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Yıl 2023, , 328 - 331, 29.09.2023

K B Roshni , Neetha J Shetty , Deepa Giridhar Kamath

https://doi.org/10.7126/cumudj.1235788

Öz

Anahtar Kelimeler

Sclerostin; RANKL; SOST; Periodontitis; Osteocytes; Osteoclasts; Alveolar bone. Sclerostin; RANKL; SOST; Periodontitis; Osteocytes; Osteoclasts; Alveolar bone.

Kaynakça

  • 1. Ashifa N, Viswanathan K, Sundaram R, Srinivasan S. Sclerostin and its role as a bone modifying agent in periodontal disease. J Oral Biosci. 2021;63(2):104–10.
  • 2. Larsson L, Decker AM, Nibali L, Pilipchuk SP, Berglundh T, Giannobile W V. Regenerative Medicine for Periodontal and Peri-implant Diseases. http://dx.doi.org/101177/0022034515618887. 2015 Nov 25;95(3):255–66.
  • 3. Herford AS, Dean JS. Complications in Bone Grafting. Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am. 2011 Aug 1;23(3):433–442.
  • 4. Yao Y, Kauffmann F, Maekawa S, Sarment L V, Sugai J V, Schmiedeler CA, et al. Sclerostin antibody stimulates periodontal regeneration in large alveolar bone defects. Scientific RepoRtS |. 123AD;10:16217.
  • 5. Yang X, Han X, Shu R, Jiang F, Xu L, Xue C, et al. Effect of sclerostin removal in vivo on experimental periodontitis in mice. J Oral Sci. 2016 Jun 1;58(2):271–276.
  • 6. Ten Dijke P, Krause C, De Gorter DJJ, Löwik CWGM, Van Bezooijen RL. Osteocyte-derived sclerostin inhibits bone formation: its role in bone morphogenetic protein and Wnt signaling. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2008 Feb 1;90 Suppl 1(SUPPL. 1):31–35.
  • 7. Liao C, Liang S, Wang Y, Zhong T, Liu X. Sclerostin is a promising therapeutic target for oral inflammation and regenerative dentistry. J Transl Med. 2022;1–13.
  • 8. Wijenayaka AR, Kogawa M, Lim HP, Bonewald LF, Findlay DM, Atkins GJ. Sclerostin Stimulates Osteocyte Support of Osteoclast Activity by a RANKL-Dependent Pathway. PLoS One. 2011 Oct 4;6(10):e25900.
  • 9. Ashifa N, Viswanathan K, Sundaram R, Srinivasan S. Sclerostin and its role as a bone modifying agent in periodontal disease. J Oral Biosci [Internet]. 2021 Jun 1 [cited 2022 Oct 19];63(2):104–110. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33878470/
  • 10. Liao C, Liang S, Wang Y, Zhong T, Liu X. Sclerostin is a promising therapeutic target for oral inflammation and regenerative dentistry. J Transl Med [Internet]. 2022 Dec 1 [cited 2022 Sep 23];20(1). Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35562828/
  • 11. Hernandez P, Whitty C, John Wardale R, Henson FMD. New insights into the location and form of sclerostin. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2014 Apr 18;446(4):1108–1113.
  • 12. Weivoda MM, Youssef SJ, Oursler MJ. Sclerostin expression and functions beyond the osteocyte. Bone. 2017 Mar 1;96:45–50.
  • 13. Costa AG, Bilezikian JP. Sclerostin: Therapeutic horizons based upon its actions. Curr Osteoporos Rep. 2012 Mar 11;10(1):64–72.
  • 14. Amrein K, Amrein S, Drexler C, Dimai HP, Dobnig H, Pfeifer K, et al. Sclerostin and Its Association with Physical Activity, Age, Gender, Body Composition, and Bone Mineral Content in Healthy Adults. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012 Jan 1;97(1):148–154.
  • 15. Mödder UI, Hoey KA, Amin S, McCready LK, Achenbach SJ, Riggs BL, et al. Relation of age, gender, and bone mass to circulating sclerostin levels in women and men. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research. 2011 Feb 1;26(2):373–379.
  • 16. Cidem M, Karacan I, Arat NB, Zengi O, Ozkaya M, Guzel SP, et al. Serum sclerostin is decreased following vitamin D treatment in young vitamin D-deficient female adults. Rheumatol Int. 2015 Oct 22;35(10):1739–1742.
  • 17. Dawson-Hughes B, Harris SS, Ceglia L, Palermo NJ. Effect of supplemental vitamin D and calcium on serum sclerostin levels. Eur J Endocrinol. 2014 Apr 1;170(4):645–650.
  • 18. Napimoga MH, Nametala C, Da Silva FL, Miranda TS, Bossonaro JP, Demasi APD, et al. Involvement of the Wnt-β-catenin signalling antagonists, sclerostin and dickkopf-related protein 1, in chronic periodontitis. J Clin Periodontol. 2014 Jun 1;41(6):550–557.
  • 19. O’Brien CA, Plotkin LI, Galli C, Goellner JJ, Gortazar AR, Allen MR, et al. Control of Bone Mass and Remodeling by PTH Receptor Signaling in Osteocytes. PLoS One. 2008 Aug 13;3(8):e2942.
  • 20. Keller H, Kneissel M. SOST is a target gene for PTH in bone. Bone. 2005 Aug 1;37(2):148–158.
  • 21. (PDF) Downregulation of SOST/sclerostin by PTH: A novel mechanism of hormonal control of bone formation mediated by osteocytes [Internet]. [cited 2022 Sep 22]. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/6614265_Downregulation_of_SOSTsclerostin_by_PTH_A_novel_mechanism_of_hormonal_control_of_bone_formation_mediated_by_osteocytes
  • 22. Thiele S, Hannemann A, Winzer M, Baschant U, Weidner H, Nauck M, et al. Regulation of sclerostin in glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis (GIO) in mice and humans. Endocr Connect. 2019 Jul 1;8(7):923–934.
  • 23. Yao W, Cheng Z, Pham A, Busse C, Zimmermann EA, Ritchie RO, et al. Glucocorticoid-induced bone loss in mice can be reversed by the actions of parathyroid hormone and risedronate on different pathways for bone formation and mineralization. Arthritis Rheum. 2008 Nov 1;58(11):3485–3497.
  • 24. Ten Dijke P, Krause C, De Gorter DJJ, Löwik CWGM, Van Bezooijen RL. Osteocyte-derived sclerostin inhibits bone formation: Its role in bone morphogenetic protein and Wnt signaling. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. 2008;90(SUPPL. 1):31–35.
  • 25. Weivoda MM, Oursler MJ. Developments in Sclerostin Biology: Regulation of Gene Expression, Mechanisms of Action, and Physiological Functions. Current Osteoporosis Reports 2014 12:1. 2014 Jan 30;12(1):107–114.
  • 26. Van Bezooijen RL, Roelen BAJ, Visser A, Van Der Wee-Pals L, De Wilt E, Karperien M, et al. Sclerostin is an osteocyte-expressed negative regulator of bone formation, but not a classical BMP antagonist. J Exp Med. 2004 Mar 15;199(6):805–814.
  • 27. Kusu N, Laurikkala J, Imanishi M, Usui H, Konishi M, Miyake A, et al. Sclerostin is a novel secreted osteoclast-derived bone morphogenetic protein antagonist with unique ligand specificity. J Biol Chem. 2003 Jul 27;278(26):24113–24117.
  • 28. Stephen LXG, Hamersma H, Gardner J, Beighton P. Dental and oral manifestations of Sclerosteosis. Int Dent J. 2001;51(4):287–290.
  • 29. Jäger A, Gçtz W, Lossdçrfer S, Rath-Deschner B. Localization of SOST/ sclerostin in cementocytes in vivo and in mineralizing periodontal ligament cells in vitro.
  • 30. Lehnen SDM, Götz W, Baxmann M, Jäger A. Immunohistochemical evidence for sclerostin during cementogenesis in mice. Ann Anat. 2012;194(5):415–421.
  • 31. Amanda Bandeira de ALMEIDA Elis Janaína Lira dos SANTOS Gabriel Flores ABUNA Cristiane Salmon RIBEIRO Márcio Zaffalon CASATI Karina Gonzales Silvério RUIZ Francisco Humberto NOCITI JUNIOR P. Original research Isolation and characterization of a human cementocyte-like cell line, HCY-23.
  • 32. Ock S, Ahn J, Lee SH, Park H, Son JW, Oh JG, et al. Receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand is a novel inducer of myocardial inflammation. Cardiovasc Res. 2012 Apr 1;94(1):105–114.
  • 33. Korah L, Amri N, Bugueno IM, Hotton D, Tenenbaum H, Huck O, et al. Experimental periodontitis in Msx2 mutant mice induces alveolar bone necrosis. J Periodontol. 2020;91(5):693–704.
  • 34. Rios HF, Ma D, Xie Y, Giannobile WV, Bonewald LF, Conway SJ, et al. Periostin is essential for the integrity and function of the periodontal ligament during occlusal loading in mice. J Periodontol. 2008 Aug;79(8):1480–1490.
  • 35. Yakar N, Guncu GN, Akman AC, Pınar A, Karabulut E, Nohutcu RM. Evaluation of gingival crevicular fluid and peri-implant crevicular fluid levels of sclerostin, TWEAK, RANKL and OPG. Cytokine. 2019 Jan 1;113:433–439.
  • 36. Balli U, Aydogdu A, Dede FO, Turer CC, Guven B. Gingival Crevicular Fluid Levels of Sclerostin, Osteoprotegerin, and Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor-κB Ligand in Periodontitis. J Periodontol. 2015 Dec;86(12):1396–1404.
  • 37. Balli U, Aydogdu A, Dede FO, Turer CC, Guven B. Gingival Crevicular Fluid Levels of Sclerostin, Osteoprotegerin, and Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor-κB Ligand in Periodontitis. J Periodontol. 2015 Dec;86(12):1396–1404.
  • 38. Beiler TFCSB, de Mello Neto JM, Alves JC, Hamlet S, Ipe D, da Silva Figueredo CM. Impact of non-surgical periodontal treatment on salivary expression of cytokines related to bone metabolism. Odontology. 2020 Oct 1;108(4):646–652.
  • 39. Yakar N, Guncu GN, Akman AC, Pınar A, Karabulut E, Nohutcu RM. Evaluation of gingival crevicular fluid and peri-implant crevicular fluid levels of sclerostin, TWEAK, RANKL and OPG. Cytokine. 2019 Jan 1;113:433–439.
  • 40. Isler SC, Soysal F, Akca G, Bakirarar B, Ozcan G, Unsal B. The effects of decontamination methods of dental implant surface on cytokine expression analysis in the reconstructive surgical treatment of peri-implantitis. Odontology. 2020 Apr 20;109(1):103–113.
  • 41. Liu S, Virdi AS, Sena K, Sumner DR. Sclerostin antibody prevents particle-induced implant loosening by stimulating bone formation and inhibiting bone resorption in a rat model. Arthritis Rheum. 2012 Dec 1;64(12):4012–4020.
  • 42. Ashifa N, Viswanathan K, Sundaram R, Srinivasan S. Sclerostin and its role as a bone modifying agent in periodontal disease. J Oral Biosci. 2021 Jun 1;63(2):104–110.
  • 43. Kitaura H, Marahleh A, Ohori F, Noguchi T, Shen WR, Qi J, et al. Osteocyte-Related Cytokines Regulate Osteoclast Formation and Bone Resorption. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21(14).
  • 44. Balemans W, Van Den Ende J, Paes-Alves AF, Dikkers FG, Willems PJ, Vanhoenacker F, et al. Localization of the gene for sclerosteosis to the van Buchem disease-gene region on chromosome 17q12-q21. Am J Hum Genet. 1999;64(6):1661–1669.

Sclerostin - The silent bone breaker

Yıl 2023, , 328 - 331, 29.09.2023

K B Roshni , Neetha J Shetty , Deepa Giridhar Kamath

https://doi.org/10.7126/cumudj.1235788

Öz

A disparity between host defense and periodontopathogens leads to periodontitis, which is an inflammatory disease of the periodontium of high prevalence. The dysregulated host immune response brought on by the disease’s ongoing progression may result in tissue and bone destruction, which ultimately leads to tooth loss. Interpretation of bone metabolism has enhanced as a result of the identification of sclerostin and its function as a bone mass regulator. Primarily, osteocytes express sclerostin, an SOST gene known to inhibit formation of bone. The canonical Wnt pathway involved in bone homeostasis, is significantly suppressed by Sclerostin. It is thought to result in resorption of bone by altering the ratio of OPG and RANKL. Characteristics, mode of action and significance of sclerostin in periodontal diseases are discussed in this review.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Sclerostin RANKL SOST Periodontitis Osteoblasts Osteoclasts Alveolar Bone

Kaynakça

  • 1. Ashifa N, Viswanathan K, Sundaram R, Srinivasan S. Sclerostin and its role as a bone modifying agent in periodontal disease. J Oral Biosci. 2021;63(2):104–10.
  • 2. Larsson L, Decker AM, Nibali L, Pilipchuk SP, Berglundh T, Giannobile W V. Regenerative Medicine for Periodontal and Peri-implant Diseases. http://dx.doi.org/101177/0022034515618887. 2015 Nov 25;95(3):255–66.
  • 3. Herford AS, Dean JS. Complications in Bone Grafting. Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am. 2011 Aug 1;23(3):433–442.
  • 4. Yao Y, Kauffmann F, Maekawa S, Sarment L V, Sugai J V, Schmiedeler CA, et al. Sclerostin antibody stimulates periodontal regeneration in large alveolar bone defects. Scientific RepoRtS |. 123AD;10:16217.
  • 5. Yang X, Han X, Shu R, Jiang F, Xu L, Xue C, et al. Effect of sclerostin removal in vivo on experimental periodontitis in mice. J Oral Sci. 2016 Jun 1;58(2):271–276.
  • 6. Ten Dijke P, Krause C, De Gorter DJJ, Löwik CWGM, Van Bezooijen RL. Osteocyte-derived sclerostin inhibits bone formation: its role in bone morphogenetic protein and Wnt signaling. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2008 Feb 1;90 Suppl 1(SUPPL. 1):31–35.
  • 7. Liao C, Liang S, Wang Y, Zhong T, Liu X. Sclerostin is a promising therapeutic target for oral inflammation and regenerative dentistry. J Transl Med. 2022;1–13.
  • 8. Wijenayaka AR, Kogawa M, Lim HP, Bonewald LF, Findlay DM, Atkins GJ. Sclerostin Stimulates Osteocyte Support of Osteoclast Activity by a RANKL-Dependent Pathway. PLoS One. 2011 Oct 4;6(10):e25900.
  • 9. Ashifa N, Viswanathan K, Sundaram R, Srinivasan S. Sclerostin and its role as a bone modifying agent in periodontal disease. J Oral Biosci [Internet]. 2021 Jun 1 [cited 2022 Oct 19];63(2):104–110. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33878470/
  • 10. Liao C, Liang S, Wang Y, Zhong T, Liu X. Sclerostin is a promising therapeutic target for oral inflammation and regenerative dentistry. J Transl Med [Internet]. 2022 Dec 1 [cited 2022 Sep 23];20(1). Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35562828/
  • 11. Hernandez P, Whitty C, John Wardale R, Henson FMD. New insights into the location and form of sclerostin. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2014 Apr 18;446(4):1108–1113.
  • 12. Weivoda MM, Youssef SJ, Oursler MJ. Sclerostin expression and functions beyond the osteocyte. Bone. 2017 Mar 1;96:45–50.
  • 13. Costa AG, Bilezikian JP. Sclerostin: Therapeutic horizons based upon its actions. Curr Osteoporos Rep. 2012 Mar 11;10(1):64–72.
  • 14. Amrein K, Amrein S, Drexler C, Dimai HP, Dobnig H, Pfeifer K, et al. Sclerostin and Its Association with Physical Activity, Age, Gender, Body Composition, and Bone Mineral Content in Healthy Adults. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012 Jan 1;97(1):148–154.
  • 15. Mödder UI, Hoey KA, Amin S, McCready LK, Achenbach SJ, Riggs BL, et al. Relation of age, gender, and bone mass to circulating sclerostin levels in women and men. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research. 2011 Feb 1;26(2):373–379.
  • 16. Cidem M, Karacan I, Arat NB, Zengi O, Ozkaya M, Guzel SP, et al. Serum sclerostin is decreased following vitamin D treatment in young vitamin D-deficient female adults. Rheumatol Int. 2015 Oct 22;35(10):1739–1742.
  • 17. Dawson-Hughes B, Harris SS, Ceglia L, Palermo NJ. Effect of supplemental vitamin D and calcium on serum sclerostin levels. Eur J Endocrinol. 2014 Apr 1;170(4):645–650.
  • 18. Napimoga MH, Nametala C, Da Silva FL, Miranda TS, Bossonaro JP, Demasi APD, et al. Involvement of the Wnt-β-catenin signalling antagonists, sclerostin and dickkopf-related protein 1, in chronic periodontitis. J Clin Periodontol. 2014 Jun 1;41(6):550–557.
  • 19. O’Brien CA, Plotkin LI, Galli C, Goellner JJ, Gortazar AR, Allen MR, et al. Control of Bone Mass and Remodeling by PTH Receptor Signaling in Osteocytes. PLoS One. 2008 Aug 13;3(8):e2942.
  • 20. Keller H, Kneissel M. SOST is a target gene for PTH in bone. Bone. 2005 Aug 1;37(2):148–158.
  • 21. (PDF) Downregulation of SOST/sclerostin by PTH: A novel mechanism of hormonal control of bone formation mediated by osteocytes [Internet]. [cited 2022 Sep 22]. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/6614265_Downregulation_of_SOSTsclerostin_by_PTH_A_novel_mechanism_of_hormonal_control_of_bone_formation_mediated_by_osteocytes
  • 22. Thiele S, Hannemann A, Winzer M, Baschant U, Weidner H, Nauck M, et al. Regulation of sclerostin in glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis (GIO) in mice and humans. Endocr Connect. 2019 Jul 1;8(7):923–934.
  • 23. Yao W, Cheng Z, Pham A, Busse C, Zimmermann EA, Ritchie RO, et al. Glucocorticoid-induced bone loss in mice can be reversed by the actions of parathyroid hormone and risedronate on different pathways for bone formation and mineralization. Arthritis Rheum. 2008 Nov 1;58(11):3485–3497.
  • 24. Ten Dijke P, Krause C, De Gorter DJJ, Löwik CWGM, Van Bezooijen RL. Osteocyte-derived sclerostin inhibits bone formation: Its role in bone morphogenetic protein and Wnt signaling. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. 2008;90(SUPPL. 1):31–35.
  • 25. Weivoda MM, Oursler MJ. Developments in Sclerostin Biology: Regulation of Gene Expression, Mechanisms of Action, and Physiological Functions. Current Osteoporosis Reports 2014 12:1. 2014 Jan 30;12(1):107–114.
  • 26. Van Bezooijen RL, Roelen BAJ, Visser A, Van Der Wee-Pals L, De Wilt E, Karperien M, et al. Sclerostin is an osteocyte-expressed negative regulator of bone formation, but not a classical BMP antagonist. J Exp Med. 2004 Mar 15;199(6):805–814.
  • 27. Kusu N, Laurikkala J, Imanishi M, Usui H, Konishi M, Miyake A, et al. Sclerostin is a novel secreted osteoclast-derived bone morphogenetic protein antagonist with unique ligand specificity. J Biol Chem. 2003 Jul 27;278(26):24113–24117.
  • 28. Stephen LXG, Hamersma H, Gardner J, Beighton P. Dental and oral manifestations of Sclerosteosis. Int Dent J. 2001;51(4):287–290.
  • 29. Jäger A, Gçtz W, Lossdçrfer S, Rath-Deschner B. Localization of SOST/ sclerostin in cementocytes in vivo and in mineralizing periodontal ligament cells in vitro.
  • 30. Lehnen SDM, Götz W, Baxmann M, Jäger A. Immunohistochemical evidence for sclerostin during cementogenesis in mice. Ann Anat. 2012;194(5):415–421.
  • 31. Amanda Bandeira de ALMEIDA Elis Janaína Lira dos SANTOS Gabriel Flores ABUNA Cristiane Salmon RIBEIRO Márcio Zaffalon CASATI Karina Gonzales Silvério RUIZ Francisco Humberto NOCITI JUNIOR P. Original research Isolation and characterization of a human cementocyte-like cell line, HCY-23.
  • 32. Ock S, Ahn J, Lee SH, Park H, Son JW, Oh JG, et al. Receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand is a novel inducer of myocardial inflammation. Cardiovasc Res. 2012 Apr 1;94(1):105–114.
  • 33. Korah L, Amri N, Bugueno IM, Hotton D, Tenenbaum H, Huck O, et al. Experimental periodontitis in Msx2 mutant mice induces alveolar bone necrosis. J Periodontol. 2020;91(5):693–704.
  • 34. Rios HF, Ma D, Xie Y, Giannobile WV, Bonewald LF, Conway SJ, et al. Periostin is essential for the integrity and function of the periodontal ligament during occlusal loading in mice. J Periodontol. 2008 Aug;79(8):1480–1490.
  • 35. Yakar N, Guncu GN, Akman AC, Pınar A, Karabulut E, Nohutcu RM. Evaluation of gingival crevicular fluid and peri-implant crevicular fluid levels of sclerostin, TWEAK, RANKL and OPG. Cytokine. 2019 Jan 1;113:433–439.
  • 36. Balli U, Aydogdu A, Dede FO, Turer CC, Guven B. Gingival Crevicular Fluid Levels of Sclerostin, Osteoprotegerin, and Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor-κB Ligand in Periodontitis. J Periodontol. 2015 Dec;86(12):1396–1404.
  • 37. Balli U, Aydogdu A, Dede FO, Turer CC, Guven B. Gingival Crevicular Fluid Levels of Sclerostin, Osteoprotegerin, and Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor-κB Ligand in Periodontitis. J Periodontol. 2015 Dec;86(12):1396–1404.
  • 38. Beiler TFCSB, de Mello Neto JM, Alves JC, Hamlet S, Ipe D, da Silva Figueredo CM. Impact of non-surgical periodontal treatment on salivary expression of cytokines related to bone metabolism. Odontology. 2020 Oct 1;108(4):646–652.
  • 39. Yakar N, Guncu GN, Akman AC, Pınar A, Karabulut E, Nohutcu RM. Evaluation of gingival crevicular fluid and peri-implant crevicular fluid levels of sclerostin, TWEAK, RANKL and OPG. Cytokine. 2019 Jan 1;113:433–439.
  • 40. Isler SC, Soysal F, Akca G, Bakirarar B, Ozcan G, Unsal B. The effects of decontamination methods of dental implant surface on cytokine expression analysis in the reconstructive surgical treatment of peri-implantitis. Odontology. 2020 Apr 20;109(1):103–113.
  • 41. Liu S, Virdi AS, Sena K, Sumner DR. Sclerostin antibody prevents particle-induced implant loosening by stimulating bone formation and inhibiting bone resorption in a rat model. Arthritis Rheum. 2012 Dec 1;64(12):4012–4020.
  • 42. Ashifa N, Viswanathan K, Sundaram R, Srinivasan S. Sclerostin and its role as a bone modifying agent in periodontal disease. J Oral Biosci. 2021 Jun 1;63(2):104–110.
  • 43. Kitaura H, Marahleh A, Ohori F, Noguchi T, Shen WR, Qi J, et al. Osteocyte-Related Cytokines Regulate Osteoclast Formation and Bone Resorption. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21(14).
  • 44. Balemans W, Van Den Ende J, Paes-Alves AF, Dikkers FG, Willems PJ, Vanhoenacker F, et al. Localization of the gene for sclerosteosis to the van Buchem disease-gene region on chromosome 17q12-q21. Am J Hum Genet. 1999;64(6):1661–1669.
Toplam 44 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Sağlık Kurumları Yönetimi
Bölüm Review
Yazarlar

K B Roshni 0000-0001-8097-2800

Neetha J Shetty 0000-0001-8841-6235

Deepa Giridhar Kamath 0000-0002-8546-9590

Yayımlanma Tarihi 29 Eylül 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 17 Ocak 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023

Kaynak Göster

EndNote Roshni KB, Shetty NJ, Giridhar Kamath D (01 Eylül 2023) Sclerostin - The silent bone breaker. Cumhuriyet Dental Journal 26 3 328–331.

Cumhuriyet Dental Journal (Cumhuriyet Dent J, CDJ) is the official publication of Cumhuriyet University Faculty of Dentistry. CDJ is an international journal dedicated to the latest advancement of dentistry. The aim of this journal is to provide a platform for scientists and academicians all over the world to promote, share, and discuss various new issues and developments in different areas of dentistry. First issue of the Journal of Cumhuriyet University Faculty of Dentistry was published in 1998. In 2010, journal's name was changed as Cumhuriyet Dental Journal. Journal’s publication language is English.


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