Abstract
Objectives: In the present study, it was aimedto investigate the biochemical effects of chlorhexidine digluconate (CHX) on the antioxidant enzyme levels in human peripheralblood cell cultures.Materials and Methods: The blood cultureswere prepared using the blood samples obtainedfrom 10 individuals (5 male and 5 female) whowere systemically healthy and were not exposed toany toxic agent before. The cultures were exposedto different concentrations of CHX (0.05, 0.1, 0.2ve 0.4 mmol/L). Glutation peroxidase (GPx),superoxide dismutase (SOD) and Catalase (CAT)enzyme activities were analyzed in order toevaluate the biochemical effects.Results:A dose-dependent statisticallysignificant reduction was seen in the GPx, SOD andCAT enzyme activities in the blood cultures treatedwith 0.1, 0.2 ve 0.4 mmol/L concentrations ofCHX. Conclusion: This is the first in vitro studyinvestigating the effects of CHX on antioxidantenzyme levels in the human peripheral bloodcultures. In conclusion, it was revealed that CHXhad dose-depended cytotoxic effects by influencingthe antioxidant enzyme activities in blood cells.
Keywords
References
- Drisko CH. Nonsurgical periodontology therapy. Periodontol 2000 2001; 25:77-88.
- Ciancio SG. Site specific delivery of antimicrobial agents for periodontal disease. Gen Dent 1999; 47: 172-178.
- Eren K, Özmeriç N, Sardas S. Monitoring of buccal epithelial cells by alkaline comet assay (single cell gel electrophoresis technique) in cytogenetic evaluation of chlorhexidine. Clin Oral Invest 2001;6:150–154.
- Hatipoğlu H, Güncü GN, Şengün D. Klorheksidin içeren ağız gargarasının hatalı kullanımı sonucu gözlenen deskuamatif lezyonlar: Olgu Raporu. Hacettepe Dişhekimliği Fakültesi Dergisi 2007; 31(1): 42-45.
- White RR, Hays GL, Janer LR. Residual antimicrobial activity after canal ırrigation
- with chlorhexidine. J Endod 1997; 23(4): 229-231.
- George AM, Kalangi SK, Vasudevan M, Krishnaswamy NR. Chlorhexidine varnishes effectively inhibit Porphyromonas gingivalis and Streptococcus mutans — an in vivo study. J Indian Soc Periodontol. 2010 Jul-Sep; 14(3): 178–180.
- Autio-Gold J. The Role of Chlorhexidine in Caries Prevention. Operative Dentistry 2008; 33(6): 710-716.
- Park JB, Park NH. Effect of chlorhexidine on the in vitro and in vivo herpes simplex virus infection. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1989; 67(2):149-153.
- Semprebom AM, Isidoro ACA, Machado MAN, Campelo PMS, Hofling JF, Samaranayake LP, Rosa EAR. Enhanced susceptibility of Candida albicans to chlorhexidine under anoxia. Braz J Oral Sci 2009; 8(2): 105-110.
- Ferretti GA, Raybould TP, Brown AT, Macdonald JS, Greenwood M, Maruyama Y, Geil J, Lillich TT, Ash RC. Chlorhexidine prophylaxis for chemotherapy- and radiotherapy-induced stomatitis: a randomized double-blind trial. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1990; 69(3): 331-338.
- Harbison MA, Hammer SM. Inactivation of human immunodeficiency virus by Betadine products and chlorhexidine. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1989; 2(1): 16-20.
- Bernstein D, Schiff G, Echler G, Prince A, Feller M, Briner W. In vitro virucidal effectiveness of a 0.12%-chlorhexidine gluconate mouthrinse. J Dent Res 1990; 69(3): 874-876.
- Emilson CG. Susceptibility of various microorganisms to chlorhexidine. Scand J Dent Res 1977; 85(4): 255-265.
- Leonardo MR, Tanomaru Filho M, Silva LA, Nelson Filho P, Bonifácio KC, Ito IY. In vivo antimicrobial activity of 2% chlorhexidine used as a root canal irrigating solution. J Endod. 1999; 25(3): 167-171.
- Varoni E, Tarce M, Lodi G, Carrassi A. Chlorhexidine (CHX) in dentistry: state of the art. Minerva Stomatol 2012; 61(9): 399-419.
- Menderes G, Athar Ali N, Aagaard K, Sangi-Haghpeykar H. Chlorhexidine-alcohol compared with povidone-iodine for surgical-site antisepsis in cesarean deliveries. Obstet Gynecol 2012; 120(5): 1037-1044.
- Bartzokas CA, Corkill JE, Makin T. Evaluation of the skin disinfecting activity and cumulative effect of chlorhexidine and triclosan handwash preparations on hands artificially contaminated with serratia marcescens. Infect Control 1987; 8(4): 163-167.
- Onat T, Emerk K, Sözmen ET. İnsan Biyokimyası. Palme Yayıncılık, 2002, Ankara.
- Yıldırım A. İntakt ve Adrenalektomili Sıçanların Eritrosit ve Mide Dokularında Oksidan ve Antioksidan Parametrelerin Araştırılması. Atatürk Üniversitesi, Tıp Fakültesi, Biyokimya Anabilim Dalı, Uzmanlık Tezi, 2003, Erzurum.
- Powers SK, Lennon SL..Analysis of cellular response to free radicals: focus on exercise and skeletal muscle. Proc Nutr Soc 1999; 58: 1025-1033.
- Eken A. Hiberbarik oksijen tedavisi, oksidatif stres ve genetik toksisite arasındaki ilişkinin araştırılması. Gülhane Askeri Tıp Akademisi, Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Yüksek Lisans tezi, 2003, Ankara.
- Evans HJ, O’Riordan ML. Human peripheral blood lymphocytes for the analysis of chromosome aberrations in mutagen tests. Mutat Res 1975; 31: 135–148.
- Misra HP, Fridovich I. The role of superoxide anion in the autoxidation of epinephrine and a simple assay for superoxide dismutase. J Biol Chem 1972; 247(10): 3170–3175.
- Aebi H. Catalase in vitro. Methods Enzymol 1984; 105: 121-126.
- Carlberg I, Mannervik B. Purification and characterrization of the flavoenzyme glutathione reductase from rat liver. J Biol Chem 1972; 250: 5475–5480.
- Quirynen M, Bollen CML, Vandekerckhove BN, Dekeyser C, Papaioannou W, Eyssen H. Full-vs. partial mouth disinfection in the treatment of periodontal infections: short-term clinical and microbiological observations. J Dent Res 1995; 67: 1456–1467.
- Reynold MA, Lavigne CK, Minah GE, Suzuki JB. Clinical effects of simultaneous ultrasonic scaling and subgingival irrigation with chlorhexidine. J Clin Periodontol 1992; 19(8): 595-600.
- Xue Y, Zhang S, Yang Y, Lu M, Wang Y, Zhang T, Tang M, Takeshita H. Acute pulmonary toxic effects of chlorhexidine (CHX) following an intratracheal instillation in rats. Hum Exp Toxicol 2011; 30(11): 1795-1803.
- Cabral MC, Costa MA, Fernandes MH. In vitro models of periodontal cells: a comparative study of long-term gingival, periodontal ligament and alveolar bone cell cultures in the presence of beta-glycerophosphate and dexamethasone. J Mater Sci Mater Med 2007; 18(6): 1079-1088.
- Giannelli M, Chellini F, Margheri M, Tonelli P, Tani A. Effect of chlorhexidine digluconate on different cell types: A molecular and ultrastructural investigation. Toxicol In Vitro 2008; 22: 308–317.
- Ribeiro DA, Bazo AP, da Silva Franchi CA, Marques MEA, Salvadori DMF. Chlorhexidine induces DNA damage in rat peripheral leukocytes and oral mucosal cells. J Periodont Res 2004; 39: 358–361.
- Oosterwaal PHM, Mikx FHM, van den Brink ME, Renggli HH. Bactericidal concentration of chlorhexidine-digluconate, aminefluoride gel and stannous fluoride gel for subgingival bacteria tested in serum at short contact times. J Periodont Res 1989; 24: 155–160.
- Babich H, Wurzburger BJ, Rubin YL, Sinensky MC, Blau L. An in vitro study on the cytotoxicity of chlorhexidine digluconate to human gingival cells. Cell Biol Toxicol 1995; 11(2): 79-88.
Klorheksidin diglukonatın insan periferal kan kültürlerinde antioksidan enzim seviyeleri üzerine etkilerinin incelenmesi
Abstract
Objectives: In the present study, it was aimed to investigate the biochemical effects of chlorhexidine digluconate (CHX) on the antioxidant enzyme levels in human peripheral blood cell cultures.
Materials and Methods: The blood cultures were prepared using the blood samples obtained from 10 individuals (5 male and 5 female) who were systemically healthy and were not exposed to any toxic agent before. The cultures were exposed to different concentrations of CHX (0.05, 0.1, 0.2 ve 0.4 mmol/L). Glutation peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and Catalase (CAT) enzyme activities were analyzed in order to evaluate the biochemical effects.
Results: A dose-dependent statistically significant reduction was seen in the GPx, SOD and CAT enzyme activities in the blood cultures treated with 0.1, 0.2 ve 0.4 mmol/L concentrations of CHX.
Conclusion: This is the first in vitro study investigating the effects of CHX on antioxidant enzyme levels in the human peripheral blood cultures. In conclusion, it was revealed that CHX had dose-depended cytotoxic effects by influencing the antioxidant enzyme activities in blood cells.
ÖZET
Amaç: Bu çalışmada, klorheksidin diglukonatın (KHG) insan periferal kan kültürlerinde antioksidan enzim seviyeleri üzerine olan biyokimyasal etkilerinin araştırılması amaçlandı.
Gereç ve Yöntem: Daha önce herhangi bir toksik ajana maruz kalmamış ve sistemik olarak sağlıklı 10 bireyden (5 erkek, 5 kadın) elde edilen kan örnekleri ile kan kültürleri hazırlandı. Elde edilen kültürler farklı konsantrasyonlarda KHG (0.05, 0.1, 0.2 ve 0.4 mmol/L) ile muamele edildi. Biyokimyasal etkilerin değerlendirilmesi amacıyla glutatyon peroksidaz (GPx), süperoksit dismutaz (SOD) ve katalaz (KAT) enzim aktiviteleri incelendi.
Bulgular: KHG'nin 0.1, 0.2 ve 0.4 mmol/L'luk konsantrasyonları ile muamele edilen kan kültürlerinde GPx, SOD ve CAT enzim aktivitelerinde doza bağlı istatistiksel olarak anlamlı derecede azalma izlendi (p<0.05).
Sonuç: Bu çalışma, KHG'nin insan periferal kan kültürlerinde antioksidan enzim seviyeleri üzerindeki etkilerini araştıran ilk in vitro çalışmadır. Sonuç olarak, bu bileşiğin kan hücrelerindeki antioksidan enzim aktivitelerini etkilemek suretiyle doza bağlı sitotoksik etkilere sahip olduğu da ortaya konulmuştur.
Keywords
References
- Drisko CH. Nonsurgical periodontology therapy. Periodontol 2000 2001; 25:77-88.
- Ciancio SG. Site specific delivery of antimicrobial agents for periodontal disease. Gen Dent 1999; 47: 172-178.
- Eren K, Özmeriç N, Sardas S. Monitoring of buccal epithelial cells by alkaline comet assay (single cell gel electrophoresis technique) in cytogenetic evaluation of chlorhexidine. Clin Oral Invest 2001;6:150–154.
- Hatipoğlu H, Güncü GN, Şengün D. Klorheksidin içeren ağız gargarasının hatalı kullanımı sonucu gözlenen deskuamatif lezyonlar: Olgu Raporu. Hacettepe Dişhekimliği Fakültesi Dergisi 2007; 31(1): 42-45.
- White RR, Hays GL, Janer LR. Residual antimicrobial activity after canal ırrigation
- with chlorhexidine. J Endod 1997; 23(4): 229-231.
- George AM, Kalangi SK, Vasudevan M, Krishnaswamy NR. Chlorhexidine varnishes effectively inhibit Porphyromonas gingivalis and Streptococcus mutans — an in vivo study. J Indian Soc Periodontol. 2010 Jul-Sep; 14(3): 178–180.
- Autio-Gold J. The Role of Chlorhexidine in Caries Prevention. Operative Dentistry 2008; 33(6): 710-716.
- Park JB, Park NH. Effect of chlorhexidine on the in vitro and in vivo herpes simplex virus infection. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1989; 67(2):149-153.
- Semprebom AM, Isidoro ACA, Machado MAN, Campelo PMS, Hofling JF, Samaranayake LP, Rosa EAR. Enhanced susceptibility of Candida albicans to chlorhexidine under anoxia. Braz J Oral Sci 2009; 8(2): 105-110.
- Ferretti GA, Raybould TP, Brown AT, Macdonald JS, Greenwood M, Maruyama Y, Geil J, Lillich TT, Ash RC. Chlorhexidine prophylaxis for chemotherapy- and radiotherapy-induced stomatitis: a randomized double-blind trial. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1990; 69(3): 331-338.
- Harbison MA, Hammer SM. Inactivation of human immunodeficiency virus by Betadine products and chlorhexidine. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1989; 2(1): 16-20.
- Bernstein D, Schiff G, Echler G, Prince A, Feller M, Briner W. In vitro virucidal effectiveness of a 0.12%-chlorhexidine gluconate mouthrinse. J Dent Res 1990; 69(3): 874-876.
- Emilson CG. Susceptibility of various microorganisms to chlorhexidine. Scand J Dent Res 1977; 85(4): 255-265.
- Leonardo MR, Tanomaru Filho M, Silva LA, Nelson Filho P, Bonifácio KC, Ito IY. In vivo antimicrobial activity of 2% chlorhexidine used as a root canal irrigating solution. J Endod. 1999; 25(3): 167-171.
- Varoni E, Tarce M, Lodi G, Carrassi A. Chlorhexidine (CHX) in dentistry: state of the art. Minerva Stomatol 2012; 61(9): 399-419.
- Menderes G, Athar Ali N, Aagaard K, Sangi-Haghpeykar H. Chlorhexidine-alcohol compared with povidone-iodine for surgical-site antisepsis in cesarean deliveries. Obstet Gynecol 2012; 120(5): 1037-1044.
- Bartzokas CA, Corkill JE, Makin T. Evaluation of the skin disinfecting activity and cumulative effect of chlorhexidine and triclosan handwash preparations on hands artificially contaminated with serratia marcescens. Infect Control 1987; 8(4): 163-167.
- Onat T, Emerk K, Sözmen ET. İnsan Biyokimyası. Palme Yayıncılık, 2002, Ankara.
- Yıldırım A. İntakt ve Adrenalektomili Sıçanların Eritrosit ve Mide Dokularında Oksidan ve Antioksidan Parametrelerin Araştırılması. Atatürk Üniversitesi, Tıp Fakültesi, Biyokimya Anabilim Dalı, Uzmanlık Tezi, 2003, Erzurum.
- Powers SK, Lennon SL..Analysis of cellular response to free radicals: focus on exercise and skeletal muscle. Proc Nutr Soc 1999; 58: 1025-1033.
- Eken A. Hiberbarik oksijen tedavisi, oksidatif stres ve genetik toksisite arasındaki ilişkinin araştırılması. Gülhane Askeri Tıp Akademisi, Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Yüksek Lisans tezi, 2003, Ankara.
- Evans HJ, O’Riordan ML. Human peripheral blood lymphocytes for the analysis of chromosome aberrations in mutagen tests. Mutat Res 1975; 31: 135–148.
- Misra HP, Fridovich I. The role of superoxide anion in the autoxidation of epinephrine and a simple assay for superoxide dismutase. J Biol Chem 1972; 247(10): 3170–3175.
- Aebi H. Catalase in vitro. Methods Enzymol 1984; 105: 121-126.
- Carlberg I, Mannervik B. Purification and characterrization of the flavoenzyme glutathione reductase from rat liver. J Biol Chem 1972; 250: 5475–5480.
- Quirynen M, Bollen CML, Vandekerckhove BN, Dekeyser C, Papaioannou W, Eyssen H. Full-vs. partial mouth disinfection in the treatment of periodontal infections: short-term clinical and microbiological observations. J Dent Res 1995; 67: 1456–1467.
- Reynold MA, Lavigne CK, Minah GE, Suzuki JB. Clinical effects of simultaneous ultrasonic scaling and subgingival irrigation with chlorhexidine. J Clin Periodontol 1992; 19(8): 595-600.
- Xue Y, Zhang S, Yang Y, Lu M, Wang Y, Zhang T, Tang M, Takeshita H. Acute pulmonary toxic effects of chlorhexidine (CHX) following an intratracheal instillation in rats. Hum Exp Toxicol 2011; 30(11): 1795-1803.
- Cabral MC, Costa MA, Fernandes MH. In vitro models of periodontal cells: a comparative study of long-term gingival, periodontal ligament and alveolar bone cell cultures in the presence of beta-glycerophosphate and dexamethasone. J Mater Sci Mater Med 2007; 18(6): 1079-1088.
- Giannelli M, Chellini F, Margheri M, Tonelli P, Tani A. Effect of chlorhexidine digluconate on different cell types: A molecular and ultrastructural investigation. Toxicol In Vitro 2008; 22: 308–317.
- Ribeiro DA, Bazo AP, da Silva Franchi CA, Marques MEA, Salvadori DMF. Chlorhexidine induces DNA damage in rat peripheral leukocytes and oral mucosal cells. J Periodont Res 2004; 39: 358–361.
- Oosterwaal PHM, Mikx FHM, van den Brink ME, Renggli HH. Bactericidal concentration of chlorhexidine-digluconate, aminefluoride gel and stannous fluoride gel for subgingival bacteria tested in serum at short contact times. J Periodont Res 1989; 24: 155–160.
- Babich H, Wurzburger BJ, Rubin YL, Sinensky MC, Blau L. An in vitro study on the cytotoxicity of chlorhexidine digluconate to human gingival cells. Cell Biol Toxicol 1995; 11(2): 79-88.
Details
| Primary Language | Turkish |
|---|---|
| Journal Section | Original Research Articles |
| Authors | |
| Publication Date | July 26, 2013 |
| Submission Date | November 13, 2012 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2013 |
Cumhuriyet Dental Journal (Cumhuriyet Dent J, CDJ) is the official publication of Cumhuriyet University Faculty of Dentistry. CDJ is an international journal dedicated to the latest advancement of dentistry. The aim of this journal is to provide a platform for scientists and academicians all over the world to promote, share, and discuss various new issues and developments in different areas of dentistry. First issue of the Journal of Cumhuriyet University Faculty of Dentistry was published in 1998. In 2010, journal's name was changed as Cumhuriyet Dental Journal. Journal’s publication language is English.
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