PERİODONTAL HASTALIK VE COVID-19 ARASINDAKİ İLİŞKİ MEKANİZMALARI

Aysan Lektemür Alpan

Derleme

RELATIONSHIP MECHANISMS BETWEEN PERIODONTAL DISEASE AND COVID-19

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 1, 48 - 58, 28.02.2022

Aysan Lektemür Alpan

Öz

Periodontal disease is a chronic multifactorial infectious and inflammatory disease associated with various chronic systemic diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases (CVD), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), hypertension, Alzheimer's disease. The same systemic diseases have also been associated with serious COVID-19 infections. Several recent studies have proposed hypotheses for the potential relationship between periodontal disease and severe COVID-19. All this supports the importance of good oral health during the COVID-19 era. Therefore, new strategies to identify and treat patients at risk of periodontal disease may be beneficial to reduce the severity and transmission of COVID-19.

Anahtar Kelimeler

COVID-19, oral hygiene, periodontal disease, periodontitis

Kaynakça

1. Helmi MF, Huang H, Goodson JM, Hasturk H, Tavares M, Natto ZS. Prevalence of periodontitis and alveolar bone loss in a patient population at Harvard School of Dental Medicine. BMC Oral Health. 2019;19(1):254.
2. Shi M, Wei Y, Hu W, Nie Y, Wu X, Lu R. The Subgingival Microbiome of Periodontal Pockets With Different Probing Depths in Chronic and Aggressive Periodontitis: A Pilot Study. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2018;8:124.
3. Slots J. Periodontitis: facts, fallacies and the future. Periodontol 2000. 2017;75(1):7-23.
4. Sanz M, Ceriello A, Buysschaert M, Chapple I, Demmer RT, Graziani F, et al. Scientific evidence on the links between periodontal diseases and diabetes: Consensus report and guidelines of the joint workshop on periodontal diseases and diabetes by the International diabetes Federation and the European Federation of Periodontology. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2018;137:231-41.
5. Sanz M, Marco Del Castillo A, Jepsen S, Gonzalez-Juanatey JR, D'Aiuto F, Bouchard P, et al. Periodontitis and cardiovascular diseases: Consensus report. J Clin Periodontol. 2020;47(3):268-88.
6. Gomes-Filho IS, Cruz SSD, Trindade SC, Passos-Soares JS, Carvalho-Filho PC, Figueiredo A, et al. Periodontitis and respiratory diseases: A systematic review with meta-analysis. Oral Dis. 2020;26(2):439-46.
7. Heikkila P, But A, Sorsa T, Haukka J. Periodontitis and cancer mortality: Register-based cohort study of 68,273 adults in 10-year follow-up. Int J Cancer. 2018;142(11):2244-53.
8. Yang J, Zheng Y, Gou X, Pu K, Chen Z, Guo Q, et al. Prevalence of comorbidities and its effects in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Infect Dis. 2020;94:91-5.
9. Xu L, Mao Y, Chen G. Risk factors for 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) patients progressing to critical illness: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Aging (Albany NY). 2020;12(12):12410-21.
10. Pitones-Rubio V, Chavez-Cortez EG, Hurtado-Camarena A, Gonzalez-Rascon A, Serafin-Higuera N. Is periodontal disease a risk factor for severe COVID-19 illness? Med Hypotheses. 2020;144:109969.
11. Hajishengallis G. Periodontitis: from microbial immune subversion to systemic inflammation. Nat Rev Immunol. 2015;15(1):30-44.
12. Badran Z, Gaudin A, Struillou X, Amador G, Soueidan A. Periodontal pockets: A potential reservoir for SARS-CoV-2? Med Hypotheses. 2020;143:109907.
13. Sahni V, Gupta S. COVID-19 & Periodontitis: The cytokine connection. Med Hypotheses. 2020;144:109908.
14. Lo Giudice R. The Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS CoV-2) in Dentistry. Management of Biological Risk in Dental Practice. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(9).
15. Lupia T, Scabini S, Mornese Pinna S, Di Perri G, De Rosa FG, Corcione S. 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) outbreak: A new challenge. J Glob Antimicrob Resist. 2020;21:22-7.
16. Astuti I, Ysrafil. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2): An overview of viral structure and host response. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2020;14(4):407-12.
17. Petruzzi G, De Virgilio A, Pichi B, Mazzola F, Zocchi J, Mercante G, et al. COVID-19: Nasal and oropharyngeal swab. Head Neck. 2020;42(6):1303-4.
18. Bullis SSM, Crothers JW, Wayne S, Hale AJ. A cautionary tale of false-negative nasopharyngeal COVID-19 testing. IDCases. 2020;20:e00791.
19. Wang W, Xu Y, Gao R, Lu R, Han K, Wu G, et al. Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in Different Types of Clinical Specimens. JAMA. 2020;323(18):1843-4.
20. Lan L, Xu D, Ye G, Xia C, Wang S, Li Y, et al. Positive RT-PCR Test Results in Patients Recovered From COVID-19. JAMA. 2020;323(15):1502-3.
21. Ye G, Pan Z, Pan Y, Deng Q, Chen L, Li J, et al. Clinical characteristics of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 reactivation. J Infect. 2020;80(5):e14-e7.
22. Madapusi Balaji T, Varadarajan S, Rao USV, Raj AT, Patil S, Arakeri G, et al. Oral cancer and periodontal disease increase the risk of COVID 19? A mechanism mediated through furin and cathepsin overexpression. Med Hypotheses. 2020;144:109936.
23. Fernandes Matuck B, Dolhnikoff M, Maia GVA, Isaac Sendyk D, Zarpellon A, Costa Gomes S, et al. Periodontal tissues are targets for Sars-Cov-2: a post-mortem study. J Oral Microbiol. 2020;13(1):1848135.
24. Gupta S, Mohindra R, Chauhan PK, Singla V, Goyal K, Sahni V, et al. SARS-CoV-2 Detection in Gingival Crevicular Fluid. J Dent Res. 2021;100(2):187-93.
25. Zou X, Chen K, Zou J, Han P, Hao J, Han Z. Single-cell RNA-seq data analysis on the receptor ACE2 expression reveals the potential risk of different human organs vulnerable to 2019-nCoV infection. Front Med. 2020;14(2):185-92.
26. Izaguirre G. The Proteolytic Regulation of Virus Cell Entry by Furin and Other Proprotein Convertases. Viruses. 2019;11(9).
27. Zhong M LB, Gao H, Young AJ, Wang X, Liu C, Wu K, Liu M, Chen J, Huang J, Lee L, Qi C, Ge L, Wang L. Significant expression of FURIN and ACE2 on oral epithelial cells may facilitate the efficiency of SARS-CoV-2 entry. bioRxiv. 2020.
28. Santos CF, Morandini AC, Dionisio TJ, Faria FA, Lima MC, Figueiredo CM, et al. Functional Local Renin-Angiotensin System in Human and Rat Periodontal Tissue. PLoS One. 2015;10(8):e0134601.
29. Liu L, Wei Q, Alvarez X, Wang H, Du Y, Zhu H, et al. Epithelial cells lining salivary gland ducts are early target cells of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection in the upper respiratory tracts of rhesus macaques. J Virol. 2011;85(8):4025-30.
30. Oliveira SHP, Brito VGB, Frasnelli SCT, Ribeiro BDS, Ferreira MN, Queiroz DP, et al. Aliskiren Attenuates the Inflammatory Response and Wound Healing Process in Diabetic Mice With Periodontal Disease. Front Pharmacol. 2019;10:708.
31. To KK, Tsang OT, Yip CC, Chan KH, Wu TC, Chan JM, et al. Consistent Detection of 2019 Novel Coronavirus in Saliva. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;71(15):841-3.
32. Wang K, Chen W, Zhang Z, Deng Y, Lian JQ, Du P, et al. CD147-spike protein is a novel route for SARS-CoV-2 infection to host cells. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2020;5(1):283.
33. Gabison EE, Hoang-Xuan T, Mauviel A, Menashi S. EMMPRIN/CD147, an MMP modulator in cancer, development and tissue repair. Biochimie. 2005;87(3-4):361-8.
34. Dong W, Xiang J, Li C, Cao Z, Huang Z. Increased expression of extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer is associated with matrix metalloproteinase-1 and -2 in gingival tissues from patients with periodontitis. J Periodontal Res. 2009;44(1):125-32.
35. Feldman M, La VD, Lombardo Bedran TB, Palomari Spolidorio DM, Grenier D. Porphyromonas gingivalis-mediated shedding of extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer (EMMPRIN) by oral epithelial cells: a potential role in inflammatory periodontal disease. Microbes Infect. 2011;13(14-15):1261-9.
36. Emingil G, Tervahartiala T, Mantyla P, Maatta M, Sorsa T, Atilla G. Gingival crevicular fluid matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-7, extracellular MMP inducer, and tissue inhibitor of MMP-1 levels in periodontal disease. J Periodontol. 2006;77(12):2040-50.
37. Liccardo D, Cannavo A, Spagnuolo G, Ferrara N, Cittadini A, Rengo C, et al. Periodontal Disease: A Risk Factor for Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease. Int J Mol Sci. 2019;20(6).
38. Graves D. Cytokines that promote periodontal tissue destruction. J Periodontol. 2008;79(8 Suppl):1585-91.
39. Mahajan N, Bahl A, Dhawan V. C-reactive protein (CRP) up-regulates expression of receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) and its inflammatory ligand EN-RAGE in THP-1 cells: inhibitory effects of atorvastatin. Int J Cardiol. 2010;142(3):273-8.
40. Ozaki K, Inoue K, Sato H, Iida A, Ohnishi Y, Sekine A, et al. Functional variation in LGALS2 confers risk of myocardial infarction and regulates lymphotoxin-alpha secretion in vitro. Nature. 2004;429(6987):72-5.
41. Kara C, Celen K, Dede FO, Gokmenoglu C, Kara NB. Is periodontal disease a risk factor for developing severe Covid-19 infection? The potential role of Galectin-3. Exp Biol Med (Maywood). 2020;245(16):1425-7.
42. Caniglia JL, Guda MR, Asuthkar S, Tsung AJ, Velpula KK. A potential role for Galectin-3 inhibitors in the treatment of COVID-19. PeerJ. 2020;8:e9392.
43. Wang WH, Lin CY, Chang MR, Urbina AN, Assavalapsakul W, Thitithanyanont A, et al. The role of galectins in virus infection - A systemic literature review. J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 2020;53(6):925-35.
44. Dewhirst FE, Chen T, Izard J, Paster BJ, Tanner AC, Yu WH, et al. The human oral microbiome. J Bacteriol. 2010;192(19):5002-17.
45. Bassis CM, Erb-Downward JR, Dickson RP, Freeman CM, Schmidt TM, Young VB, et al. Analysis of the upper respiratory tract microbiotas as the source of the lung and gastric microbiotas in healthy individuals. mBio. 2015;6(2):e00037.
46. Olsen I. From the Acta Prize Lecture 2014: the periodontal-systemic connection seen from a microbiological standpoint. Acta Odontol Scand. 2015;73(8):563-8.
47. Kumar PS. From focal sepsis to periodontal medicine: a century of exploring the role of the oral microbiome in systemic disease. J Physiol. 2017;595(2):465-76.
48. Benedyk M, Mydel PM, Delaleu N, Plaza K, Gawron K, Milewska A, et al. Gingipains: Critical Factors in the Development of Aspiration Pneumonia Caused by Porphyromonas gingivalis. J Innate Immun. 2016;8(2):185-98.
49. Chen Y, Zhou R, Yi Z, Li Y, Fu Y, Zhang Y, et al. Porphyromonas gingivalis induced inflammatory responses and promoted apoptosis in lung epithelial cells infected with H1N1 via the Bcl2/Bax/Caspase3 signaling pathway. Mol Med Rep. 2018;18(1):97-104.
50. Connolly E, Millhouse E, Doyle R, Culshaw S, Ramage G, Moran GP. The Porphyromonas gingivalis hemagglutinins HagB and HagC are major mediators of adhesion and biofilm formation. Mol Oral Microbiol. 2017;32(1):35-47.
51. Zumla A, Wang FS, Ippolito G, Petrosillo N, Agrati C, Azhar EI, et al. Reducing mortality and morbidity in patients with severe COVID-19 disease by advancing ongoing trials of Mesenchymal Stromal (stem) Cell (MSC) therapy - Achieving global consensus and visibility for cellular host-directed therapies. Int J Infect Dis. 2020;96:431-9.
52. Kadkhodazadeh M, Amid R, Moscowchi A. Does COVID-19 Affect Periodontal and Peri-Implant Diseases? J Long Term Eff Med Implants. 2020;30(1):1-2.
53. Martin Carreras-Presas C, Amaro Sanchez J, Lopez-Sanchez AF, Jane-Salas E, Somacarrera Perez ML. Oral vesiculobullous lesions associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Oral Dis. 2021;27 Suppl 3:710-2.
54. Mombelli A. Maintenance therapy for teeth and implants. Periodontol 2000. 2019;79(1):190-9.
55. Bao L, Zhang C, Dong J, Zhao L, Li Y, Sun J. Oral Microbiome and SARS-CoV-2: Beware of Lung Co-infection. Front Microbiol. 2020;11:1840.

PERİODONTAL HASTALIK VE COVID-19 ARASINDAKİ İLİŞKİ MEKANİZMALARI

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 1, 48 - 58, 28.02.2022

Aysan Lektemür Alpan

Öz

Periodontal hastalık; diyabet, kardiyovasküler hastalıklar (CVD), kronik obstrüktif akciğer hastalığı (KOAH), hipertansiyon, Alzheimer hastalığı gibi çeşitli kronik sistemik hastalıklarla ilişkili kronik çok faktörlü enfeksiyöz ve enflamatuvar bir hastalıktır. Aynı sistemik hastalıklar, ciddi COVID-19 enfeksiyonları ile de ilişkilendirilmiştir. Son zamanlarda yapılan birkaç çalışma, periodontal hastalık ile şiddetli COVID-19 arasındaki potansiyel ilişki için hipotezler önermiştir. Tüm bunlar, COVID-19 döneminde de iyi ağız sağlığının önemini desteklemektedir. Bu nedenle, periodontal hastalık riski altındaki hastaları belirlemeye ve tedavi etmeye yönelik yeni stratejiler, COVID-19 şiddetini ve bulaşını azalmak adına faydalı olabilir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

COVID-19, oral hijyen, periodontal hastalık, periodontitis

Kaynakça

1. Helmi MF, Huang H, Goodson JM, Hasturk H, Tavares M, Natto ZS. Prevalence of periodontitis and alveolar bone loss in a patient population at Harvard School of Dental Medicine. BMC Oral Health. 2019;19(1):254.
2. Shi M, Wei Y, Hu W, Nie Y, Wu X, Lu R. The Subgingival Microbiome of Periodontal Pockets With Different Probing Depths in Chronic and Aggressive Periodontitis: A Pilot Study. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2018;8:124.
3. Slots J. Periodontitis: facts, fallacies and the future. Periodontol 2000. 2017;75(1):7-23.
4. Sanz M, Ceriello A, Buysschaert M, Chapple I, Demmer RT, Graziani F, et al. Scientific evidence on the links between periodontal diseases and diabetes: Consensus report and guidelines of the joint workshop on periodontal diseases and diabetes by the International diabetes Federation and the European Federation of Periodontology. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2018;137:231-41.
5. Sanz M, Marco Del Castillo A, Jepsen S, Gonzalez-Juanatey JR, D'Aiuto F, Bouchard P, et al. Periodontitis and cardiovascular diseases: Consensus report. J Clin Periodontol. 2020;47(3):268-88.
6. Gomes-Filho IS, Cruz SSD, Trindade SC, Passos-Soares JS, Carvalho-Filho PC, Figueiredo A, et al. Periodontitis and respiratory diseases: A systematic review with meta-analysis. Oral Dis. 2020;26(2):439-46.
7. Heikkila P, But A, Sorsa T, Haukka J. Periodontitis and cancer mortality: Register-based cohort study of 68,273 adults in 10-year follow-up. Int J Cancer. 2018;142(11):2244-53.
8. Yang J, Zheng Y, Gou X, Pu K, Chen Z, Guo Q, et al. Prevalence of comorbidities and its effects in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Infect Dis. 2020;94:91-5.
9. Xu L, Mao Y, Chen G. Risk factors for 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) patients progressing to critical illness: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Aging (Albany NY). 2020;12(12):12410-21.
10. Pitones-Rubio V, Chavez-Cortez EG, Hurtado-Camarena A, Gonzalez-Rascon A, Serafin-Higuera N. Is periodontal disease a risk factor for severe COVID-19 illness? Med Hypotheses. 2020;144:109969.
11. Hajishengallis G. Periodontitis: from microbial immune subversion to systemic inflammation. Nat Rev Immunol. 2015;15(1):30-44.
12. Badran Z, Gaudin A, Struillou X, Amador G, Soueidan A. Periodontal pockets: A potential reservoir for SARS-CoV-2? Med Hypotheses. 2020;143:109907.
13. Sahni V, Gupta S. COVID-19 & Periodontitis: The cytokine connection. Med Hypotheses. 2020;144:109908.
14. Lo Giudice R. The Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS CoV-2) in Dentistry. Management of Biological Risk in Dental Practice. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(9).
15. Lupia T, Scabini S, Mornese Pinna S, Di Perri G, De Rosa FG, Corcione S. 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) outbreak: A new challenge. J Glob Antimicrob Resist. 2020;21:22-7.
16. Astuti I, Ysrafil. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2): An overview of viral structure and host response. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2020;14(4):407-12.
17. Petruzzi G, De Virgilio A, Pichi B, Mazzola F, Zocchi J, Mercante G, et al. COVID-19: Nasal and oropharyngeal swab. Head Neck. 2020;42(6):1303-4.
18. Bullis SSM, Crothers JW, Wayne S, Hale AJ. A cautionary tale of false-negative nasopharyngeal COVID-19 testing. IDCases. 2020;20:e00791.
19. Wang W, Xu Y, Gao R, Lu R, Han K, Wu G, et al. Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in Different Types of Clinical Specimens. JAMA. 2020;323(18):1843-4.
20. Lan L, Xu D, Ye G, Xia C, Wang S, Li Y, et al. Positive RT-PCR Test Results in Patients Recovered From COVID-19. JAMA. 2020;323(15):1502-3.
21. Ye G, Pan Z, Pan Y, Deng Q, Chen L, Li J, et al. Clinical characteristics of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 reactivation. J Infect. 2020;80(5):e14-e7.
22. Madapusi Balaji T, Varadarajan S, Rao USV, Raj AT, Patil S, Arakeri G, et al. Oral cancer and periodontal disease increase the risk of COVID 19? A mechanism mediated through furin and cathepsin overexpression. Med Hypotheses. 2020;144:109936.
23. Fernandes Matuck B, Dolhnikoff M, Maia GVA, Isaac Sendyk D, Zarpellon A, Costa Gomes S, et al. Periodontal tissues are targets for Sars-Cov-2: a post-mortem study. J Oral Microbiol. 2020;13(1):1848135.
24. Gupta S, Mohindra R, Chauhan PK, Singla V, Goyal K, Sahni V, et al. SARS-CoV-2 Detection in Gingival Crevicular Fluid. J Dent Res. 2021;100(2):187-93.
25. Zou X, Chen K, Zou J, Han P, Hao J, Han Z. Single-cell RNA-seq data analysis on the receptor ACE2 expression reveals the potential risk of different human organs vulnerable to 2019-nCoV infection. Front Med. 2020;14(2):185-92.
26. Izaguirre G. The Proteolytic Regulation of Virus Cell Entry by Furin and Other Proprotein Convertases. Viruses. 2019;11(9).
27. Zhong M LB, Gao H, Young AJ, Wang X, Liu C, Wu K, Liu M, Chen J, Huang J, Lee L, Qi C, Ge L, Wang L. Significant expression of FURIN and ACE2 on oral epithelial cells may facilitate the efficiency of SARS-CoV-2 entry. bioRxiv. 2020.
28. Santos CF, Morandini AC, Dionisio TJ, Faria FA, Lima MC, Figueiredo CM, et al. Functional Local Renin-Angiotensin System in Human and Rat Periodontal Tissue. PLoS One. 2015;10(8):e0134601.
29. Liu L, Wei Q, Alvarez X, Wang H, Du Y, Zhu H, et al. Epithelial cells lining salivary gland ducts are early target cells of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection in the upper respiratory tracts of rhesus macaques. J Virol. 2011;85(8):4025-30.
30. Oliveira SHP, Brito VGB, Frasnelli SCT, Ribeiro BDS, Ferreira MN, Queiroz DP, et al. Aliskiren Attenuates the Inflammatory Response and Wound Healing Process in Diabetic Mice With Periodontal Disease. Front Pharmacol. 2019;10:708.
31. To KK, Tsang OT, Yip CC, Chan KH, Wu TC, Chan JM, et al. Consistent Detection of 2019 Novel Coronavirus in Saliva. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;71(15):841-3.
32. Wang K, Chen W, Zhang Z, Deng Y, Lian JQ, Du P, et al. CD147-spike protein is a novel route for SARS-CoV-2 infection to host cells. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2020;5(1):283.
33. Gabison EE, Hoang-Xuan T, Mauviel A, Menashi S. EMMPRIN/CD147, an MMP modulator in cancer, development and tissue repair. Biochimie. 2005;87(3-4):361-8.
34. Dong W, Xiang J, Li C, Cao Z, Huang Z. Increased expression of extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer is associated with matrix metalloproteinase-1 and -2 in gingival tissues from patients with periodontitis. J Periodontal Res. 2009;44(1):125-32.
35. Feldman M, La VD, Lombardo Bedran TB, Palomari Spolidorio DM, Grenier D. Porphyromonas gingivalis-mediated shedding of extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer (EMMPRIN) by oral epithelial cells: a potential role in inflammatory periodontal disease. Microbes Infect. 2011;13(14-15):1261-9.
36. Emingil G, Tervahartiala T, Mantyla P, Maatta M, Sorsa T, Atilla G. Gingival crevicular fluid matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-7, extracellular MMP inducer, and tissue inhibitor of MMP-1 levels in periodontal disease. J Periodontol. 2006;77(12):2040-50.
37. Liccardo D, Cannavo A, Spagnuolo G, Ferrara N, Cittadini A, Rengo C, et al. Periodontal Disease: A Risk Factor for Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease. Int J Mol Sci. 2019;20(6).
38. Graves D. Cytokines that promote periodontal tissue destruction. J Periodontol. 2008;79(8 Suppl):1585-91.
39. Mahajan N, Bahl A, Dhawan V. C-reactive protein (CRP) up-regulates expression of receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) and its inflammatory ligand EN-RAGE in THP-1 cells: inhibitory effects of atorvastatin. Int J Cardiol. 2010;142(3):273-8.
40. Ozaki K, Inoue K, Sato H, Iida A, Ohnishi Y, Sekine A, et al. Functional variation in LGALS2 confers risk of myocardial infarction and regulates lymphotoxin-alpha secretion in vitro. Nature. 2004;429(6987):72-5.
41. Kara C, Celen K, Dede FO, Gokmenoglu C, Kara NB. Is periodontal disease a risk factor for developing severe Covid-19 infection? The potential role of Galectin-3. Exp Biol Med (Maywood). 2020;245(16):1425-7.
42. Caniglia JL, Guda MR, Asuthkar S, Tsung AJ, Velpula KK. A potential role for Galectin-3 inhibitors in the treatment of COVID-19. PeerJ. 2020;8:e9392.
43. Wang WH, Lin CY, Chang MR, Urbina AN, Assavalapsakul W, Thitithanyanont A, et al. The role of galectins in virus infection - A systemic literature review. J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 2020;53(6):925-35.
44. Dewhirst FE, Chen T, Izard J, Paster BJ, Tanner AC, Yu WH, et al. The human oral microbiome. J Bacteriol. 2010;192(19):5002-17.
45. Bassis CM, Erb-Downward JR, Dickson RP, Freeman CM, Schmidt TM, Young VB, et al. Analysis of the upper respiratory tract microbiotas as the source of the lung and gastric microbiotas in healthy individuals. mBio. 2015;6(2):e00037.
46. Olsen I. From the Acta Prize Lecture 2014: the periodontal-systemic connection seen from a microbiological standpoint. Acta Odontol Scand. 2015;73(8):563-8.
47. Kumar PS. From focal sepsis to periodontal medicine: a century of exploring the role of the oral microbiome in systemic disease. J Physiol. 2017;595(2):465-76.
48. Benedyk M, Mydel PM, Delaleu N, Plaza K, Gawron K, Milewska A, et al. Gingipains: Critical Factors in the Development of Aspiration Pneumonia Caused by Porphyromonas gingivalis. J Innate Immun. 2016;8(2):185-98.
49. Chen Y, Zhou R, Yi Z, Li Y, Fu Y, Zhang Y, et al. Porphyromonas gingivalis induced inflammatory responses and promoted apoptosis in lung epithelial cells infected with H1N1 via the Bcl2/Bax/Caspase3 signaling pathway. Mol Med Rep. 2018;18(1):97-104.
50. Connolly E, Millhouse E, Doyle R, Culshaw S, Ramage G, Moran GP. The Porphyromonas gingivalis hemagglutinins HagB and HagC are major mediators of adhesion and biofilm formation. Mol Oral Microbiol. 2017;32(1):35-47.
51. Zumla A, Wang FS, Ippolito G, Petrosillo N, Agrati C, Azhar EI, et al. Reducing mortality and morbidity in patients with severe COVID-19 disease by advancing ongoing trials of Mesenchymal Stromal (stem) Cell (MSC) therapy - Achieving global consensus and visibility for cellular host-directed therapies. Int J Infect Dis. 2020;96:431-9.
52. Kadkhodazadeh M, Amid R, Moscowchi A. Does COVID-19 Affect Periodontal and Peri-Implant Diseases? J Long Term Eff Med Implants. 2020;30(1):1-2.
53. Martin Carreras-Presas C, Amaro Sanchez J, Lopez-Sanchez AF, Jane-Salas E, Somacarrera Perez ML. Oral vesiculobullous lesions associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Oral Dis. 2021;27 Suppl 3:710-2.
54. Mombelli A. Maintenance therapy for teeth and implants. Periodontol 2000. 2019;79(1):190-9.
55. Bao L, Zhang C, Dong J, Zhao L, Li Y, Sun J. Oral Microbiome and SARS-CoV-2: Beware of Lung Co-infection. Front Microbiol. 2020;11:1840.

Toplam 55 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil	Türkçe
Konular	Diş Hekimliği
Bölüm	Periodontology
Yazarlar	Aysan Lektemür Alpan 0000-0002-5939-4783
Yayımlanma Tarihi	28 Şubat 2022
Gönderilme Tarihi	15 Aralık 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı	Yıl 2022 Cilt: 4 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

Vancouver	Lektemür Alpan A. PERİODONTAL HASTALIK VE COVID-19 ARASINDAKİ İLİŞKİ MEKANİZMALARI. Dent & Med J - R. 2022;4(1):48-5.

Makale Dosyaları

Tam Metin

"Dünyada herşey için, medeniyet için, hayat için, başarı için en gerçek yol gösterici ilimdir, fendir. İlim ve fennin dışında yol gösterici aramak gaflettir, cahilliktir, doğru yoldan sapmaktır. Yalnız ilmin ve fenin yaşadığımız her dakikadaki safhalarının gelişimini anlamak ve ilerlemeleri zamanında takip etmek şarttır. Bin, iki bin, binlerce yıl önceki ilim ve fen lisanının koyduğu kuralları, şu kadar bin yıl sonra bugün aynen uygulamaya kalkışmak elbette ilim ve fennin içinde bulunmak değildir."

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