4): 1783-86.
  • 12. Odds, EC. Candida and Candidosis: A Review and Bibliography. 2nd ed. London: Bailliere-Tindall; 1988.
  • 13. Cottier F, Mühlschlegel FA. Sensing the environment: response of Candida albicans to the x factor. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 2009; 295(1): 1-9.
  • 14. Baillie GS, Douglas LJ. Candida biofilms and their susceptibility to antifungal agents. Methods Enzymol. 1999; 310: 644-56.
  • 15. Felk A, Kretschmar M, Albrecht A, Schaller M, Beinhauer S, Nichterlein T. et al. Candida albicans hyphal formation and the expression of the Efg1-regulated proteinases Sap4 to Sap6 are required for the invasion of parenchymal organs. Infect Immun. 2002; 70(7): 3689-3700.
  • 16. Ghannoum MA, Abu-Elteen KH. Pathogenicity determinants of Candida. Mycoses. 1990; 33(6): 265-82.
  • 17. Rüchel R, Tegeler R, Trost M. A comparison of secretory proteinases from different strains of Candida albicans. Sabouraudia. 1982; 20(3) :233-44.
  • 18. Hagihara Y, Kaminishi H, Cho T, Tanaka M, Kaita H. Degradation of human dentine collagen by an enzyme produced by the yeast Candida albicans. Arch Oral Biol. 1988; 33(8): 617-19.
  • 19. Li W, Yu D, Gao S, Lin J, Chen Z, Zhao W. Role of Candida albicans-secreted aspartyl proteinases (Saps)in severe early childhood caries. Int J Mol Sci. 2014; 15(6): 10766-99.
  • 20. Sen BH, Safavi KE, Spangberg LS. Colonization of Candida albicans on cleaned human dental hard tissues. ArchOral Biol. 1997; 42(7): 513-20.
  • 21. Seneviratne CJ, Wang Y, Jin L, Abiko Y, Samaranayake LP. Candida albicans biofilm formation is associated with increased anti-oxidative capacities. Proteomics. 2008; 8(14): 2936-47.
  • 22. Slutsky B, Staebell M, Anderson J, Risen L, Pfaller M, Soll DR. White-opaque transition: a second high-frequency switching system in Candida albicans. J Bacteriol. 1987; 169(1): 189-97.
  • 23. Falsetta ML, Klein MI, Colonne PM, Scott-Anne K, Gregoire S, Pai CH, et al. Symbiotic relationship between Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans synergizes virulence of plaque biofilms in vivo. Infect Immun. 2014; 82(5): 1968-81.
  • 24. Ellepola K, Liu Y, Cao T, Koo H, Seneviratne CJ. Bacterial GtfB augments Candida albicans accumulation in cross-kingdom biofilms. J Dent Res. 2017; 96(10): 1129-35.
  • 25. Gregoire S, Xiao J, Silva BB, Gonzalez I, Agidi PS, Klein MI, et al. Role of glucosyltransferase B in interactions of Candida albicans with Streptococcus mutans and with an experimental pellicle on hydroxyapatite surfaces. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2011; 77(18): 6357-67.
  • 26. Qiu R, Li W, Lin Y, Yu D, Zhao W. Genotypic diversity and cariogenicity of Candida albicans from children with early childhood caries and caries-free children. BMC Oral Health. 2015; 15(1): 144.
  • 27. Klinke T, Urban M, Lück C, Hannig C, Kuhn M, Kramer N. Changes in Candida spp., Mutans Streptococci and Lactobacilli following treatment of early childhood caries: a 1-year follow-up. Caries Res. 2014; 48(1): 24-31.
  • 28. Kneist S, Borutta A, Sigusch BW, Nietzsche S, Küpper H, Kostrzewa M et al. First-time isolation of Candida dubliniensis from plaque and carious dentine of primary teeth. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent. 2015; 16(4): 365-70.
  • 29. Klinke T, Kneist S, de Soet JJ, Kuhlisch E, Mauersberger S, Forster A, et al. Acid production by oral strains of Candida albicans and lactobacilli. Caries Res. 2009; 43(2): 83-91.
  • 30. Melo NR, Taguchi H, Culhari VP, Kamei K., Mikami Y., Simith SN., et al. Oral candidiasis of HIV- infected children undergoing sequential HIV therapies. Med Mycol. 2009; 47(2): 149-56.
  • 31. Bhai N, Tendolkar U, Baradkar V, Mathur M, Kulkarni M. Paediatric oropharyngeal and cutaneous candidiasis with special reference to Candida dubliniensis. J Med Microbiol. 2014; 63(4): 518–21.
  • 32. Al-Ahmad A, Auschill TM, Dakhel R, Wittmer A, Pelz K, Heumann C, et al. Prevalence of Candida albicans and Candida dubliniensis in caries-free and caries-active children in relation to the oral microbiota-a clinical study. Clin Oral Investig. 2016; 20(8): 1963-71.
  • 33. Kumar K, Prakash A, Tasleem M, Islam A, Ahmad F, Hassan MI. Functional annotation of putative hypothetical proteins from Candida dubliniensis. Gene. 2014; 543(1): 93-100.
  • 34. Portela MB, Lima de Amorim E, Santos AM, Alexandre da Rocha Curvelo J, de Oliveira Martins K, Capillé CL, et al. Candida species from oral cavity of HIV-infected children exhibit reduced virulence factors in the HAART era. Microb Pathog. 2017; 102: 74-81.
  • 35. Coco BJ, Bagg J, Cross LJ, Jose A, Cross J, Ramage G. Mixed Candida albicans and Candida glabrata populations associated with the pathogenesis of denture stomatitis. Oral Microbiol Immunol. 2008; 23(5): 377-83.
  • 36. Parahitiyawa NB, Samaranayake YH, Samaranayake LP, Ye J, Tsang PW, Cheung BP, et al. Interspecies variation in Candida biofilms formation studied using the calgary biofilms device. APMIS. 2006; 114(4): 298-306.
  • 37. Silva S, Negri M, Henriques M, Oliveira R, Williams DW, Azeredo J. Adherence and biofilm formation of non-Candida albicans Candida species. Trends Microbiol. 2011; 19(5): 241-47.
  • 38. Dixon TC, Steinbach WJ, Benjamin DK Jr, Williams LW, Myers LA. Disseminated Candida tropicalis in a patient with chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis. South Med J. 2004; 97(8): 788-90.
  • 39. Sapaar B, Nur A, Hirota K, Yumoto H, Murakami K, Amoh T, et al. Effects of extracellular DNA from Candida albicans and pneumonia-related pathogens on Candida biofilm formation and hyphal transformation. J Appl Microbiol. 2014; 116(6): 1531-42.
Toplam 39 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Diş Hekimliği
Bölüm Pediatric Dentistry
Yazarlar

Esra Özgöçmen 0000-0002-8136-082X

Tuğba Yiğit 0000-0002-8742-9031

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Haziran 2022
Gönderilme Tarihi 26 Ocak 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 4 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

Vancouver Özgöçmen E, Yiğit T. Erken Çocukluk Çağı Çürüğü ve Candida İlişkisi. Dent & Med J - R. 2022;4(2):116-23.
 Kapak Resmi İndir



"Dünyada herşey için, medeniyet için, hayat için, başarı için en gerçek yol gösterici ilimdir, fendir. İlim ve fennin dışında yol gösterici aramak gaflettir, cahilliktir, doğru yoldan sapmaktır. Yalnız ilmin ve fenin yaşadığımız her dakikadaki safhalarının gelişimini anlamak ve ilerlemeleri zamanında takip etmek şarttır. Bin, iki bin, binlerce yıl önceki ilim ve fen lisanının koyduğu kuralları, şu kadar bin yıl sonra bugün aynen uygulamaya kalkışmak elbette ilim ve fennin içinde bulunmak değildir."

M. Kemal ATATÜRK