Öz
Amaç: Çalışmamızın amacı,
aileye yeni katılan bebeğin, bir önceki kardeş üzerindeki etkilerinin ve kardeş
kıskançlığına etki eden faktörlerin belirlenmesine katkıda bulunabilmektir.
Materyal
ve Metot:
Kesitsel tipteki bu çalışmada, Gazi Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Çocuk
Hastalıkları Anabilim Dalı Sağlam Çocuk Polikliniği’ne Şubat 2012-Temmuz 2012
tarihleri arasında başvuran, son çocuğu 1 yaşını geçmemiş olan ve bir önceki
çocuğu bir yaşından büyük olan 312 anne ile yüz yüze görüşülerek, yapılandırılmış
bir anket uygulandı. Ankette yer alan ve kıskançlık davranışını yansıtan
sorularda verilebilecek her bir cevap puanlanarak, toplam kıskançlık puanı
belirlendi. Puanlama 0-13 arasında değişebilmekteydi. Değerlendirmede 0-7 puan
alan çocuklar normal ya da kabul edilebilir tutuma sahip, 8 ve daha yüksek puan
alan çocuklar ise patolojik kıskançlık gösteren olarak sınıflandırıldı.
Kategorik değişkenler ile çocuğun kıskançlık durumu arasındaki ilişkiler
Ki-kare testi ile araştırıldı. Kıskançlık puanı ile odak çocuğun yaşı
arasındaki ilişkiyi belirleyebilmek amacı ile Spearman Rho korelasyon katsayısı
hesaplandı. Puanlama sonuçları ile kıskançlık davranışına etki ettiği saptanan
değişkenler lojistik regresyon modeliyle analiz edildi. İstatistiksel analizler
için SPSS for Win. Ver. 15.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, ILL, USA), kıskançlık puan
hesabı, tablo ve grafikler için ise MS-Excel 2016 programları kullanıldı.
İstatistiksel kararlarda anlamlılık düzeyi p≤0,05 olarak kabul edildi.
Bulgular: Çalışmaya katılan
annelerin yaş ortancası 30 (min: 20, maks: 44; ÇAG: 6) olarak bulundu. Sondan
bir önceki çocukların yaş ortancası 48 ay (ÇAG: 24 ay) idi. Yeni kardeşin
doğumuyla, bir önceki kardeşte en sık görülen olumsuz davranışların regresyon
(%77,74), uyku değişikliği (%47,76), şiddet davranışları (%46,28), tuvalet
alışkanlıklarında değişiklikler (%32) ve iştahta azalma (%31) olduğu görüldü.
Çocuklardaki kıskançlık davranışları yaş arttıkça azalmaktaydı (Rho=-0,302;
p<0,001). Kıskançlık için en önemli risk faktörlerinin annenin çalışmıyor
olması (OR: 0,19), baba ile geçirilen zamanın azalması (OR: 4,43) ve sondan bir
önceki çocuğun 2-4 yaş aralığında olması (OR: 8,16) olduğu görüldü.
Sonuç: Aileye yeni katılan
bebek, bir önceki kardeş üzerinde bazı olumsuz davranış kalıplarının ortaya
çıkmasına yol açmaktadır. Anne ve babanın, çocukları ile ilgili tutumları, bu
durumu etkileyebilmektedir. Yeni bebek sahibi olan ya da olmayı planlayan
ailelerin bir önceki çocuklarının bu duruma nasıl tepki verdiğinin sorgulanması
ve bu konuda ailelerin kaygılarının giderilerek, çocuktaki kıskançlık
davranışının nasıl kontrol altında tutulabileceği hakkında yol gösterilmesi,
birinci basamak hekimliği açısından önem arz etmektedir.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
- 1. Brody GH. Siblings' Direct and Indchological Sciencirect Contributions to Child Development. Current Directions in Psye 2016;13(3):124-6.
- 2. Kretschmer T, Pike A. Sibling Relationships. In: Weiner IB, Craighead WE, eds. The Corsini Encyclopedia of Psychology. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2010.
- 3. Coles P. Sibling rivalry at work; from family to groups. Psychodynamic Practice. 2015;21(3):254-63.
- 4. Volling BL. Family transitions following the birth of a sibling: an empirical review of changes in the firstborn's adjustment. Psychol Bull 2012;138(3):497-528.
- 5. Miller AL, Volling BL, McElwain NL. Sibling Jealousy in a Triadic Context with Mothers and Fathers. Social Development 2000;9(4):433-57.
- 6. Neubauer PB. The importance of the sibling experience. The Psychoanalytic Study of the Child 1983;38:325-36.
- 7. Hepburn JM. Jealousy. In: Weiner IB, Craighead WE, eds. The Corsini Encyclopedia of Psychology. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2010.
- 8. Smith RH, Combs DJY. Envy. In: Weiner IB, Craighead WE, eds. The Corsini Encyclopedia of Psychology. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2010.
- 9. Kolak AM, Volling BL. Sibling jealousy in early childhood: longitudinal links to sibling relationship quality. Infant and Child Development 2011;20(2):213-26.
- 10. Hill R, Davis P. ‘Platonic jealousy’: A conceptualization and review of the literature on non-romantic pathological jealousy. British Journal of Medical Psychology 2000;73(4):505-17.
- 11. Bayhan PS, Artan İ. Çocuk gelişimi ve eğitimi (Child development and education). İstanbul: Morpa kültür yayınları; 2005.
- 12. Hart SL. Jealousy and Attachment: Adaptations to Threat Posed by the Birth of a Sibling. Evolutionary Behavioral Sciences. 2017;10.1037/ebs0000102.
- 13. Atay M. Erken çocukluk döneminde gelişim-2 (Development in early childhood-2). Ankara: Kök yayıncılık; 2011.
- 14. Döğüşgen MM. Etkin çocuk eğitimi ve özgüven (Effective child education and self confidence). Ankara: Ekinoks yayınevi; 2010.
- 15. Karataş N. Çocuk gelişim psikolojisi (Child development psychology). İstanbul: Mozaik yayınları; 2009.
- 16. Budak E, Akbaş A. Okul öncesi çocuğun gelişimi ve eğitimi. Pozitif yayıncılık; 2006.
- 17. Yavuzer H. Çocuğunuzun ilk 6 yılı (First 6 years of your child). İstanbul: Remzi Kitabevi; 2011.
- 18. Fortier JC, Carson VB, Will S, Shubkagel BL. Adjustment to a Newborn. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic & Neonatal Nursing 1991;20(1):73-9.
- 19. Volling BL, Yu T, Gonzalez R, Kennedy DE, Rosenberg L, Oh W. Children's responses to mother-infant and father-infant interaction with a baby sibling: jealousy or joy? J Fam Psychol 2014;28(5):634-44.
- 20. Gullicks JN, Crase SJ. Sibling Behavior With a New born: Parents’ Expectations and Observations. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic & Neonatal Nursing 1993;22(5):438-44.
- 21. Volling BL, McElwain NL, Miller AL. Emotion Regulation in Context: The Jealousy Complex between Young Siblings and Its Relations with Child and Family Characteristics. Child Development 2002;73(2):581-600.
- 22. Baydar N, Greek A, Brooks-Gunn J. A Longitudinal Study of the Effects of the Birth of a Sibling during the First 6 Years of Life. Journal of Marriage and the Family 1997;59(4):939.
- 23. Vandell DL, Minnett AM, Santrock JW. Age differences in sibling relationaship during middle childhood. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology 1987;8(3):247-57.
- 24. Aghi A, Bhatia H. Parenting Styles: Impact on Sibling Relationship and Rivalry. Journal of Positive Psychology 2014;3(2):139-54.
- 25. Stewart R, Mobley L, Tuyl SV, Salvador M. The firstborn's adjustment to the birth of a sibling: a longitudinal assessment. Child Development 1987;58(2):341-55.
- 26. Dindia K, Allen M. Sex differences in self-disclosure: a meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin 1992;112(1):106-24.
- 27. Barrett LF, Lane RD, Sechrest L, Schwartz GE. Sex Differences in Emotional Awareness. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 2016;26(9):1027-35.
- 28. Nolen-Hoeksema S, Larson J, Grayson C. Explaining the gender difference in depressive symptoms. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1999;77(5):1061-72.
- 29. Thompson JA, Halberstadt AG. Children's Accounts of Sibling Jealousy and Their Implicit Theories about Relationships. Social Development 2008;17(3):488-511.
- 30. Crick N, Grotpeter J, Bigbee M. Relationally and physically aggressive children's intent attributions and feelings of distress for relational and instrumental peer provocations. Child Development 2002;73(4):1134-42.
- 31. Buist KL, Vermande M. Sibling relationship patterns and their associations with child competence and problem behavior. J Fam Psychol 2014;28(4):529-37.
- 32. Barrow F, Heyman I, Scott S, Krebs G. “Rituals or rivalry?” The phenomenology and treatment of sibling specific obsessions in paediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders 2014;3(3):209-14.
- 33. Stearns PN. The Rise of Sibling Jealousy in the Twentieth Century. Symbolic Interaction 1990;13(1):83-101.
- 34. Griffin E, Torre Cdl. Sibling jealousy: the family with a new baby. American Family Physician 1983;28:143-6.
Öz
Objectives: The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of the newborn sibling and the other factors’ contribution on previous sibling’s behaviors.
Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, we interviewed with 312 mothers who had children under the age of one, between February-July 2012, in the well-child outpatient clinics of Gazi University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics. A structured questionnaire was conducted, interviewing face to face with the mothers. Scores of jealousy behaviors questionnaire could range from 0-13. The cut-off score is accepted as 8 points and scores between 0-7 points were evaluated as normal or acceptable, whereas the scores of 8 points or more was evaluated as pathological jealousy behaviors. The numerical values of dependent and independent variables asked in the questionnaire were shown as number and percentage. Chi-square test, Fisher's exact test and Likelihood test were used to examine the effect of independent variables on jealousy behavior. The Spearman Rho correlation coefficient was calculated to examine the correlation between the age of the focus child and the jealousy score. Variables determined to affect jealousy behavior were examined by logistic regression model (enter method). With the model established, it was tried to determine the risk factors that could affect the jealousy of the firstborn child. In the Enter method, the probability of entry into the logistic regression model at each step was 0.05 and the probability of being extracted from the model was 0.10. Confidence intervals of 95% were determined for the Odds Ratio (OR) value obtained by logistic regression.
For statistical analysis, SPSS for Win. Ver. 15.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, ILL, USA) and for jealousy score calculation, tables and graphs MS-Excel 2016 programs were used. Significance level of p≤0.05 was accepted in statistical decisions.
Results: Mothers who participated in the study were found to have a median age of 30 (min: 20, max: 44, IQR: 6). Age of the previous children was 48 months (IQR: 24 months). The most common negative behaviors in the previous brothers were regression (77.74%), sleep changes (47.76%), violent behaviors (46.28%), changes in toilet habits (32%) and decrease in appetite (% 31). Children's jealousy behaviors decreased as age increased (Rho = -0.302; p <0.001). It was seen that the most important risk factors for jealousy were having a non-worker mother (OR: 0.19), decrease in time that is spent with father (OR: 4.43), and being at the risky age group (2-4 years) of the firstborn child (OR: 8.16).
Conclusion: A newly joined baby causes some negative behavior patterns on the previous sibling. Attitudes of parents to their children can affect this situation. It is important in terms of primary care medicine to question how the previous children of the families who have or have plans to have a new baby responded to this situation and how to control the child's jealousy behavior by resolving the concerns of the family.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
- 1. Brody GH. Siblings' Direct and Indchological Sciencirect Contributions to Child Development. Current Directions in Psye 2016;13(3):124-6.
- 2. Kretschmer T, Pike A. Sibling Relationships. In: Weiner IB, Craighead WE, eds. The Corsini Encyclopedia of Psychology. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2010.
- 3. Coles P. Sibling rivalry at work; from family to groups. Psychodynamic Practice. 2015;21(3):254-63.
- 4. Volling BL. Family transitions following the birth of a sibling: an empirical review of changes in the firstborn's adjustment. Psychol Bull 2012;138(3):497-528.
- 5. Miller AL, Volling BL, McElwain NL. Sibling Jealousy in a Triadic Context with Mothers and Fathers. Social Development 2000;9(4):433-57.
- 6. Neubauer PB. The importance of the sibling experience. The Psychoanalytic Study of the Child 1983;38:325-36.
- 7. Hepburn JM. Jealousy. In: Weiner IB, Craighead WE, eds. The Corsini Encyclopedia of Psychology. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2010.
- 8. Smith RH, Combs DJY. Envy. In: Weiner IB, Craighead WE, eds. The Corsini Encyclopedia of Psychology. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2010.
- 9. Kolak AM, Volling BL. Sibling jealousy in early childhood: longitudinal links to sibling relationship quality. Infant and Child Development 2011;20(2):213-26.
- 10. Hill R, Davis P. ‘Platonic jealousy’: A conceptualization and review of the literature on non-romantic pathological jealousy. British Journal of Medical Psychology 2000;73(4):505-17.
- 11. Bayhan PS, Artan İ. Çocuk gelişimi ve eğitimi (Child development and education). İstanbul: Morpa kültür yayınları; 2005.
- 12. Hart SL. Jealousy and Attachment: Adaptations to Threat Posed by the Birth of a Sibling. Evolutionary Behavioral Sciences. 2017;10.1037/ebs0000102.
- 13. Atay M. Erken çocukluk döneminde gelişim-2 (Development in early childhood-2). Ankara: Kök yayıncılık; 2011.
- 14. Döğüşgen MM. Etkin çocuk eğitimi ve özgüven (Effective child education and self confidence). Ankara: Ekinoks yayınevi; 2010.
- 15. Karataş N. Çocuk gelişim psikolojisi (Child development psychology). İstanbul: Mozaik yayınları; 2009.
- 16. Budak E, Akbaş A. Okul öncesi çocuğun gelişimi ve eğitimi. Pozitif yayıncılık; 2006.
- 17. Yavuzer H. Çocuğunuzun ilk 6 yılı (First 6 years of your child). İstanbul: Remzi Kitabevi; 2011.
- 18. Fortier JC, Carson VB, Will S, Shubkagel BL. Adjustment to a Newborn. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic & Neonatal Nursing 1991;20(1):73-9.
- 19. Volling BL, Yu T, Gonzalez R, Kennedy DE, Rosenberg L, Oh W. Children's responses to mother-infant and father-infant interaction with a baby sibling: jealousy or joy? J Fam Psychol 2014;28(5):634-44.
- 20. Gullicks JN, Crase SJ. Sibling Behavior With a New born: Parents’ Expectations and Observations. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic & Neonatal Nursing 1993;22(5):438-44.
- 21. Volling BL, McElwain NL, Miller AL. Emotion Regulation in Context: The Jealousy Complex between Young Siblings and Its Relations with Child and Family Characteristics. Child Development 2002;73(2):581-600.
- 22. Baydar N, Greek A, Brooks-Gunn J. A Longitudinal Study of the Effects of the Birth of a Sibling during the First 6 Years of Life. Journal of Marriage and the Family 1997;59(4):939.
- 23. Vandell DL, Minnett AM, Santrock JW. Age differences in sibling relationaship during middle childhood. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology 1987;8(3):247-57.
- 24. Aghi A, Bhatia H. Parenting Styles: Impact on Sibling Relationship and Rivalry. Journal of Positive Psychology 2014;3(2):139-54.
- 25. Stewart R, Mobley L, Tuyl SV, Salvador M. The firstborn's adjustment to the birth of a sibling: a longitudinal assessment. Child Development 1987;58(2):341-55.
- 26. Dindia K, Allen M. Sex differences in self-disclosure: a meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin 1992;112(1):106-24.
- 27. Barrett LF, Lane RD, Sechrest L, Schwartz GE. Sex Differences in Emotional Awareness. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 2016;26(9):1027-35.
- 28. Nolen-Hoeksema S, Larson J, Grayson C. Explaining the gender difference in depressive symptoms. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1999;77(5):1061-72.
- 29. Thompson JA, Halberstadt AG. Children's Accounts of Sibling Jealousy and Their Implicit Theories about Relationships. Social Development 2008;17(3):488-511.
- 30. Crick N, Grotpeter J, Bigbee M. Relationally and physically aggressive children's intent attributions and feelings of distress for relational and instrumental peer provocations. Child Development 2002;73(4):1134-42.
- 31. Buist KL, Vermande M. Sibling relationship patterns and their associations with child competence and problem behavior. J Fam Psychol 2014;28(4):529-37.
- 32. Barrow F, Heyman I, Scott S, Krebs G. “Rituals or rivalry?” The phenomenology and treatment of sibling specific obsessions in paediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders 2014;3(3):209-14.
- 33. Stearns PN. The Rise of Sibling Jealousy in the Twentieth Century. Symbolic Interaction 1990;13(1):83-101.
- 34. Griffin E, Torre Cdl. Sibling jealousy: the family with a new baby. American Family Physician 1983;28:143-6.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | İngilizce |
|---|---|
| Konular | Sağlık Kurumları Yönetimi |
| Bölüm | Araştırmalar |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 28 Eylül 2018 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2018 Cilt: 18 Sayı: 3 |