The use of gingival crevicular fluid as a potential biomarker for periodontal disease

Canan Akdeniz; Arzum Güler Doğru

Derleme

The use of gingival crevicular fluid as a potential biomarker for periodontal disease

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 25 Sayı: 1, 19 - 24, 28.03.2024

Canan Akdeniz Arzum Güler Doğru

Öz

Gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) is an extremely valuable research material in the detection of periodontal diseases. The study of GCF components contributes to clinical diagnosis and helps us understand the mechanism of periodontal diseases. GCF is important for non-invasive analysis of periodontitis as it shows markers of connective tissue and bone destruction. GCF can be used in the future as a diagnostic tool for the identification of periodontitis, but it can also help in the detection of periodontitis progression. Early detection of periodontitis progression provides clinical benefit by allowing better control of disease activity and may improve patient follow-up. The aim of this review is to investigate the various enzymes and biomediators released in the GCF in periodontal disease and to provide an update on their role in inflammation.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Periodontitis, Biomarker, Gingival crevicular fluid, Host-derived enzyme, GCF

Kaynakça

1. Mhaske M, Belkhede S, Kakade M, Reddy K. GCF biomarkers in periodontal diseases. Int J Sci Res. 2021;10(1):1325-1328.
2. Khurshid Z, Mali M, Naseem M, Najeeb S, Zafar MS. Human gingival crevicular fluids (GCF) proteomics: an overview. Dent J (Basel). 2017;5(1):12.
3. Khurshid Z, Najeeb S, Mali M, et al. Histatin peptides: pharmacological functions and their applications in dentistry. Saudi Pharm J. 2017;25(1):25-31.
4. Lamster IB, Ahlo JK. Analysis of gingival crevicular fluid as applied to the diagnosis of oral and systemic diseases. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2007;1098(1):216-229.
5. Ozkavaf A, Aras H, Huri CB, et al. Relationship between the quantity of gingival crevicular fluid and clinical periodontal status. J Oral Sci. 2000;42(4):231-238.
6. AlRowis R, AlMoharib HS, AlMubarak A, Bhaskardoss J, Preethanath RS, Anil S. Oral fluid-based biomarkers in periodontal disease - part 2. Gingival crevicular fluid. J Int Oral Health. 2014;6(5):126-135.
7. Zia A, Khan S, Bey A, Gupta ND, Mukhtar-Un-Nisar S. Oral biomarkers in the diagnosis and progression of periodontal diseases. Biol Med. 2011;3(2):45-52.
8. Silva-Boghossian CM, Colombo AP, Tanaka M, Rayo C, Xiao Y, Siqueira WL. Quantitative proteomic analysis of gingival crevicular fluid in different periodontal conditions. PLoS One. 2013;8(10):e75898. 9. Armitage GC. Analysis of gingival crevice fluid and risk of progression of periodontitis. Periodontol 2000. 2004;34(1):109-119.
10. Mansur R, Łukasz C, Maryla KC, Michał Ł. Gingival crevicular fluid – composition and clinical importance in gingivitis and periodontitis. Polish J Public Health. 2014;124(2):96-98. 11. Pisano E, Cabras T, Montaldo C, et al. Peptides of human gingival crevicular fluid determined by HPLC-ESI-MS. Eur J Oral Sci. 2005;113(6):462-468.
12. Kinney JS, Morelli T, Oh M, et al. Crevicular fluid biomarkers and periodontal disease progression. J Clin Periodontol. 2014;41(2):113-120.
13. Fatima T, Khurshid Z, Rehman A, Imran E, Srivastava KC, Shrivastava D. Gingival crevicular fluid (GCF): a diagnostic tool for the detection of periodontal health and diseases. Molecules. 2021;26(5):1208.
14. Priti BP, Basgauda P. Estimation of gingival crevicular fluid aspartate aminotransferase levels in periodontal health and disease. J Int Clin. 2011;3(2):64-67.
15. Chambers DA, Crawford JM, Mukherjee S, Cohen RL. Aspartate aminotransferase increases in crevicular fluid during experimental periodontitis in beagle dogs. J Periodontol. 1984;55(9):526-530.
16. Rasaei N, Ghadiri A, Peighan M, Rekabi A, Atashkar N. Evaluation of alkaline phosphatase in gingival crevicular fluid and saliva of patients with periodontitis and healthy individuals. J Family Med Prim Care. 2022;11(11):6983-6987.
17. Nakashima K, Giannopoulou C, Andersen E, et al. A longitudinal study of various crevicular fluid components as markers of periodontal disease activity. J Clin Periodontol. 1996;23(9):832-838.
18. Lamster IB, Oshrain RL, Harper DS, Celenti RS, Hovliaras CA, Gordon JM. Enzyme activity in crevicular fluid for detection and prediction of clinical attachment loss in patients with chronic adult periodontitis. Six-month results. J Periodontol. 1988;59(8):516-523.
19. Giannopoulou C, Andersen E, Demeurisse C, Cimasoni G. Neutrophil elastase and its inhibitors in human gingival crevicular fluid during experimental gingivitis. J Dent Res. 1992;71(2):359-363.
20. Alpagot T, Silverman S, Lundergan W, Bell C, Chambers DW. Crevicular fluid elastase levels in relation to periodontitis and metabolic control of diabetes. J Periodontal Res. 2001;36(3):169-174.
21. Eley BM, Cox SW. A 2-year longitudinal study of elastase in human gingival crevicular fluid and periodontal attachment loss. J Clin Periodontol. 1996;23(7):681-692.
22. Bader HI, Boyd RL. Long-term monitoring of adult periodontitis patients in supportive periodontal therapy: correlation of gingival crevicular fluid proteases with probing attachment loss. J Clin Periodontol. 1999;26(2):99-105.
23. Ichimaru E, Tanoue M, Tani M, et al. Cathepsin B in gingival crevicular fluid of adult periodontitis patients: identification by immunological and enzymological methods. Inflamm Res. 1996;45(6):277-282.
24. Chen HY, Cox SW, Eley BM. Cathepsin B, alpha2-macroglobulin and cystatin levels in gingival crevicular fluid from chronic periodontitis patients. J Clin Periodontol. 1998;25(1):34-41.
25. Kunimatsu K, Ichimaru E, Kato I, et al. Granulocyte medullasin levels in gingival crevicular fluid from chronic adult periodontitis patients and experimental gingivitis subjects. J Periodontal Res. 1990;25(6):352-357.
26. Kennett CN, Cox SW, Eley BM. Investigations into the cellular contribution to host tissue proteases and inhibitors in gingival crevicular fluid. J Clin Periodontol. 1997;24(6):424-431.
27. Söder B, Jin LJ, Wickholm S. Granulocyte elastase, matrix metalloproteinase-8 and prostaglandin E2 in gingival crevicular fluid in matched clinical sites in smokers and non-smokers with persistent periodontitis. J Clin Periodontol. 2002;29(5):384-391.
28. Hwang YS. Analysis of periodontitis biomarker expression in gingival crevicular fluids. J Dent Hyg Sci. 2021;21(1):45-51.
29. Lee W, Aitken S, Sodek J, McCulloch CA. Evidence of a direct relationship between neutrophil collagenase activity and periodontal tissue destruction in vivo: role of active enzyme in human periodontitis. J Periodontal Res. 1995;30(1):23-33.
30. Beklen A, Tüter G, Sorsa T, et al. Gingival tissue and crevicular fluid co-operation in adult periodontitis. J Dent Res. 2006;85(1):59-63.
31. Srinivasan B, Chitharanjan A, Kailasam V, Lavu V, Ganapathy V. Evaluation of leptin concentration in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) during orthodontic tooth movement and its correlation to the rate of tooth movement. J Orthod Sci. 2019;8:6.
32. Fantuzzi G, Faggioni R. Leptin in the regulation of immunity, inflammation, and hematopoiesis. J Leukoc Biol. 2000;68(4):437-446.
33. Karthikeyan BV, Pradeep AR. Leptin levels in gingival crevicular fluid in periodontal health and disease. J Periodontal Res. 2007;42(4):300-304.
34. Johnson RB, Serio FG. Leptin within healthy and diseased human gingiva. J Periodontol. 2001;72(9):1254-1257.
35. Ay ZY, Kirzioğlu FY, Tonguç MO, Sütçü R, Kapucuoğlu N. The gingiva contains leptin and leptin receptor in health and disease. Odontol. 2012;100(2):222-231.
36. Ramadan DE, Hariyani N, Indrawati R, Ridwan RD, Diyatri I. Cytokines and chemokines in periodontitis. Eur J Dent. 2020;14(3):483-495.
37. Kayal RA. The role of osteoimmunology in periodontal disease. Biomed Res Int. 2013; 2013:639368.
38. Cheng R, Wu Z, Li M, Shao M, Hu T. Interleukin-1β is a potential therapeutic target for periodontitis: a narrative review. Int J Oral Sci. 2020;12(1):2.
39. Tanaka T, Narazaki M, Kishimoto T. IL-6 in inflammation, immunity, and disease. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol. 2014;6(10):a016295.
40. Finoti LS, Nepomuceno R, Pigossi SC, Corbi SC, Secolin R, Scarel-Caminaga RM. Association between interleukin-8 levels and chronic periodontal disease: a PRISMA-compliant systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine. 2017;96(22):e6932.
41. Liu CM, Hou LT, Wong MY, Rossomando EF. Relationships between clinical parameters, Interleukin 1B and histopathologic findings of gingival tissue in periodontitis patients. Cytokine. 1996;8(2):161-167.
42. Engebretson SP, Grbic JT, Singer R, Lamster IB. GCF IL-1beta profiles in periodontal disease. J Clin Periodontol. 2002;29(1):48-53.
43. Båge T, Kats A, Lopez BS, et al. Expression of prostaglandin E synthases in periodontitis immunolocalization and cellular regulation. Am J Pathol. 2011;178(4):1676-1688.
44. Fitzsimmons TR, Sanders AE, Bartold PM, Slade GD. Local and systemic biomarkers in gingival crevicular fluid increase odds of periodontitis. J Clin Periodontol. 2010;37(1):30-36.
45. Pöllanen MT, Salonen JI, Uitto VJ. Structure and function of the tooth-epithelial interface in health and disease. Periodontol 2000. 2003;31(1):12-31.
46. Figueredo CM, Gustafsson A. Increased amounts of laminin in GCF from untreated patients with periodontitis. J Clin Periodontol. 2000;27(5):313-318.
47. Sharma CG, Pradeep AR. Plasma and crevicular fluid osteopontin levels in periodontal health and disease. J Periodontal Res. 2007;42(5):450-455.
48. Fassbender WJ, Steinhauer B, Stracke H, Schumm- Draeger PM, Usadel KH. Validation of a new automated immunoassay for measurement of intact osteocalcin. Clin Lab. 2002;48(1-2):31-38.
49. Nakashima K, Roehrich N, Cimasoni G. Osteocalcin, prostaglandin E2 and alkaline phosphatase in gingival crevicular fluid: their relations to periodontal status. J Clin Periodontol. 1994;21(5):327-333.
50. Bullon P, Goberna B, Guerrero JM, Segura JJ, Perez- Cano R, Martinez-Sahuquillo A. Serum, saliva, and gingival crevicular fluid osteocalcin: Their relation to periodontal status and bone mineral density in postmenopausal women. J Periodontol. 2005;76(4):513-519.

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 25 Sayı: 1, 19 - 24, 28.03.2024

Canan Akdeniz Arzum Güler Doğru

Öz

Kaynakça

1. Mhaske M, Belkhede S, Kakade M, Reddy K. GCF biomarkers in periodontal diseases. Int J Sci Res. 2021;10(1):1325-1328.
2. Khurshid Z, Mali M, Naseem M, Najeeb S, Zafar MS. Human gingival crevicular fluids (GCF) proteomics: an overview. Dent J (Basel). 2017;5(1):12.
3. Khurshid Z, Najeeb S, Mali M, et al. Histatin peptides: pharmacological functions and their applications in dentistry. Saudi Pharm J. 2017;25(1):25-31.
4. Lamster IB, Ahlo JK. Analysis of gingival crevicular fluid as applied to the diagnosis of oral and systemic diseases. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2007;1098(1):216-229.
5. Ozkavaf A, Aras H, Huri CB, et al. Relationship between the quantity of gingival crevicular fluid and clinical periodontal status. J Oral Sci. 2000;42(4):231-238.
6. AlRowis R, AlMoharib HS, AlMubarak A, Bhaskardoss J, Preethanath RS, Anil S. Oral fluid-based biomarkers in periodontal disease - part 2. Gingival crevicular fluid. J Int Oral Health. 2014;6(5):126-135.
7. Zia A, Khan S, Bey A, Gupta ND, Mukhtar-Un-Nisar S. Oral biomarkers in the diagnosis and progression of periodontal diseases. Biol Med. 2011;3(2):45-52.
8. Silva-Boghossian CM, Colombo AP, Tanaka M, Rayo C, Xiao Y, Siqueira WL. Quantitative proteomic analysis of gingival crevicular fluid in different periodontal conditions. PLoS One. 2013;8(10):e75898. 9. Armitage GC. Analysis of gingival crevice fluid and risk of progression of periodontitis. Periodontol 2000. 2004;34(1):109-119.
10. Mansur R, Łukasz C, Maryla KC, Michał Ł. Gingival crevicular fluid – composition and clinical importance in gingivitis and periodontitis. Polish J Public Health. 2014;124(2):96-98. 11. Pisano E, Cabras T, Montaldo C, et al. Peptides of human gingival crevicular fluid determined by HPLC-ESI-MS. Eur J Oral Sci. 2005;113(6):462-468.
12. Kinney JS, Morelli T, Oh M, et al. Crevicular fluid biomarkers and periodontal disease progression. J Clin Periodontol. 2014;41(2):113-120.
13. Fatima T, Khurshid Z, Rehman A, Imran E, Srivastava KC, Shrivastava D. Gingival crevicular fluid (GCF): a diagnostic tool for the detection of periodontal health and diseases. Molecules. 2021;26(5):1208.
14. Priti BP, Basgauda P. Estimation of gingival crevicular fluid aspartate aminotransferase levels in periodontal health and disease. J Int Clin. 2011;3(2):64-67.
15. Chambers DA, Crawford JM, Mukherjee S, Cohen RL. Aspartate aminotransferase increases in crevicular fluid during experimental periodontitis in beagle dogs. J Periodontol. 1984;55(9):526-530.
16. Rasaei N, Ghadiri A, Peighan M, Rekabi A, Atashkar N. Evaluation of alkaline phosphatase in gingival crevicular fluid and saliva of patients with periodontitis and healthy individuals. J Family Med Prim Care. 2022;11(11):6983-6987.
17. Nakashima K, Giannopoulou C, Andersen E, et al. A longitudinal study of various crevicular fluid components as markers of periodontal disease activity. J Clin Periodontol. 1996;23(9):832-838.
18. Lamster IB, Oshrain RL, Harper DS, Celenti RS, Hovliaras CA, Gordon JM. Enzyme activity in crevicular fluid for detection and prediction of clinical attachment loss in patients with chronic adult periodontitis. Six-month results. J Periodontol. 1988;59(8):516-523.
19. Giannopoulou C, Andersen E, Demeurisse C, Cimasoni G. Neutrophil elastase and its inhibitors in human gingival crevicular fluid during experimental gingivitis. J Dent Res. 1992;71(2):359-363.
20. Alpagot T, Silverman S, Lundergan W, Bell C, Chambers DW. Crevicular fluid elastase levels in relation to periodontitis and metabolic control of diabetes. J Periodontal Res. 2001;36(3):169-174.
21. Eley BM, Cox SW. A 2-year longitudinal study of elastase in human gingival crevicular fluid and periodontal attachment loss. J Clin Periodontol. 1996;23(7):681-692.
22. Bader HI, Boyd RL. Long-term monitoring of adult periodontitis patients in supportive periodontal therapy: correlation of gingival crevicular fluid proteases with probing attachment loss. J Clin Periodontol. 1999;26(2):99-105.
23. Ichimaru E, Tanoue M, Tani M, et al. Cathepsin B in gingival crevicular fluid of adult periodontitis patients: identification by immunological and enzymological methods. Inflamm Res. 1996;45(6):277-282.
24. Chen HY, Cox SW, Eley BM. Cathepsin B, alpha2-macroglobulin and cystatin levels in gingival crevicular fluid from chronic periodontitis patients. J Clin Periodontol. 1998;25(1):34-41.
25. Kunimatsu K, Ichimaru E, Kato I, et al. Granulocyte medullasin levels in gingival crevicular fluid from chronic adult periodontitis patients and experimental gingivitis subjects. J Periodontal Res. 1990;25(6):352-357.
26. Kennett CN, Cox SW, Eley BM. Investigations into the cellular contribution to host tissue proteases and inhibitors in gingival crevicular fluid. J Clin Periodontol. 1997;24(6):424-431.
27. Söder B, Jin LJ, Wickholm S. Granulocyte elastase, matrix metalloproteinase-8 and prostaglandin E2 in gingival crevicular fluid in matched clinical sites in smokers and non-smokers with persistent periodontitis. J Clin Periodontol. 2002;29(5):384-391.
28. Hwang YS. Analysis of periodontitis biomarker expression in gingival crevicular fluids. J Dent Hyg Sci. 2021;21(1):45-51.
29. Lee W, Aitken S, Sodek J, McCulloch CA. Evidence of a direct relationship between neutrophil collagenase activity and periodontal tissue destruction in vivo: role of active enzyme in human periodontitis. J Periodontal Res. 1995;30(1):23-33.
30. Beklen A, Tüter G, Sorsa T, et al. Gingival tissue and crevicular fluid co-operation in adult periodontitis. J Dent Res. 2006;85(1):59-63.
31. Srinivasan B, Chitharanjan A, Kailasam V, Lavu V, Ganapathy V. Evaluation of leptin concentration in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) during orthodontic tooth movement and its correlation to the rate of tooth movement. J Orthod Sci. 2019;8:6.
32. Fantuzzi G, Faggioni R. Leptin in the regulation of immunity, inflammation, and hematopoiesis. J Leukoc Biol. 2000;68(4):437-446.
33. Karthikeyan BV, Pradeep AR. Leptin levels in gingival crevicular fluid in periodontal health and disease. J Periodontal Res. 2007;42(4):300-304.
34. Johnson RB, Serio FG. Leptin within healthy and diseased human gingiva. J Periodontol. 2001;72(9):1254-1257.
35. Ay ZY, Kirzioğlu FY, Tonguç MO, Sütçü R, Kapucuoğlu N. The gingiva contains leptin and leptin receptor in health and disease. Odontol. 2012;100(2):222-231.
36. Ramadan DE, Hariyani N, Indrawati R, Ridwan RD, Diyatri I. Cytokines and chemokines in periodontitis. Eur J Dent. 2020;14(3):483-495.
37. Kayal RA. The role of osteoimmunology in periodontal disease. Biomed Res Int. 2013; 2013:639368.
38. Cheng R, Wu Z, Li M, Shao M, Hu T. Interleukin-1β is a potential therapeutic target for periodontitis: a narrative review. Int J Oral Sci. 2020;12(1):2.
39. Tanaka T, Narazaki M, Kishimoto T. IL-6 in inflammation, immunity, and disease. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol. 2014;6(10):a016295.
40. Finoti LS, Nepomuceno R, Pigossi SC, Corbi SC, Secolin R, Scarel-Caminaga RM. Association between interleukin-8 levels and chronic periodontal disease: a PRISMA-compliant systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine. 2017;96(22):e6932.
41. Liu CM, Hou LT, Wong MY, Rossomando EF. Relationships between clinical parameters, Interleukin 1B and histopathologic findings of gingival tissue in periodontitis patients. Cytokine. 1996;8(2):161-167.
42. Engebretson SP, Grbic JT, Singer R, Lamster IB. GCF IL-1beta profiles in periodontal disease. J Clin Periodontol. 2002;29(1):48-53.
43. Båge T, Kats A, Lopez BS, et al. Expression of prostaglandin E synthases in periodontitis immunolocalization and cellular regulation. Am J Pathol. 2011;178(4):1676-1688.
44. Fitzsimmons TR, Sanders AE, Bartold PM, Slade GD. Local and systemic biomarkers in gingival crevicular fluid increase odds of periodontitis. J Clin Periodontol. 2010;37(1):30-36.
45. Pöllanen MT, Salonen JI, Uitto VJ. Structure and function of the tooth-epithelial interface in health and disease. Periodontol 2000. 2003;31(1):12-31.
46. Figueredo CM, Gustafsson A. Increased amounts of laminin in GCF from untreated patients with periodontitis. J Clin Periodontol. 2000;27(5):313-318.
47. Sharma CG, Pradeep AR. Plasma and crevicular fluid osteopontin levels in periodontal health and disease. J Periodontal Res. 2007;42(5):450-455.
48. Fassbender WJ, Steinhauer B, Stracke H, Schumm- Draeger PM, Usadel KH. Validation of a new automated immunoassay for measurement of intact osteocalcin. Clin Lab. 2002;48(1-2):31-38.
49. Nakashima K, Roehrich N, Cimasoni G. Osteocalcin, prostaglandin E2 and alkaline phosphatase in gingival crevicular fluid: their relations to periodontal status. J Clin Periodontol. 1994;21(5):327-333.
50. Bullon P, Goberna B, Guerrero JM, Segura JJ, Perez- Cano R, Martinez-Sahuquillo A. Serum, saliva, and gingival crevicular fluid osteocalcin: Their relation to periodontal status and bone mineral density in postmenopausal women. J Periodontol. 2005;76(4):513-519.

Toplam 48 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil	İngilizce
Konular	Periodontoloji
Bölüm	Derleme
Yazarlar	Canan Akdeniz 0009-0002-5304-3357 Arzum Güler Doğru 0000-0001-6976-2589
Yayımlanma Tarihi	28 Mart 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi	10 Şubat 2024
Kabul Tarihi	4 Mart 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı	Yıl 2024 Cilt: 25 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

AMA	Akdeniz C, Doğru AG. The use of gingival crevicular fluid as a potential biomarker for periodontal disease. Dicle Dent J. Mart 2024;25(1):19-24.

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