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SOME OF THE PLANTS USED IN DENTISTRY ANTIBACTERIAL AND ANTIFUNGAL EFFECTS

Yıl 2015, Supplement 12, 92 - 97, 24.11.2015
https://doi.org/10.17567/dfd.46535

Öz

Oral diseases, including dental caries, periodontal disease, and tooth loss, affect the majority of the population and can affect a person's overall health. Nature plays an important role as a source of new antibacterial and antifungal substances that can be used in the prevention of caries and fungal infection. Many antibacterial agents have been developed against dental caries. However, they lack the qualities of an ideal agent. Thus presently, antibacterial activity of herbal agents is being extensively studied. Plants have been used for centuries to improve dental health and to promote oral hygiene. Antibacterial and antifungal effects of some plants have been proved as well. This review discusses chemical composition and usage of these plants as well as their influence on oral health with pearls and pitfulls

Kaynakça

  • Simon C, Tesfaye F, Berhane Y. Assessment of the oral health status of school children in Addis Ababa. Ethiop Med J 2003;41:245-56.
  • Merchant AT. Periodontitis and dental caries occur together. J Evid Based Dent Pract 2012;12:18-9.
  • Harris R, Nicoll AD, Adair PM, Pine CM. Risk factors for dental caries in young children: a systematic review of the literature. Community dental health 2004;21:71-85.
  • McDonald RE AD, Stookey GK. . Dental caries in the child and adolescent. In: Dentistry for the Child and Adolescent, Ed.: McDonald RE, Avery DR, St.Louis: Mosby Inc,. 2000:209-46.
  • Milgrom P RC, Weinstein P, Tanner ACR, Manibusan L, Bruss J. . Dental caries and its relationship to bacterial infection, hypoplasia, diet, and oral hygiene in 6- to 36-monthold children. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2000;28:295-306.
  • Marsh PD. Are dental diseases examples of ecological catastrophes? Microbiology 2003;149: 279-94.
  • Jenkinson HF, Lappin-Scott HM. Biofilms adhere to stay. Trends Microbiol 2001;9:9-10.
  • Petersen PE, Lennon MA. Effective use of fluorides for the prevention of dental caries in the 21st century: the WHO approach. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2004;32:319-21.
  • Selwitz RH, Ismail AI, Pitts NB. Dental caries. The Lancet 2007;369: 51-59.
  • Koçanalı B, Ak AT, Çoğulu D. Çocuklarda Diş Çürüğüne Neden Olan Faktörlerin İncelenmesi. Pediatric Research 2014;1:76-9.
  • Olmez S, Uzamis M, Erdem G. Association between early childhood caries and clinical, microbiological, oral hygiene and dietary variables in rural Turkish children. Turk J Pediatr 2003;45:231-36.
  • Beighton D, Al-Haboubi M, Mantzourani M, Gilbert SC, Clark D, Zoitopoulos L, et al. Oral Bifidobacteria: caries-associated bacteria in older adults. J Dent Res 2010;89:970-4.
  • Maden EA, Altun C. Probiyotikler ve Ağız Sağlığı. Atatürk Üniv Diş Hek Fak Derg 2012:334-39.
  • Kadriye P, Gülçin B. Erken Dönem Süt Dişi Çürüklerinin Önlenmesinde Risk Değerlendirme- sinin Önemi. Atatürk Üniv Diş Hek Fak Derg 2013; 23:106-15.
  • Li X, Hoogenkamp MA, Ling J, Crielaard W, Deng DM. Diversity of Streptococcus mutans strains in bacterial interspecies interactions. J Basic Microbiol 2014;54:97-103.
  • Newburn E. Cariology. Quintessence Publishing Co. Inc. USA. 1989:63-89.
  • van Houte J. Role of micro-organisms in caries etiology. J Dent Res 1994;73:672-81.
  • Mannaa A, Carlen A, Campus G, Lingstrom P. Supragingival plaque microbial analysis in reflection to caries experience. BMC Oral Health 2013;13:5.
  • Ulusoy AT. Pedodontide Güncel Koruyucu Yaklaşimlar. Atatürk Üniv Diş Hek Fak Derg 2010:28-37.
  • Apatzidou DA. Modern approaches to non-surgical biofilm management. Front Oral Biol 2012;15:99- 116.
  • Almas K. The antimicrobial effects of extracts of Azadirachta indica (Neem) and Salvadora persica (Arak) chewing sticks. Indian journal of dental research: official publication of Indian Society for Dental Research 1998;10:23-26.
  • Almas K. The effect of Salvadora persica extract (miswak) and chlorhexidine gluconate on human dentin: a SEM study. J Contemp Dent Pract 2002;3:27-35.
  • Akhtar MS, Ajmal M. Significance of chewing-sticks (miswaks) in oral hygiene from a pharmacological view-point. J Pak Med Assoc 1981;31:89.
  • Balto HA, Al-Manei KK, Bin-Mohareb TM, Shakoor ZA, Al-Hadlaq SM. Cytotoxic effect of Salvadora persica extracts on human gingival fibroblast cells. Saudi Med J 2014;35:810-5.
  • Darout IA. The Natural Toothbrush “Mıswak” And The Oral Health. 2014.
  • Buadu CY, Yodem AEB. The antibacterial activity of some Ghanian chewing sticks. 1973.
  • Rotimi VO, Mosadomi HA. The effect of crude extracts of nine African chewing sticks on oral anaerobes. J Med Microbiol 1987;23:55-60.
  • Al lafi T, Ababneh H. The effect of the extract of the miswak (chewing sticks) used in Jordan and the Middle East on oral bacteria. Int Dent J 1995;45:218-22.
  • al-Bagieh NH, Idowu A, Salako NO. Effect of aqueous extract of miswak on the in vitro growth of Candida albicans. Microbios 1994;80:107-13.
  • Ali H, Konig GM, Khalid SA, Wright AD, Kaminsky R. Evaluation of selected Sudanese medicinal plants for their in vitro activity against hemoflagellates, selected bacteria, HIV-1-RT and tyrosine kinase inhibitory, and for cytotoxicity. J Ethnopharmacol 2002;83:219-28.
  • Al-Bagieh N, Almas K. In vitro antibacterial effects of aqueous and alcohol extracts of miswak (chewing sticks). 1997.
  • Almas K, Al-Lafi TR. The natural toothbrush. 1995: Geneva: World Health Organization, 1980- 1998. p. 206-11.
  • Elvin-Lewis M. The therapeutic potential of plants used in dental folk medicine. Odonto-stomatologie tropicale= Tropical dental journal 1982;5:107-17.
  • Almas K. The antimicrobial effects of extracts of Azadirachta indica (Neem) and Salvadora persica (Arak) chewing sticks. Indian J Dent Res 1999;10:23-6.
  • Lorenzi H dAMF. Plantas Medicinais no Brasil: Nativas e Exóticas. 2nd edition. Sao Paulo, Brazil: Instituto Plantarum de Estudos da Flora. 2002.
  • Herrera Herrera A, Franco Ospina L, Fang L, Diaz Caballero A. Susceptibility of Porphyromonas gingivalis Antibacterial Effect from Mammea americana. Adv Pharmacol Sci 2014;2014:384815. mutans to
  • Naderi NJ, Niakan M, Kharazi Fard MJ, Zardi S. Antibacterial activity of Iranian green and black tea on streptococcus mutans: an in vitro study. J Dent (Tehran) 2011;8:55-9.
  • Yoshino K NY, Ikeya H, Sei T, Inoue A, Sano M, Tomita I. Antimicrobial activity of tea extracts on cariogenic bacterium (Streptococcus mutans). J Food Hyg Soc Japan 1996;37:104–8.
  • Linke HA, LeGeros RZ. Black tea extract and dental caries formation in hamsters. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2003;54:89-95.
  • Yasuda H, Arakawa T. Deodorizing mechanism of (−)-epigallocatechin mercaptan. 1995;59:1232-36. against methyl Biochem Biosci Biotechnol
  • Masami SS, Kim M, Yamamoto T. Inhibitory effects of green tea polyphenols on growth and cellular adherence of an oral bacterium, Porphyromonas gingivalis. 1996.
  • Saxer UP SA, Szabo SH. Effect of mouthwashing with tea tree oil on plaque and inflammation. Menghini G Schweiz Monatsschr Zahnmed 2003;113:985-96.
  • Takarada K, Kimizuka R, Takahashi N, Honma K, Okuda K, Kato T. A comparison of the antibacterial efficacies of essential oils against oral pathogens. Oral Microbiol Immunol 2004;19:61-4.
  • Carson CF, Hammer KA, Riley TV. Melaleuca alternifolia (Tea Tree) oil: a review of antimicrobial and other medicinal properties. Clin Microbiol Rev 2006;19:50-62.
  • Prashant GM, Chandu GN, Murulikrishna KS, Shafiulla MD. The effect of mango and neem extract on four organisms causing dental caries: Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus salivavius, Streptococcus mitis, and Streptococcus sanguis: an in vitro study. Indian J Dent Res 2007;18:148.
  • Sidhu P. The antimicrobial activity of azardirachta indica, glycyrrhiza glabra, cinnamum zeylanicum, syzygium aromaticum, accacia nilotica on streptococcus mutans and enterococcus faecalis- An in vitro study. Editorial 5 Original Research 2011;23:18.
  • Prabhat A, Navneet CA. Evaluation of antimicrobial activity of six medicinal plants against dental pathogens. Report Opinion 2010;2:37-42.
  • Wolinsky LE, Mania S, Nachnani S, Ling S. The inhibiting effect of aqueous Azadirachta indica (Neem) extract upon bacterial properties influencing in vitro plaque formation. J Dent Res 1996;75:816-22.
  • Rosaline H, Kandaswamy D, Gogulnath D, Rubin M. Influence of various herbal irrigants as a final rinse on the adherence of Enterococcus faecalis by fluorescence confocal laser scanning microscope. J Conserv Dent 2013;16:352-5.
  • Al-Bayati FA, Sulaiman KD. In vitro antimicrobial activity of Salvadora persica L. extracts against some isolated oral pathogens in Iraq. Turk J Biol 2008;32:57-62.
  • Noumi E, Snoussi M, Hajlaoui H, Valentin E, Bakhrouf A. Antifungal properties of Salvadora persica and Juglans regia L. extracts against oral Candida strains. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2010;29:81-8.
  • Okubo S, Toda M, Hara Y, Shimamura T. [Antifungal and fungicidal activities of tea extract and Kansenshogaku Zasshi 1991;46:509-14. Trichophyton].
  • Toyoshima Y, Okubo S, Toda M, Hara Y, Shimamura T. [Effect of catechin on the ultrastructure of Trichophyton mentagrophytes]. Kansenshogaku Zasshi 1994;68:295-303.
  • Park BJ, Park JC, Taguchi H, Fukushima K, Hyon SH, Takatori K. Antifungal susceptibility of epigallocatechin 3-O-gallate (EGCg) on clinical isolates of pathogenic yeasts. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006;347:401-5.
  • Evensen NA, Braun PC. The effects of tea polyphenols on Candida albicans: inhibition of biofilm formation and proteasome inactivation. Can J Microbiol 2009;55:1033-9.
  • Shao X, Cheng S, Wang H, Yu D, Mungai C. The possible mechanism of antifungal action of tea tree oil on Botrytis cinerea. J Appl Microbiol 2013;114:1642-9.
  • Terzi V, Morcia C, Faccioli P, Vale G, Tacconi G, Malnati M. In vitro antifungal activity of the tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia) essential oil and its major components against plant pathogens. Lett Appl Microbiol 2007;44:613-8.
  • Straede A, Corran A, Bundy J, Heinisch JJ. The effect of tea tree oil and antifungal agents on a reporter for yeast cell integrity signalling. Yeast 2007;24:321-34.
  • Polaquini SR, Svidzinski TI, Kemmelmeier C, Gasparetto A. Effect of aqueous extract from Neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) on hydrophobicity, biofilm formation and adhesion in composite resin by Candida albicans. Arch Oral Biol 2006;51:482- 90.
  • Nayak A, Nayak RN, Soumya B, Bhat K, Kudalkar M. Evaluation of antibacterial and anticandidal efficacy of aqueous and alcoholic extract of neem (Azadirachta indica): An in vitro study. IJRAP 2011;2:230-5.
  • Mahmoud DA, Hassanein NM, Youssef KA, Zeid A. Antifungal activity of different neem leaf extracts and the nimonol against some important human pathogens. Braz J Microbiol 2011;42:1007-16.

DİŞ HEKİMLİĞİNDE KULLANILAN BAZI BİTKİLERİN ANTİBAKTERİYAL VE ANTİFUNGAL ETKİLERİ

Yıl 2015, Supplement 12, 92 - 97, 24.11.2015
https://doi.org/10.17567/dfd.46535

Öz

ÖZET 

Diş çürükleri, periodontal hastalıklar ve diş kaybı toplumun büyük bir kısmını etkileyen ağızda görülen hastalıklardır. Diş çürüğünü ve mantar enfeksiyonlarını engellemede tabiatta var olan kaynaklar önemli rol oynamaktadır. Bu derlemede diş hekimliğinde kulla- nılan bazı bitkilerin antibakteriyal ve antifungal etkilerini değerlendirilmiştir.

Diş çürüklerine karşı birçok antibakteriyal ürün gelişti- rilmesine rağmen henüz hala ideal bir antibakteriyal ajan mevcut değildir. Bu durum bitkilerin antibakteriyal etkisinin araştırılması için bir fikir oluşturmuştur. Bitki- ler uzun yıllardan beri diş sağlığını korumak ve artır- mak için kullanılmaktadır. Bu bağlamda antibakteriyal ve antifungal etkileri kanıtlanmış bitkiler bulunmak- tadır.

Bu derlemede bitkilerin ağız sağlığı üzerindeki olumlu ve olumsuz etkilerinin yanısıra kimyasal yapıları ve kullanımları tartışılmaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • Simon C, Tesfaye F, Berhane Y. Assessment of the oral health status of school children in Addis Ababa. Ethiop Med J 2003;41:245-56.
  • Merchant AT. Periodontitis and dental caries occur together. J Evid Based Dent Pract 2012;12:18-9.
  • Harris R, Nicoll AD, Adair PM, Pine CM. Risk factors for dental caries in young children: a systematic review of the literature. Community dental health 2004;21:71-85.
  • McDonald RE AD, Stookey GK. . Dental caries in the child and adolescent. In: Dentistry for the Child and Adolescent, Ed.: McDonald RE, Avery DR, St.Louis: Mosby Inc,. 2000:209-46.
  • Milgrom P RC, Weinstein P, Tanner ACR, Manibusan L, Bruss J. . Dental caries and its relationship to bacterial infection, hypoplasia, diet, and oral hygiene in 6- to 36-monthold children. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2000;28:295-306.
  • Marsh PD. Are dental diseases examples of ecological catastrophes? Microbiology 2003;149: 279-94.
  • Jenkinson HF, Lappin-Scott HM. Biofilms adhere to stay. Trends Microbiol 2001;9:9-10.
  • Petersen PE, Lennon MA. Effective use of fluorides for the prevention of dental caries in the 21st century: the WHO approach. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2004;32:319-21.
  • Selwitz RH, Ismail AI, Pitts NB. Dental caries. The Lancet 2007;369: 51-59.
  • Koçanalı B, Ak AT, Çoğulu D. Çocuklarda Diş Çürüğüne Neden Olan Faktörlerin İncelenmesi. Pediatric Research 2014;1:76-9.
  • Olmez S, Uzamis M, Erdem G. Association between early childhood caries and clinical, microbiological, oral hygiene and dietary variables in rural Turkish children. Turk J Pediatr 2003;45:231-36.
  • Beighton D, Al-Haboubi M, Mantzourani M, Gilbert SC, Clark D, Zoitopoulos L, et al. Oral Bifidobacteria: caries-associated bacteria in older adults. J Dent Res 2010;89:970-4.
  • Maden EA, Altun C. Probiyotikler ve Ağız Sağlığı. Atatürk Üniv Diş Hek Fak Derg 2012:334-39.
  • Kadriye P, Gülçin B. Erken Dönem Süt Dişi Çürüklerinin Önlenmesinde Risk Değerlendirme- sinin Önemi. Atatürk Üniv Diş Hek Fak Derg 2013; 23:106-15.
  • Li X, Hoogenkamp MA, Ling J, Crielaard W, Deng DM. Diversity of Streptococcus mutans strains in bacterial interspecies interactions. J Basic Microbiol 2014;54:97-103.
  • Newburn E. Cariology. Quintessence Publishing Co. Inc. USA. 1989:63-89.
  • van Houte J. Role of micro-organisms in caries etiology. J Dent Res 1994;73:672-81.
  • Mannaa A, Carlen A, Campus G, Lingstrom P. Supragingival plaque microbial analysis in reflection to caries experience. BMC Oral Health 2013;13:5.
  • Ulusoy AT. Pedodontide Güncel Koruyucu Yaklaşimlar. Atatürk Üniv Diş Hek Fak Derg 2010:28-37.
  • Apatzidou DA. Modern approaches to non-surgical biofilm management. Front Oral Biol 2012;15:99- 116.
  • Almas K. The antimicrobial effects of extracts of Azadirachta indica (Neem) and Salvadora persica (Arak) chewing sticks. Indian journal of dental research: official publication of Indian Society for Dental Research 1998;10:23-26.
  • Almas K. The effect of Salvadora persica extract (miswak) and chlorhexidine gluconate on human dentin: a SEM study. J Contemp Dent Pract 2002;3:27-35.
  • Akhtar MS, Ajmal M. Significance of chewing-sticks (miswaks) in oral hygiene from a pharmacological view-point. J Pak Med Assoc 1981;31:89.
  • Balto HA, Al-Manei KK, Bin-Mohareb TM, Shakoor ZA, Al-Hadlaq SM. Cytotoxic effect of Salvadora persica extracts on human gingival fibroblast cells. Saudi Med J 2014;35:810-5.
  • Darout IA. The Natural Toothbrush “Mıswak” And The Oral Health. 2014.
  • Buadu CY, Yodem AEB. The antibacterial activity of some Ghanian chewing sticks. 1973.
  • Rotimi VO, Mosadomi HA. The effect of crude extracts of nine African chewing sticks on oral anaerobes. J Med Microbiol 1987;23:55-60.
  • Al lafi T, Ababneh H. The effect of the extract of the miswak (chewing sticks) used in Jordan and the Middle East on oral bacteria. Int Dent J 1995;45:218-22.
  • al-Bagieh NH, Idowu A, Salako NO. Effect of aqueous extract of miswak on the in vitro growth of Candida albicans. Microbios 1994;80:107-13.
  • Ali H, Konig GM, Khalid SA, Wright AD, Kaminsky R. Evaluation of selected Sudanese medicinal plants for their in vitro activity against hemoflagellates, selected bacteria, HIV-1-RT and tyrosine kinase inhibitory, and for cytotoxicity. J Ethnopharmacol 2002;83:219-28.
  • Al-Bagieh N, Almas K. In vitro antibacterial effects of aqueous and alcohol extracts of miswak (chewing sticks). 1997.
  • Almas K, Al-Lafi TR. The natural toothbrush. 1995: Geneva: World Health Organization, 1980- 1998. p. 206-11.
  • Elvin-Lewis M. The therapeutic potential of plants used in dental folk medicine. Odonto-stomatologie tropicale= Tropical dental journal 1982;5:107-17.
  • Almas K. The antimicrobial effects of extracts of Azadirachta indica (Neem) and Salvadora persica (Arak) chewing sticks. Indian J Dent Res 1999;10:23-6.
  • Lorenzi H dAMF. Plantas Medicinais no Brasil: Nativas e Exóticas. 2nd edition. Sao Paulo, Brazil: Instituto Plantarum de Estudos da Flora. 2002.
  • Herrera Herrera A, Franco Ospina L, Fang L, Diaz Caballero A. Susceptibility of Porphyromonas gingivalis Antibacterial Effect from Mammea americana. Adv Pharmacol Sci 2014;2014:384815. mutans to
  • Naderi NJ, Niakan M, Kharazi Fard MJ, Zardi S. Antibacterial activity of Iranian green and black tea on streptococcus mutans: an in vitro study. J Dent (Tehran) 2011;8:55-9.
  • Yoshino K NY, Ikeya H, Sei T, Inoue A, Sano M, Tomita I. Antimicrobial activity of tea extracts on cariogenic bacterium (Streptococcus mutans). J Food Hyg Soc Japan 1996;37:104–8.
  • Linke HA, LeGeros RZ. Black tea extract and dental caries formation in hamsters. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2003;54:89-95.
  • Yasuda H, Arakawa T. Deodorizing mechanism of (−)-epigallocatechin mercaptan. 1995;59:1232-36. against methyl Biochem Biosci Biotechnol
  • Masami SS, Kim M, Yamamoto T. Inhibitory effects of green tea polyphenols on growth and cellular adherence of an oral bacterium, Porphyromonas gingivalis. 1996.
  • Saxer UP SA, Szabo SH. Effect of mouthwashing with tea tree oil on plaque and inflammation. Menghini G Schweiz Monatsschr Zahnmed 2003;113:985-96.
  • Takarada K, Kimizuka R, Takahashi N, Honma K, Okuda K, Kato T. A comparison of the antibacterial efficacies of essential oils against oral pathogens. Oral Microbiol Immunol 2004;19:61-4.
  • Carson CF, Hammer KA, Riley TV. Melaleuca alternifolia (Tea Tree) oil: a review of antimicrobial and other medicinal properties. Clin Microbiol Rev 2006;19:50-62.
  • Prashant GM, Chandu GN, Murulikrishna KS, Shafiulla MD. The effect of mango and neem extract on four organisms causing dental caries: Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus salivavius, Streptococcus mitis, and Streptococcus sanguis: an in vitro study. Indian J Dent Res 2007;18:148.
  • Sidhu P. The antimicrobial activity of azardirachta indica, glycyrrhiza glabra, cinnamum zeylanicum, syzygium aromaticum, accacia nilotica on streptococcus mutans and enterococcus faecalis- An in vitro study. Editorial 5 Original Research 2011;23:18.
  • Prabhat A, Navneet CA. Evaluation of antimicrobial activity of six medicinal plants against dental pathogens. Report Opinion 2010;2:37-42.
  • Wolinsky LE, Mania S, Nachnani S, Ling S. The inhibiting effect of aqueous Azadirachta indica (Neem) extract upon bacterial properties influencing in vitro plaque formation. J Dent Res 1996;75:816-22.
  • Rosaline H, Kandaswamy D, Gogulnath D, Rubin M. Influence of various herbal irrigants as a final rinse on the adherence of Enterococcus faecalis by fluorescence confocal laser scanning microscope. J Conserv Dent 2013;16:352-5.
  • Al-Bayati FA, Sulaiman KD. In vitro antimicrobial activity of Salvadora persica L. extracts against some isolated oral pathogens in Iraq. Turk J Biol 2008;32:57-62.
  • Noumi E, Snoussi M, Hajlaoui H, Valentin E, Bakhrouf A. Antifungal properties of Salvadora persica and Juglans regia L. extracts against oral Candida strains. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2010;29:81-8.
  • Okubo S, Toda M, Hara Y, Shimamura T. [Antifungal and fungicidal activities of tea extract and Kansenshogaku Zasshi 1991;46:509-14. Trichophyton].
  • Toyoshima Y, Okubo S, Toda M, Hara Y, Shimamura T. [Effect of catechin on the ultrastructure of Trichophyton mentagrophytes]. Kansenshogaku Zasshi 1994;68:295-303.
  • Park BJ, Park JC, Taguchi H, Fukushima K, Hyon SH, Takatori K. Antifungal susceptibility of epigallocatechin 3-O-gallate (EGCg) on clinical isolates of pathogenic yeasts. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006;347:401-5.
  • Evensen NA, Braun PC. The effects of tea polyphenols on Candida albicans: inhibition of biofilm formation and proteasome inactivation. Can J Microbiol 2009;55:1033-9.
  • Shao X, Cheng S, Wang H, Yu D, Mungai C. The possible mechanism of antifungal action of tea tree oil on Botrytis cinerea. J Appl Microbiol 2013;114:1642-9.
  • Terzi V, Morcia C, Faccioli P, Vale G, Tacconi G, Malnati M. In vitro antifungal activity of the tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia) essential oil and its major components against plant pathogens. Lett Appl Microbiol 2007;44:613-8.
  • Straede A, Corran A, Bundy J, Heinisch JJ. The effect of tea tree oil and antifungal agents on a reporter for yeast cell integrity signalling. Yeast 2007;24:321-34.
  • Polaquini SR, Svidzinski TI, Kemmelmeier C, Gasparetto A. Effect of aqueous extract from Neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) on hydrophobicity, biofilm formation and adhesion in composite resin by Candida albicans. Arch Oral Biol 2006;51:482- 90.
  • Nayak A, Nayak RN, Soumya B, Bhat K, Kudalkar M. Evaluation of antibacterial and anticandidal efficacy of aqueous and alcoholic extract of neem (Azadirachta indica): An in vitro study. IJRAP 2011;2:230-5.
  • Mahmoud DA, Hassanein NM, Youssef KA, Zeid A. Antifungal activity of different neem leaf extracts and the nimonol against some important human pathogens. Braz J Microbiol 2011;42:1007-16.
Toplam 61 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Diş Hekimliği
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Ertuğrul Ercan

Esra Gülal Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 24 Kasım 2015
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2015 Supplement 12

Kaynak Göster

APA Ercan, E., & Gülal, E. (2015). DİŞ HEKİMLİĞİNDE KULLANILAN BAZI BİTKİLERİN ANTİBAKTERİYAL VE ANTİFUNGAL ETKİLERİ. Atatürk Üniversitesi Diş Hekimliği Fakültesi Dergisi, 25, 92-97. https://doi.org/10.17567/dfd.46535
AMA Ercan E, Gülal E. DİŞ HEKİMLİĞİNDE KULLANILAN BAZI BİTKİLERİN ANTİBAKTERİYAL VE ANTİFUNGAL ETKİLERİ. Ata Diş Hek Fak Derg. Kasım 2015;25:92-97. doi:10.17567/dfd.46535
Chicago Ercan, Ertuğrul, ve Esra Gülal. “DİŞ HEKİMLİĞİNDE KULLANILAN BAZI BİTKİLERİN ANTİBAKTERİYAL VE ANTİFUNGAL ETKİLERİ”. Atatürk Üniversitesi Diş Hekimliği Fakültesi Dergisi 25, Kasım (Kasım 2015): 92-97. https://doi.org/10.17567/dfd.46535.
EndNote Ercan E, Gülal E (01 Kasım 2015) DİŞ HEKİMLİĞİNDE KULLANILAN BAZI BİTKİLERİN ANTİBAKTERİYAL VE ANTİFUNGAL ETKİLERİ. Atatürk Üniversitesi Diş Hekimliği Fakültesi Dergisi 25 92–97.
IEEE E. Ercan ve E. Gülal, “DİŞ HEKİMLİĞİNDE KULLANILAN BAZI BİTKİLERİN ANTİBAKTERİYAL VE ANTİFUNGAL ETKİLERİ”, Ata Diş Hek Fak Derg, c. 25, ss. 92–97, 2015, doi: 10.17567/dfd.46535.
ISNAD Ercan, Ertuğrul - Gülal, Esra. “DİŞ HEKİMLİĞİNDE KULLANILAN BAZI BİTKİLERİN ANTİBAKTERİYAL VE ANTİFUNGAL ETKİLERİ”. Atatürk Üniversitesi Diş Hekimliği Fakültesi Dergisi 25 (Kasım 2015), 92-97. https://doi.org/10.17567/dfd.46535.
JAMA Ercan E, Gülal E. DİŞ HEKİMLİĞİNDE KULLANILAN BAZI BİTKİLERİN ANTİBAKTERİYAL VE ANTİFUNGAL ETKİLERİ. Ata Diş Hek Fak Derg. 2015;25:92–97.
MLA Ercan, Ertuğrul ve Esra Gülal. “DİŞ HEKİMLİĞİNDE KULLANILAN BAZI BİTKİLERİN ANTİBAKTERİYAL VE ANTİFUNGAL ETKİLERİ”. Atatürk Üniversitesi Diş Hekimliği Fakültesi Dergisi, c. 25, 2015, ss. 92-97, doi:10.17567/dfd.46535.
Vancouver Ercan E, Gülal E. DİŞ HEKİMLİĞİNDE KULLANILAN BAZI BİTKİLERİN ANTİBAKTERİYAL VE ANTİFUNGAL ETKİLERİ. Ata Diş Hek Fak Derg. 2015;25:92-7.

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