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GIANT CELLS AND GIANT CELL LESIONS OF ORAL CAVITY- A REVIEW

Yıl 2014, , 192 - 204, 02.05.2014

Ashish Shrestha , Vinay Marla Sushmita Shrestha Manisha Neupane

https://doi.org/10.7126/cdj.58140.1008002428
Cited By: 9

Öz

Giant cells are large mononucleated or multinucleated cells that are seen in a variety of physiological as well as pathological conditions. Multinucleated giant cells (MGCs) are important mediators of tissue remodeling and repair and also for removal of foreign materials and various pathogens.  The commonly encountered giant cells arise from monocyte precursors, formed due to different mechanisms. Depending upon the mechanism of their formation these cells assume distinctly variable phenotypes.  The giant cell lesions of oral cavity have been classified on the basis of etio-pathogenesis, the presence of which at times being pathognomic. We attempt to review the basic information regarding the mechanism of formation and morphology of giant cells and its significance in the associated giant cell lesions. Also we have tried to describe the clinical, histopathological and immunohistochemical aspects of various giant cell lesions of the oral cavity.

Anahtar Kelimeler

giant cell lesions of oral cavity monocytes multinucleated giant cells

Kaynakça

  • Ross MH and Pawlina W. Histology. A text and atlas with correlated cell and molecular biology. 5th Edition; Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2006.
  • Quinn TM, Schepetkin IA. Role of NADPH Oxidase in formation and function of multinucleated giant cells. J Innate Immun 2009; 1: 509-526.
  • Postlethwaite AE, Jackson BK, Beachey EH, Kang AH. Formation of multinucleated giant cells from human monocyte precursors. J Exp Med 1982; 155: 168-178.
  • Helming L, Gordon S. The molecular basis of macrophage fusion. Immunobiology 2007; 219: 785-793.
  • Anderson JM. Multinucleated giant cells. Curr Opin Hematol 2000; 7: 40-47.
  • Forkner CE. The origin and fate of two types of multinucleated giant cells in the circulating blood. J Exp Med 1930; 52(2): 279-297.
  • Maarsseveen TC, Vos W, Van Diest PJ. Giant cell formation in sarcoidosis: cell fusion or proliferation with non-division? Clin Exp Immunol 2008; 155: 476-486.
  • Chambers TJ. Multinucleate Giant cells. J Path. 1976; 126(3): 1-24.
  • Williams GT, Williams WJ. Granulomatous inflammation - A review. J Clin Pathol 1983; 36: 723-733.
  • Galindo B, Lazdins J, Castillo R. Fusion of normal rabbit alveolar macrophages induced by supernatant fluids from BCG sensitized lymph node cells after elicitation by antigen. Infect Immun 1974; 9: 212-216.
  • Willoughby BA, Ryan GB. Evidence of a possible endogenous antigen in chronic inflammation. J. Pathol. 1970; 101: 233.
  • Mariano M, Spector WG. The formation and properties of macrophage polykaryons (inflammatory giant cells). J Pathol 1974; 113: 1-19.
  • Poste G. Mechanism of virus-induced cell fusion. Znt. Rev. Cytol. 1972; 33: 253.
  • Heine JW, Schnaitman CA. Entry of vesicular stomatitis virus into L-cells. J. Virol 1971; 8: 786.
  • Brodbeck WG, Anderson J. Giant cell formation and function. Curr Opin Hematol 2009; 16: 53-57.
  • Roziman B. Polykaryocytosis. Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol 1962; 27: 327.
  • Nicolson GL. Transmembrane control of the receptors on normal and tumor cells. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1976; 457: 57.
  • Weiss L. The cell periphery, metastasis and other contact phenomena. North Holland Pub Co, Amsterdam 1976; 267-271.
  • Jösten M, Rudolph R. Methods for the differentiation of giant cells in canine and feline neoplasias in paraffin sections. Zentralbl Veterinarmed A 1997; 44(3): 159-166.
  • Aterman K, Remmele, W, Smith M: Karl Touton and his ‘xanthelasmatic giant cell.’ A selective review of multinucleated giant cells. Am J Dermatopathol 1988; 10: 257-269.
  • Consolaro A, Sant’Ana E, Lawall MA, Consolaro MF, Bacchi CE: Gingival juvenile xanthogranuloma in an adult patient: case report with immunohistochemical analysis and literature review. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2009; 107: 246-252.
  • Canelas MM, Cardoso JC, Andrade PF, Reis JP, Tellechea O. Fibrous Histiocytomas: histopathologic review of 95 cases. An Bras Dermatol. 2010; 85(2): 211-215.
  • Wolff K, Goldsmith LA, Katz SI, Gilchrest BA, Paller AS, Leffell DJ. Fitzpatrick’s Dermatology in general medicine. 7th Edition. Vol 1 & 2. Mc Graw Hill. 2008.
  • Shafer, Hine, Levy. Shafer’s Textbook of Oral pathology, 6th Edition; Elsevier: 2009.
  • Lay G, Poquet Y, Salek-Peyron P, et al. Langhans giant cells from M tuberculosis-induced human granulomas cannot mediate mycobacterial uptake. J Pathol 2007; 211:76-85.
  • Fortin JF, Barbeau B, Hedman H, Lundgren E, Tremblay MJ: Role of the leukocyte function antigen-1 conformational state in the process of human immunodeficiency virus type 1-mediated syncytium formation and virus infection. Virology 1999, 257: 228-238.
  • Neville, Damm, Allen, Bouquot. Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, 3rd Edition; Saunders: 2009.
  • Chattopadhyay A. Giant cells and giant cell lesions of the oral cavity. Journal of Indian Dental Association. 1995; 66 (11): 326-327.
  • Varghese I, Prakash A. Giant cell lesion of oral cavity. OMPJ 2011; 2: 0976-1225.
  • Eng HL, Lu SY, Yang CH, Chen WJ. Oral tuberculosis. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 1996; 81: 415-420.
  • Jawad J, El-Zuebi F. Primary lingual tuberculosis: a case report. J Laryngol Otol 1996; 110: 177-178.
  • Hathiram BT, Grewal DS, Irani DK, Tankwal PM, Patankar M. Tuberculoma of the cheek: a case report. Primary lingual tuberculosis: a case report. J Laryngol Otol 1997; 111: 872-873.
  • Von Arx DP, Husain A. Oral tuberculosis. British Dental Journal. 2001; 190 (8): 420-422.
  • Möller-Christensen V, Bakke SN, Melsom RS, Waaler E. Changes in the anterior nasal spine of the alveolar process of the maxillary bone in leprosy. Int J Lepr. 1952; 20: 335-340.
  • Reichert B. Facial and oral manifestations in leprosy-An evaluation of seventy cases. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1976; 41: 385-389.
  • De Abreu MA, Alchorne MM, Michalany NS, Weckx LL, Pimentel DR, Hirata CH. The oral mucosa in paucibacillary leprosy: A clinical and histopathological study. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2007; 103: e48-e52.
  • Scheepers A. Correlation of oral surface temperatures and the lesions of leprosy. Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis. 1998; 66: 214-217.
  • Brand PW. Temperature variation and leprosy deformity. Int J Lepr. 1959; 27: 1-7.
  • De Costa AP, de Costa Nery JA, de Oliveira ML, Cuzzi T, Silva MR. Oral lesions in leprosy. Indian J Dermatol Leprol 2003; 69: 381-385.
  • Belmont MJ, Behar PM, Wax MK. Atypical presentation of actinomycosis. Head Neck 1999; 21: 264-268.
  • Weese WC, Smith IM. A study of 57 cases of actinomycosis over a 36 year period. Arch Intern Med 1975; 135: 1562-1565.
  • Iwasaki M, Nishikawa A, Akutagawa N, et al. A case of ovarian actinomycosis. Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol 2003; 11: 171-173.
  • Chesnutt AN. Enigmas in sarcoidosis. West J Med 1995; 162: 519-526.
  • Hunninghake GW, Costabel U, Ando M et al. ATS/ERS/WASOG statement sarcoidosis. American thoracic society/European respiratory society/World association of sarcoidosis and other granulomatous disorders. Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis 1999; 16: 149-173.
  • Suresh L, Radfar L. Oral sarcoidosis: a review of literature. Oral Diseases 2005; 11: 138-145.
  • Gal A, Koss MN. The pathology of sarcoidosis. Curr Opin Pulm Med 2002; 8: 445-451.
  • Black MM, Epstein WL. Formation and properties of multinucleate giant cells in organized cell granulomas. Am J Pathol 1974; 74: 263-270.
  • Gottlieb JE, Isreal HL, Steiner RM et al. Outcome in sarcoidosis. The relationship of relapse to corticosteroid therapy. Chest. 1997; 111: 623-631.
  • Nicolai G, Lorè B, Mariani G, Bollero P, De Marinis L, Calabrese L. Central giant cell granuloma of the jaws. J Craniofac Surg. 2010; 21(2): 383-386.
  • Chattha MR, Ali K, Aslam A, Afzal B, Shahzad MA. Current concepts in central giant cell granuloma. Pakistan Dent & Oral Jr 2006; 26(1): 71-78.
  • Pogrel AM. The diagnosis and management of giant cell lesions of the jaws. Annals of Maxillofacial Surgery 2012; 2(2): 102-106.
  • Shadman N, Ebrahimi SF, Jafari S, Eslami M. Peripheral Giant Cell Granuloma: A Review of 123 Cases. Dent Res J (Isfahan). 2009; 6(1): 47-50.
  • Sood S, Gulati A, Yadav R, Gupta S. Peripheral giant cell granuloma - A review. Indian journal of multidisciplinary dentistry 2012; 2(2): 435-550.
  • Flaitz CM. Peripheral giant cell granuloma: A potentially aggressive lesion in children. Pediatric dentistry 2000; 22(3): 232-233.
  • Park SR, Chung SM, Lim JY, Choi EC. Giant cell tumor of the mandible. Clinical and Experimental Otorhinolaryngology 2012; 5(1): 49-52.
  • Haque AU, Moatasim A. Int J Clin Exp Pathol. 2008; 1: 489-501.
  • Yu X, Xu M, Xu S, Su Q. Clinical outcomes of giant cell tumour of bone treated with bone cement filling and internal fixation, and oral bisphosphonates. Oncology letters 2013; 5: 447-451.
  • Sabarinath B, Sivaramakrishnan M, Sivapathasundaram B. Giant cell fibroma: A clinicopathological study. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol 2012; 16(3): 359-362.
  • Regezi JA, Courtney RM, Kerr DA. Fibrous lesions of the skin and mucous membranes which contain stellate and multinucleated cells. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1975; 39: 605-614.
  • Odell EW, Lock C, Lombardi TL. Phenotypic characterization of stellate and giant cells in giant cell fibroma by immunocytochemistry. J Oral Pathol Med 1994; 23: 284-287.
  • Andrade CR, Lopes MA, Almeida OP, Leon JE, Mistro F, Kignel S. Giant cell angiofibroma of the oral cavity: A case report and review of the literature Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal 2008; 13(9): E540-E543.
  • Regezzi JA, Sciubba JJ, Jordan RC. Oral Pathology Clinical Pathologic correlations, 5th Edition; Saunders.
  • Dei Tos AP, Seregard S, Calonje E, Chan JK, Fletcher CD. Giant cell angiofibroma. A distinctive orbital tumor in adults. Am J Surg Pathol 1995; 19(11): 1286-1293.
  • Franch AM, Esteve CG, Perez MG. Oral manifestations and dental management of patient with leukocyte alterations. J Clin Exp Dent 2011; 3(1): e53-e59.
  • Yung L, Linch D. Hodgkins lymphoma. Lancet 2003; 361: 943-951.
  • Moreno AC, Acero J, Recuero IG, Ruiz J, Serrano R, Paz VD. Giant aneurysmal bone cyst of the mandible with unusual presentation. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal 2009; 14(3): E137-E140.
  • Behal SV. Evolution of an aneurysmal bone cyst: a case report. Journal of Oral Science 2011; 53(4): 529-532.
  • Goyal A, Tyagi I, Syal R, Agrawal T, Jain M. Primary aneurysmal bone cyst of coronoid process. BMC Ear, Nose and Throat Disorders 2006; 6: 1-4.
  • Liu B, Yu SF, Li TJ. Multinucleated giant cells in various forms of giant cell containing lesions of the jaws express features of osteoclasts. J Oral Pathol Med 2003; 32(6): 367-375.

Yıl 2014, , 192 - 204, 02.05.2014

Ashish Shrestha , Vinay Marla Sushmita Shrestha Manisha Neupane

https://doi.org/10.7126/cdj.58140.1008002428
Cited By: 9

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Ross MH and Pawlina W. Histology. A text and atlas with correlated cell and molecular biology. 5th Edition; Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2006.
  • Quinn TM, Schepetkin IA. Role of NADPH Oxidase in formation and function of multinucleated giant cells. J Innate Immun 2009; 1: 509-526.
  • Postlethwaite AE, Jackson BK, Beachey EH, Kang AH. Formation of multinucleated giant cells from human monocyte precursors. J Exp Med 1982; 155: 168-178.
  • Helming L, Gordon S. The molecular basis of macrophage fusion. Immunobiology 2007; 219: 785-793.
  • Anderson JM. Multinucleated giant cells. Curr Opin Hematol 2000; 7: 40-47.
  • Forkner CE. The origin and fate of two types of multinucleated giant cells in the circulating blood. J Exp Med 1930; 52(2): 279-297.
  • Maarsseveen TC, Vos W, Van Diest PJ. Giant cell formation in sarcoidosis: cell fusion or proliferation with non-division? Clin Exp Immunol 2008; 155: 476-486.
  • Chambers TJ. Multinucleate Giant cells. J Path. 1976; 126(3): 1-24.
  • Williams GT, Williams WJ. Granulomatous inflammation - A review. J Clin Pathol 1983; 36: 723-733.
  • Galindo B, Lazdins J, Castillo R. Fusion of normal rabbit alveolar macrophages induced by supernatant fluids from BCG sensitized lymph node cells after elicitation by antigen. Infect Immun 1974; 9: 212-216.
  • Willoughby BA, Ryan GB. Evidence of a possible endogenous antigen in chronic inflammation. J. Pathol. 1970; 101: 233.
  • Mariano M, Spector WG. The formation and properties of macrophage polykaryons (inflammatory giant cells). J Pathol 1974; 113: 1-19.
  • Poste G. Mechanism of virus-induced cell fusion. Znt. Rev. Cytol. 1972; 33: 253.
  • Heine JW, Schnaitman CA. Entry of vesicular stomatitis virus into L-cells. J. Virol 1971; 8: 786.
  • Brodbeck WG, Anderson J. Giant cell formation and function. Curr Opin Hematol 2009; 16: 53-57.
  • Roziman B. Polykaryocytosis. Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol 1962; 27: 327.
  • Nicolson GL. Transmembrane control of the receptors on normal and tumor cells. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1976; 457: 57.
  • Weiss L. The cell periphery, metastasis and other contact phenomena. North Holland Pub Co, Amsterdam 1976; 267-271.
  • Jösten M, Rudolph R. Methods for the differentiation of giant cells in canine and feline neoplasias in paraffin sections. Zentralbl Veterinarmed A 1997; 44(3): 159-166.
  • Aterman K, Remmele, W, Smith M: Karl Touton and his ‘xanthelasmatic giant cell.’ A selective review of multinucleated giant cells. Am J Dermatopathol 1988; 10: 257-269.
  • Consolaro A, Sant’Ana E, Lawall MA, Consolaro MF, Bacchi CE: Gingival juvenile xanthogranuloma in an adult patient: case report with immunohistochemical analysis and literature review. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2009; 107: 246-252.
  • Canelas MM, Cardoso JC, Andrade PF, Reis JP, Tellechea O. Fibrous Histiocytomas: histopathologic review of 95 cases. An Bras Dermatol. 2010; 85(2): 211-215.
  • Wolff K, Goldsmith LA, Katz SI, Gilchrest BA, Paller AS, Leffell DJ. Fitzpatrick’s Dermatology in general medicine. 7th Edition. Vol 1 & 2. Mc Graw Hill. 2008.
  • Shafer, Hine, Levy. Shafer’s Textbook of Oral pathology, 6th Edition; Elsevier: 2009.
  • Lay G, Poquet Y, Salek-Peyron P, et al. Langhans giant cells from M tuberculosis-induced human granulomas cannot mediate mycobacterial uptake. J Pathol 2007; 211:76-85.
  • Fortin JF, Barbeau B, Hedman H, Lundgren E, Tremblay MJ: Role of the leukocyte function antigen-1 conformational state in the process of human immunodeficiency virus type 1-mediated syncytium formation and virus infection. Virology 1999, 257: 228-238.
  • Neville, Damm, Allen, Bouquot. Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, 3rd Edition; Saunders: 2009.
  • Chattopadhyay A. Giant cells and giant cell lesions of the oral cavity. Journal of Indian Dental Association. 1995; 66 (11): 326-327.
  • Varghese I, Prakash A. Giant cell lesion of oral cavity. OMPJ 2011; 2: 0976-1225.
  • Eng HL, Lu SY, Yang CH, Chen WJ. Oral tuberculosis. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 1996; 81: 415-420.
  • Jawad J, El-Zuebi F. Primary lingual tuberculosis: a case report. J Laryngol Otol 1996; 110: 177-178.
  • Hathiram BT, Grewal DS, Irani DK, Tankwal PM, Patankar M. Tuberculoma of the cheek: a case report. Primary lingual tuberculosis: a case report. J Laryngol Otol 1997; 111: 872-873.
  • Von Arx DP, Husain A. Oral tuberculosis. British Dental Journal. 2001; 190 (8): 420-422.
  • Möller-Christensen V, Bakke SN, Melsom RS, Waaler E. Changes in the anterior nasal spine of the alveolar process of the maxillary bone in leprosy. Int J Lepr. 1952; 20: 335-340.
  • Reichert B. Facial and oral manifestations in leprosy-An evaluation of seventy cases. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1976; 41: 385-389.
  • De Abreu MA, Alchorne MM, Michalany NS, Weckx LL, Pimentel DR, Hirata CH. The oral mucosa in paucibacillary leprosy: A clinical and histopathological study. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2007; 103: e48-e52.
  • Scheepers A. Correlation of oral surface temperatures and the lesions of leprosy. Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis. 1998; 66: 214-217.
  • Brand PW. Temperature variation and leprosy deformity. Int J Lepr. 1959; 27: 1-7.
  • De Costa AP, de Costa Nery JA, de Oliveira ML, Cuzzi T, Silva MR. Oral lesions in leprosy. Indian J Dermatol Leprol 2003; 69: 381-385.
  • Belmont MJ, Behar PM, Wax MK. Atypical presentation of actinomycosis. Head Neck 1999; 21: 264-268.
  • Weese WC, Smith IM. A study of 57 cases of actinomycosis over a 36 year period. Arch Intern Med 1975; 135: 1562-1565.
  • Iwasaki M, Nishikawa A, Akutagawa N, et al. A case of ovarian actinomycosis. Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol 2003; 11: 171-173.
  • Chesnutt AN. Enigmas in sarcoidosis. West J Med 1995; 162: 519-526.
  • Hunninghake GW, Costabel U, Ando M et al. ATS/ERS/WASOG statement sarcoidosis. American thoracic society/European respiratory society/World association of sarcoidosis and other granulomatous disorders. Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis 1999; 16: 149-173.
  • Suresh L, Radfar L. Oral sarcoidosis: a review of literature. Oral Diseases 2005; 11: 138-145.
  • Gal A, Koss MN. The pathology of sarcoidosis. Curr Opin Pulm Med 2002; 8: 445-451.
  • Black MM, Epstein WL. Formation and properties of multinucleate giant cells in organized cell granulomas. Am J Pathol 1974; 74: 263-270.
  • Gottlieb JE, Isreal HL, Steiner RM et al. Outcome in sarcoidosis. The relationship of relapse to corticosteroid therapy. Chest. 1997; 111: 623-631.
  • Nicolai G, Lorè B, Mariani G, Bollero P, De Marinis L, Calabrese L. Central giant cell granuloma of the jaws. J Craniofac Surg. 2010; 21(2): 383-386.
  • Chattha MR, Ali K, Aslam A, Afzal B, Shahzad MA. Current concepts in central giant cell granuloma. Pakistan Dent & Oral Jr 2006; 26(1): 71-78.
  • Pogrel AM. The diagnosis and management of giant cell lesions of the jaws. Annals of Maxillofacial Surgery 2012; 2(2): 102-106.
  • Shadman N, Ebrahimi SF, Jafari S, Eslami M. Peripheral Giant Cell Granuloma: A Review of 123 Cases. Dent Res J (Isfahan). 2009; 6(1): 47-50.
  • Sood S, Gulati A, Yadav R, Gupta S. Peripheral giant cell granuloma - A review. Indian journal of multidisciplinary dentistry 2012; 2(2): 435-550.
  • Flaitz CM. Peripheral giant cell granuloma: A potentially aggressive lesion in children. Pediatric dentistry 2000; 22(3): 232-233.
  • Park SR, Chung SM, Lim JY, Choi EC. Giant cell tumor of the mandible. Clinical and Experimental Otorhinolaryngology 2012; 5(1): 49-52.
  • Haque AU, Moatasim A. Int J Clin Exp Pathol. 2008; 1: 489-501.
  • Yu X, Xu M, Xu S, Su Q. Clinical outcomes of giant cell tumour of bone treated with bone cement filling and internal fixation, and oral bisphosphonates. Oncology letters 2013; 5: 447-451.
  • Sabarinath B, Sivaramakrishnan M, Sivapathasundaram B. Giant cell fibroma: A clinicopathological study. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol 2012; 16(3): 359-362.
  • Regezi JA, Courtney RM, Kerr DA. Fibrous lesions of the skin and mucous membranes which contain stellate and multinucleated cells. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1975; 39: 605-614.
  • Odell EW, Lock C, Lombardi TL. Phenotypic characterization of stellate and giant cells in giant cell fibroma by immunocytochemistry. J Oral Pathol Med 1994; 23: 284-287.
  • Andrade CR, Lopes MA, Almeida OP, Leon JE, Mistro F, Kignel S. Giant cell angiofibroma of the oral cavity: A case report and review of the literature Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal 2008; 13(9): E540-E543.
  • Regezzi JA, Sciubba JJ, Jordan RC. Oral Pathology Clinical Pathologic correlations, 5th Edition; Saunders.
  • Dei Tos AP, Seregard S, Calonje E, Chan JK, Fletcher CD. Giant cell angiofibroma. A distinctive orbital tumor in adults. Am J Surg Pathol 1995; 19(11): 1286-1293.
  • Franch AM, Esteve CG, Perez MG. Oral manifestations and dental management of patient with leukocyte alterations. J Clin Exp Dent 2011; 3(1): e53-e59.
  • Yung L, Linch D. Hodgkins lymphoma. Lancet 2003; 361: 943-951.
  • Moreno AC, Acero J, Recuero IG, Ruiz J, Serrano R, Paz VD. Giant aneurysmal bone cyst of the mandible with unusual presentation. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal 2009; 14(3): E137-E140.
  • Behal SV. Evolution of an aneurysmal bone cyst: a case report. Journal of Oral Science 2011; 53(4): 529-532.
  • Goyal A, Tyagi I, Syal R, Agrawal T, Jain M. Primary aneurysmal bone cyst of coronoid process. BMC Ear, Nose and Throat Disorders 2006; 6: 1-4.
  • Liu B, Yu SF, Li TJ. Multinucleated giant cells in various forms of giant cell containing lesions of the jaws express features of osteoclasts. J Oral Pathol Med 2003; 32(6): 367-375.
Toplam 69 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Review
Yazarlar

Ashish Shrestha

Vinay Marla

Sushmita Shrestha

Manisha Neupane

Yayımlanma Tarihi 2 Mayıs 2014
Gönderilme Tarihi 23 Ekim 2013
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2014

Kaynak Göster

EndNote Shrestha A, Marla V, Shrestha S, Neupane M (01 Mayıs 2014) GIANT CELLS AND GIANT CELL LESIONS OF ORAL CAVITY- A REVIEW. Cumhuriyet Dental Journal 17 2 192–204.

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Giant Cells Lesions of Oral and Maxillofacial Region – A Proposed Diagnostic Algorithm
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Assessment of Cytotoxicity Induced by Hazardous Chemotherapeutic Drugs Cyclophosphamide and 5-Fluorouracil in <i>Allium cepa</i> Assay for Ecological Safety
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Cumhuriyet Dental Journal (Cumhuriyet Dent J, CDJ) is the official publication of Cumhuriyet University Faculty of Dentistry. CDJ is an international journal dedicated to the latest advancement of dentistry. The aim of this journal is to provide a platform for scientists and academicians all over the world to promote, share, and discuss various new issues and developments in different areas of dentistry. First issue of the Journal of Cumhuriyet University Faculty of Dentistry was published in 1998. In 2010, journal's name was changed as Cumhuriyet Dental Journal. Journal’s publication language is English.


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