Abstract
Objectives: The objective of this study is toassess the prevalence of halitosis in patients whoreferred to the Near East University, Faculty ofDentistry and analyze the association of halitosiswith age, gender, education level and smoking.Materials and Methods: The study included atotal of 612 healthy subjects (298 female, 314 male)ranging in age from 20 to 80 (mean age; 39.07 +14.79). Halitosis assessment will be carried out byorganoleptic measurements and portable sulphidemonitor (Halimeter®). Student's t-test, ANOVAand Pearson's correlation analysis are used forstatistical analysis.Results: In all subjects, the prevalence ofhalitosis was 51.9% for Organoleptic Score (OS)(OS ≥2) and 54.8% for VSC (VSC ≥110 ppb)values. There was positive and statisticallysignificant correlation between VSC values and OSmeasurements [(r:0.82), (p<0.05)]. Statisticallysignificant correlation was found between OS-VSCvalues with age and education level (p<0.05). OSand VSC values increased with the amount ofsmoking were only significantly associated with OSvalues (pos OS-VSC values and gender (p>0.05).Conclusions: The prevalence of halitosis wasfound 54.08%. Organoleptic scoring is a reliablemethod for the determination of halitosis. Theprevalence of halitosis, increases with the age anddecreases with the increased level of education.Smoking causes bad breath and increased use ofthese products causes an increase in halitosis.
Keywords
References
- KAYNAKLAR
- McDowell JD, Kassebaum DK. Diagnosing and treating halitosis. J Am Dent Assoc 1993;124:55-64.
- Schully C, El-Maaytah M, Porter SR, Greenman J. Breath odor: etiopathogenesis, assessment and management. Eur J Oral Sci 1997;105(4):287-293.
- Touyz LZG. Oral malodor: a review. Can Dent Assoc J 1993;59:607-610.
- Rosenberg, M. (1996). Clinical assessment of bad breath: current concepts. J Am Dent Assoc 127, 475-482.
- Hughes FJ, McNab R. Oral malodour-a review. Arch Oral Biol 2008;53:1-7.
- Delanghe G, Ghyselen J, Feenstra L, van Steenberghe D. Experiences of a Belgian multidisciplinary breath odour clinic. Acta Otorhinolaryngol Belg 1997;51:43-48.
- Murata T, Yamaga T, Iida T, Miyazaki H, Yaegaki K. Classification and examination of halitosis. Int Dent J 2002;52:181-186.
- Tonzetich J, Ng SK. Reduction of malodor by oral cleansing procedures. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1976;42:172-181.
- Persson S. Hydrogen sulfide and methyl mercaptan in periodontal pockets. Oral Microbiol Immunol 1992;7:378-379
- Furne J, Majerus G, Lenton P, Springfield J, Levitt DG, Levitt MD. Comparison of volatile sulfur compound concentrations measured with a sulfide detector vs. gas chromatography. J Dent Res 2002;81:140-143.
- Akpinar A, Ataoğlu T, Bostanci V, Marakoglu I, Sezer H. The Effect Of Periodontal Therapy On Halitosis In Type II Diabetes Mellitus Patients With Periodontitis. Cumhuriyet Dent J 2008; 1(11):28-34
- Porter SR, Scully C. Oral malodour (halitosis). BMJ 2006;333(7569):632-635.
- Goldberg S, Kozlovsky A, Gordon D, Gelernter I, Sintov A, Rosenberg M. Cadaverine as a putative component of oral malodor. J Dent Res 1994;73:1168-1172.
- Eltas A, Tozoglu U, Gungor H. Evaluation of effects on periodontal health, halitosis and salivary flow of the occlusal splint use. Cumhuriyet Dent J 2012; 15(3):212-215
- Kleinberg I, Westbay G. Oral Malodor. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med 1990;1:247-259.
- Ratcliff PA, Johnson PW. The relationship between oral malodor, gingivitis, and periodontitis. A review. J Periodontol 1999;70:485-489.
- Loesche WJ, Kazor C. Microbiology and treatment of halitosis. Periodontol 2000 2002;28:256-279.
- De Boever EH, Loesche WJ. Assessing the contribution of anaerobic microflora of the tongue to oral malodor. J Am Dent Assoc 1995;126(10): 1384-1393.
- Lee CH, Kho HS, Chung SC, Lee SW, Kim YK. The relationship between volatile sulfur compounds and major halitosis-inducing factors. J Periodontol 2003;74(1):32-37.
- Miyazaki H, Sakao S, Katoh Y, Takehara T. Correlation between volatile sulphur compounds and certain oral health measurements in the general population. J Periodontol 1995; 66(8):679-684.
- Quirynen M, Mongardini C, van Steenberghe D. The effect of a 1-stage full-mouth disinfection on oral malodor and microbial colonization of the tongue in periodontitis patients. A pilot study. J Periodontol 1998; 69:374-382.
- Yaegaki K, Sanada K. Biochemical and clinical factors influencing oral malodor in periodontal patients. J Periodontol 1992; 63:783-789.
- Nachnani S. The effects of oral rinses on halitosis. J Calif Dent Assoc 1997;25:145-150.
- Yaegaki K, Sanada K. Volatile sulfur compounds in mouth air from clinically healthy subjects and patients with periodontal disease. J Periodontal Res 1992;27:233-238.
- Nalçaci R, Dülgergil T, Oba AA, Gelgör IE. Prevalence of breath malodour in 7-11-year-old children living in Middle Anatolia, Turkey. Community Dent Health 2008;25(3):173-177.
- Loesche WJ, Grossman N, Dominguez L, Schork MA. Oral malodour in the elderly. In: van Steenberghe D, Rosenberg M (eds). Bad breath: a multidisciplinary approach. Leuven: Leuven University Press, 1996:181-194.
- Bornstein MM, Kislig K, Hoti BB, Seemann R, Lussi A. Prevalence of halitosis in the population of the city of Bern, Switzerland: a study comparing self-reported and clinical data. Eur J Oral Sci 2009;117(3):261-267.
- Söder B, Johansson B, Söder PO. The relation between foetor ex ore, oral hygiene and periodontal disease. Swed Dent J 2000;24(3):73−82.
- Sopapornamorn P, Ueno M, Vachirarojpisan T, Shinada K, Kawaguchi Y. Association between oral malodor and measurements obtained using a new sulfide monitor. J Dent 2006;34(10):770-774.
- Romano F, Pigella E, Guzzi N, Aimetti M. Patients' self-assessment of oral malodour and its relationship with organoleptic scores and oral conditions. Int J Dent Hyg 2010;8(1):41-46.
- Liu XN, Shinada K, Chen XC, Zhang BX, Yaegaki K, Kawaguchi Y. Oral malodor-related parameters in the Chinese general population J Clin Periodontol 2006;33(1):31-36.
- Rosenberg M, McCulloch CAG. Measurement of oral malodor: current methods and future prospects. J Periodontol 1992;63:776–782.
- Pham TA. Comparison between self-estimated and clinical oral malodor. Acta Odontol Scand 2013;71(1):263-270.
- Quirynen M, Dadamio J, van der Velde S, De Smit M, Dekeyser C, van Tornout M, van Dekerckhove B. Characteristics of 2000 patients who visited a halitosis clinic. J Clin Periodontol 2009;36(11):970-975.
- Seemann R, Kison A, Mozhgan B, Zimmer S. Effectiveness of mechanical tongue cleaning on oral levels of volatile sulfur compounds. J Am Dent Assoc 2001;132:1263-1267.
- Iwanicka-Grzegorek E, Michalik J, Kepa J, Wierzbicka M, Aleksinski M, Pierzynowska E. Subjective patients’ opinion and evaluation of halitosis using Halimeter® and organoleptic scores. Oral Dis 2005;11(1):86−88.
- Roldan S, Herrera D, O’Connor A, Gonzalez I, Sanz M. A combined therapeutic approach to manage oral halitosis: a 3- month prospective case series. J Periodontol 2005;76(6):1025-1033.
- Kazor CE, Mitchell PM, Lee AM, Stokes LN, Loesche WJ, Dewhirst FE, Paster BJ. Diversity of bacterial populations on the tongue dorsa of patients with halitosis and healthy patients. J Clin Microbiol 2003;41(2):558-563.
- Richter JL. Diagnosis and treatment of halitosis. Compend Contin Educ Dent 1996;17:370-376.
- Rosenberg M, Knaan T, Cohen D. Association among bad breath, body mass index, and alcohol intake. J Dent Res 2007;86(10):997-1000.
- Al-Ansari JM, Boodai H, Al-Sumait N, Al-Khabbaz AK, Al-Shammari KF, Salako N. Factors associated with self-reported halitosis in Kuwaiti patients. J Dent 2006;34(7):444-449.
- Nadanovsky P, Carvalho LB, Ponce de Leon A. Oral malodour and its association with age and sex in a general population in Brazil. Oral Dis 2007;13(1):105−109.
- Al-Shammari KF, Al-Ansari JM, Al-Khabbaz AK, Dashti A, Honkala EJ. Self-reported oral hygiene habits and oral health problems of Kuwaiti adults. Med Princ Pract, 2007;16(1):15-21.
Sosyodemografik yapı ve sigara kullanımının ağız kokusu üzerine etkisinin organoleptik yöntem ve halimeter® ile değerlendirilmesi
Abstract
Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı, Yakın Doğu
Üniversitesi, Diş Hekimliği Fakültesine başvuran
bireylerde halitozis görülme sıklığının araştırılması
ve halitozis ile yaş, cinsiyet, eğitim seviyesi ve
sigara kullanımı arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesidir.
Gereç ve Yöntem: Çalışma, yaşları 20 ile 80
arasında değişen (yaş ortalaması; 39,07 + 14,79),
sistemik olarak sağlıklı 612 bireyden (298 kadın ve
314 erkek) oluşmaktadır. Halitozisin
belirlenmesinde organoleptik yöntem ve VSB
miktarını tayin eden bir portatif sülfür monitörü
(Halimeter®) kullanılmıştır. İstatistiksel analiz için
Student t Testi, ANOVA ve Pearson Korelasyon
Analizinden faydalanılmıştır.
Bulgular: İncelenen tüm hastalarda, Organoleptik Skor (OS) için % 51,9 (OS: ≥2), VSB
için %54,08 (VSB: ≥110 ppb) halitosis tespit edildi.
OS değerleri ile VSB ölçümleri arasında pozitif
yönde ve istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir korelasyon
saptandı [(r:0,82), (p < 0,05)]. Yaş, eğitim seviyesi
ile OS ve VSB değerleri arasında istatistiksel olarak
anlamlı bir ilişki bulundu (p < 0,05). Sigara kullanım
miktarı ile OS ve VSB değerleri artış gösterirken
sadece OS değerleri ile anlamlı bir ilişki olduğu
saptandı. (pos < 0,05). Cinsiyet ile OS ve VSB
değerleri arasında herhangi bir ilişki bulunmadı
(p > 0,05).
Sonuçlar: Halitozis prevalansı %54,08 olarak
bulundu. Organoleptik skorlama, halitozis
tespitinde güvenilir bir yöntemdir. Halitozis sıklığı,
ilerleyen yaş ile artarken, eğitim seviyesi
yükseldikçe azalmaktadır. Sigara kullanımı ağız
kokusuna sebep olur ve bu ürünlerin kullanımı
arttıkça ağız kokusunda artış olmaktadır.
References
- KAYNAKLAR
- McDowell JD, Kassebaum DK. Diagnosing and treating halitosis. J Am Dent Assoc 1993;124:55-64.
- Schully C, El-Maaytah M, Porter SR, Greenman J. Breath odor: etiopathogenesis, assessment and management. Eur J Oral Sci 1997;105(4):287-293.
- Touyz LZG. Oral malodor: a review. Can Dent Assoc J 1993;59:607-610.
- Rosenberg, M. (1996). Clinical assessment of bad breath: current concepts. J Am Dent Assoc 127, 475-482.
- Hughes FJ, McNab R. Oral malodour-a review. Arch Oral Biol 2008;53:1-7.
- Delanghe G, Ghyselen J, Feenstra L, van Steenberghe D. Experiences of a Belgian multidisciplinary breath odour clinic. Acta Otorhinolaryngol Belg 1997;51:43-48.
- Murata T, Yamaga T, Iida T, Miyazaki H, Yaegaki K. Classification and examination of halitosis. Int Dent J 2002;52:181-186.
- Tonzetich J, Ng SK. Reduction of malodor by oral cleansing procedures. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1976;42:172-181.
- Persson S. Hydrogen sulfide and methyl mercaptan in periodontal pockets. Oral Microbiol Immunol 1992;7:378-379
- Furne J, Majerus G, Lenton P, Springfield J, Levitt DG, Levitt MD. Comparison of volatile sulfur compound concentrations measured with a sulfide detector vs. gas chromatography. J Dent Res 2002;81:140-143.
- Akpinar A, Ataoğlu T, Bostanci V, Marakoglu I, Sezer H. The Effect Of Periodontal Therapy On Halitosis In Type II Diabetes Mellitus Patients With Periodontitis. Cumhuriyet Dent J 2008; 1(11):28-34
- Porter SR, Scully C. Oral malodour (halitosis). BMJ 2006;333(7569):632-635.
- Goldberg S, Kozlovsky A, Gordon D, Gelernter I, Sintov A, Rosenberg M. Cadaverine as a putative component of oral malodor. J Dent Res 1994;73:1168-1172.
- Eltas A, Tozoglu U, Gungor H. Evaluation of effects on periodontal health, halitosis and salivary flow of the occlusal splint use. Cumhuriyet Dent J 2012; 15(3):212-215
- Kleinberg I, Westbay G. Oral Malodor. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med 1990;1:247-259.
- Ratcliff PA, Johnson PW. The relationship between oral malodor, gingivitis, and periodontitis. A review. J Periodontol 1999;70:485-489.
- Loesche WJ, Kazor C. Microbiology and treatment of halitosis. Periodontol 2000 2002;28:256-279.
- De Boever EH, Loesche WJ. Assessing the contribution of anaerobic microflora of the tongue to oral malodor. J Am Dent Assoc 1995;126(10): 1384-1393.
- Lee CH, Kho HS, Chung SC, Lee SW, Kim YK. The relationship between volatile sulfur compounds and major halitosis-inducing factors. J Periodontol 2003;74(1):32-37.
- Miyazaki H, Sakao S, Katoh Y, Takehara T. Correlation between volatile sulphur compounds and certain oral health measurements in the general population. J Periodontol 1995; 66(8):679-684.
- Quirynen M, Mongardini C, van Steenberghe D. The effect of a 1-stage full-mouth disinfection on oral malodor and microbial colonization of the tongue in periodontitis patients. A pilot study. J Periodontol 1998; 69:374-382.
- Yaegaki K, Sanada K. Biochemical and clinical factors influencing oral malodor in periodontal patients. J Periodontol 1992; 63:783-789.
- Nachnani S. The effects of oral rinses on halitosis. J Calif Dent Assoc 1997;25:145-150.
- Yaegaki K, Sanada K. Volatile sulfur compounds in mouth air from clinically healthy subjects and patients with periodontal disease. J Periodontal Res 1992;27:233-238.
- Nalçaci R, Dülgergil T, Oba AA, Gelgör IE. Prevalence of breath malodour in 7-11-year-old children living in Middle Anatolia, Turkey. Community Dent Health 2008;25(3):173-177.
- Loesche WJ, Grossman N, Dominguez L, Schork MA. Oral malodour in the elderly. In: van Steenberghe D, Rosenberg M (eds). Bad breath: a multidisciplinary approach. Leuven: Leuven University Press, 1996:181-194.
- Bornstein MM, Kislig K, Hoti BB, Seemann R, Lussi A. Prevalence of halitosis in the population of the city of Bern, Switzerland: a study comparing self-reported and clinical data. Eur J Oral Sci 2009;117(3):261-267.
- Söder B, Johansson B, Söder PO. The relation between foetor ex ore, oral hygiene and periodontal disease. Swed Dent J 2000;24(3):73−82.
- Sopapornamorn P, Ueno M, Vachirarojpisan T, Shinada K, Kawaguchi Y. Association between oral malodor and measurements obtained using a new sulfide monitor. J Dent 2006;34(10):770-774.
- Romano F, Pigella E, Guzzi N, Aimetti M. Patients' self-assessment of oral malodour and its relationship with organoleptic scores and oral conditions. Int J Dent Hyg 2010;8(1):41-46.
- Liu XN, Shinada K, Chen XC, Zhang BX, Yaegaki K, Kawaguchi Y. Oral malodor-related parameters in the Chinese general population J Clin Periodontol 2006;33(1):31-36.
- Rosenberg M, McCulloch CAG. Measurement of oral malodor: current methods and future prospects. J Periodontol 1992;63:776–782.
- Pham TA. Comparison between self-estimated and clinical oral malodor. Acta Odontol Scand 2013;71(1):263-270.
- Quirynen M, Dadamio J, van der Velde S, De Smit M, Dekeyser C, van Tornout M, van Dekerckhove B. Characteristics of 2000 patients who visited a halitosis clinic. J Clin Periodontol 2009;36(11):970-975.
- Seemann R, Kison A, Mozhgan B, Zimmer S. Effectiveness of mechanical tongue cleaning on oral levels of volatile sulfur compounds. J Am Dent Assoc 2001;132:1263-1267.
- Iwanicka-Grzegorek E, Michalik J, Kepa J, Wierzbicka M, Aleksinski M, Pierzynowska E. Subjective patients’ opinion and evaluation of halitosis using Halimeter® and organoleptic scores. Oral Dis 2005;11(1):86−88.
- Roldan S, Herrera D, O’Connor A, Gonzalez I, Sanz M. A combined therapeutic approach to manage oral halitosis: a 3- month prospective case series. J Periodontol 2005;76(6):1025-1033.
- Kazor CE, Mitchell PM, Lee AM, Stokes LN, Loesche WJ, Dewhirst FE, Paster BJ. Diversity of bacterial populations on the tongue dorsa of patients with halitosis and healthy patients. J Clin Microbiol 2003;41(2):558-563.
- Richter JL. Diagnosis and treatment of halitosis. Compend Contin Educ Dent 1996;17:370-376.
- Rosenberg M, Knaan T, Cohen D. Association among bad breath, body mass index, and alcohol intake. J Dent Res 2007;86(10):997-1000.
- Al-Ansari JM, Boodai H, Al-Sumait N, Al-Khabbaz AK, Al-Shammari KF, Salako N. Factors associated with self-reported halitosis in Kuwaiti patients. J Dent 2006;34(7):444-449.
- Nadanovsky P, Carvalho LB, Ponce de Leon A. Oral malodour and its association with age and sex in a general population in Brazil. Oral Dis 2007;13(1):105−109.
- Al-Shammari KF, Al-Ansari JM, Al-Khabbaz AK, Dashti A, Honkala EJ. Self-reported oral hygiene habits and oral health problems of Kuwaiti adults. Med Princ Pract, 2007;16(1):15-21.
Details
| Primary Language | Turkish |
|---|---|
| Journal Section | Original Research Articles |
| Authors | |
| Publication Date | January 24, 2014 |
| Submission Date | February 15, 2013 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2014 |
Cumhuriyet Dental Journal (Cumhuriyet Dent J, CDJ) is the official publication of Cumhuriyet University Faculty of Dentistry. CDJ is an international journal dedicated to the latest advancement of dentistry. The aim of this journal is to provide a platform for scientists and academicians all over the world to promote, share, and discuss various new issues and developments in different areas of dentistry. First issue of the Journal of Cumhuriyet University Faculty of Dentistry was published in 1998. In 2010, journal's name was changed as Cumhuriyet Dental Journal. Journal’s publication language is English.
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