Yeni Koronavirüs Hastalığında (Covid-19) Tanı Ve Tarama Testlerinin Kullanımı

Kübra Doğanay Bulduk; Meltem Çöl

doi:10.17827/aktd.1226153

Derleme

Usage of Diagnosis and Screening Tests in New Coronavirus Disease (Covıd-19)

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 32 Sayı: 4, 189 - 199, 31.12.2023

Kübra Doğanay Bulduk Meltem Çöl

https://doi.org/10.17827/aktd.1226153

Öz

In the fight against COVID-19; It is extremely important to detect and subsequently isolate people infected with the disease. For this purpose, the diagnostic tests used around the world differ in terms of diversity and application criteria. In this review, from a public health perspective; The tests used for the diagnosis of COVID-19, for whom and how they are used, as well as approaches to test use are discussed. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based tests are considered the gold standard due to their high sensitivity and specificity. Although comparisons are made for different sampling methods, the general view is in the direction of nasopharyngeal swab. Although it is accepted as the gold standard diagnostic method, it has some disadvantages. The most important thing is that it takes a long time to result and high cost. In order to reduce the cost, it may be preferable to evaluate several samples as a single sample, that is, to pool them. As an alternative to these disadvantages, rapid antigen tests can be considered. There are many different market forms of rapid antigen tests. There are many studies on the specificity and sensitivity of these tests and there are different values. In general, it has been determined that their specificity is high and their sensitivity is lower. Community screening may be a solution for the difficulty of symptomatic diagnosis of the disease and the problems that some people do not show symptoms even though they are contagious. With the emergence of new variants, changes in testing policies and different approaches have been observed around the world. Efforts were made to make the tests available to the general public or for community screening in order to conduct more comprehensive screening. However, due to the increasing PCR test load, testing policies such as limiting the people to be tested or the additional use of alternative test methods such as rapid antigen tests had to be implemented in some countries.

Anahtar Kelimeler

COVID-19 testi, Tanısal Testler, Kitle taraması, COVID-19 testing, Diagnostic tests, Mass screening

Kaynakça

1. Yi-Wei T, E. SJ, H. PD, W. SC, J. MA. Laboratory Diagnosis of COVID-19: Current Issues and Challenges. J Clin Microbiol. 2021;58(6):e00512-20. doi:10.1128/JCM.00512-20
2. Syal K. Guidelines on newly identified limitations of diagnostic tools for COVID-19 and consequences. J Med Virol. 2021;93(4):1837-1842. doi:10.1002/jmv.26673
3. Cheng MP, Papenburg J, Desjardins M, et al. Diagnostic Testing for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Related Coronavirus 2: A Narrative Review. Ann Intern Med. 2020;172(11):726-734. doi:10.7326/M20-1301
4. Dinnes J, Deeks JJ, Berhane S, et al. Rapid, point-of-care antigen and molecular-based tests for diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021;3(3):CD013705. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD013705.pub2
5. Moreira VM, Mascarenhas P, Machado V, et al. Diagnosis of SARS-Cov-2 Infection by RT-PCR Using Specimens Other Than Naso- and Oropharyngeal Swabs: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Diagnostics (Basel). 2021;11(2). doi:10.3390/diagnostics11020363
6. Khiabani K, Amirzade-Iranaq MH. Are saliva and deep throat sputum as reliable as common respiratory specimens for SARS-CoV-2 detection? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Infect Control. 2021;49(9):1165-1176. doi:10.1016/j.ajic.2021.03.008
7. Joachim A, Dewald F, Suárez I, et al. Pooled RT-qPCR testing for SARS-CoV-2 surveillance in schools - a cluster randomised trial. EClinicalMedicine. 2021;39:101082. doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.101082
8. Harikrishnan P. Saliva as a Potential Diagnostic Specimen for COVID-19 Testing. J Craniofac Surg. 2020;31(6):e653-e655. doi:10.1097/SCS.0000000000006724
9. Dong GP, Guo XJ, Sun YA, Zhang Z, Du LP, Li MY. Diagnostic Techniques for COVID-19: A Mini-review of Early Diagnostic Methods. J Anal Test. Published online October 2021:1-13. doi:10.1007/s41664-021-00198-5
10. Peeling RW, Olliaro PL, Boeras DI, Fongwen N. Scaling up COVID-19 rapid antigen tests: promises and challenges. Lancet Infect Dis. 2021;21(9):e290-e295. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(21)00048-7
11. Mistry DA, Wang JY, Moeser ME, Starkey T, Lee LYW. A systematic review of the sensitivity and specificity of lateral flow devices in the detection of SARS-CoV-2. BMC Infect Dis. 2021;21(1):828. doi:10.1186/s12879-021-06528-3
12. Nguyen NNT, McCarthy C, Lantigua D, Camci-Unal G. Development of diagnostic tests for detection of SARS-CoV-2. Diagnostics. 2020;10(11):1-28. doi:10.3390/diagnostics10110905
13. Zitek T. The appropriate use of testing for Covid-19. Western Journal of Emergency Medicine. 2020;21(3):470-472. doi:10.5811/westjem.2020.4.47370
14. Kanji JN, Zelyas N, MacDonald C, et al. False negative rate of COVID-19 PCR testing: a discordant testing analysis. Virol J. 2021;18(1):1-6. doi:10.1186/s12985-021-01489-0
15. Fields BKK, Demirjian NL, Gholamrezanezhad A. Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) diagnostic technologies: A country-based retrospective analysis of screening and containment procedures during the first wave of the pandemic. Clin Imaging. 2020;67:219-225. doi:10.1016/j.clinimag.2020.08.014
16. Armendáriz I, Ferrari PA, Fraiman D, Martínez JM, Menzella HG, Ponce Dawson S. Nested pool testing strategy for the diagnosis of infectious diseases. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):18108. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-97534-7
17. Wacharapluesadee S, Kaewpom T, Ampoot W, et al. Evaluating the efficiency of specimen pooling for PCR-based detection of COVID-19. J Med Virol. 2020;92(10):2193-2199. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.26005
18. Sunjaya AF, Sunjaya AP. Pooled Testing for Expanding COVID-19 Mass Surveillance. Disaster Med Public Health Prep. 2020;14(3):e42-e43. doi:DOI: 10.1017/dmp.2020.246
19. Daniel EA, Esakialraj L BH, S A, et al. Pooled Testing Strategies for SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis: A comprehensive review. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2021;101(2):115432. doi:10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2021.115432
20. Esteves E, Mendes AK, Barros M, et al. Population wide testing pooling strategy for SARS-CoV-2 detection using saliva. PLoS One. 2022;17(1):e0263033. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0263033
21. Abdalhamid B, Bilder CR, McCutchen EL, Hinrichs SH, Koepsell SA, Iwen PC. Assessment of specimen pooling to conserve SARS CoV-2 testing resources. Am J Clin Pathol. 2020;153(6):715-718. doi:10.1093/AJCP/AQAA064
22. Cheng MP, Papenburg J, Desjardins M, et al. Diagnostic Testing for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Related Coronavirus 2: A Narrative Review. Ann Intern Med. 2020;172(11):726-734. doi:10.7326/M20-1301
23. Dhamad AE, Abdal Rhida MA. COVID-19: molecular and serological detection methods. PeerJ. 2020;8:e10180. doi:10.7717/peerj.10180
24. Posthuma-Trumpie GA, Korf J, Van Amerongen A. Lateral flow (immuno)assay: Its strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. A literature survey. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2009;393(2):569-582. doi:10.1007/s00216-008-2287-2
25. Kowada A. Greater public health impact of COVID-19 antigen detection tests. BMC Med. 2021;19(1):82. doi:10.1186/s12916-021-01956-z
26. Greninger AL. Test it earlier, result it faster, makes us stronger: how rapid viral diagnostics enable therapeutic success. Curr Opin Virol. 2021;49:111-116. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coviro.2021.05.007
27. Diel R, Nienhaus A. Point-of-care COVID-19 antigen testing in German emergency rooms – a cost-benefit analysis. Pulmonology. 2021;000(xxxx). doi:10.1016/j.pulmoe.2021.06.009
28. Matsuda EM, de Campos IB, de Oliveira IP, Colpas DR, Carmo AMDS, Brígido LF de M. Field evaluation of COVID-19 antigen tests versus RNA based detection: Potential lower sensitivity compensated by immediate results, technical simplicity, and low cost. J Med Virol. 2021;93(7):4405-4410. doi:10.1002/jmv.26985
29. Chaimayo C, Kaewnaphan B, Tanlieng N, et al. Rapid SARS-CoV-2 antigen detection assay in comparison with real-time RT-PCR assay for laboratory diagnosis of COVID-19 in Thailand. Virol J. 2020;17(1):177. doi:10.1186/s12985-020-01452-5
30. Merino-Amador P, González-Donapetry P, Domínguez-Fernández M, et al. Clinitest rapid COVID-19 antigen test for the diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection: A multicenter evaluation study. J Clin Virol. 2021;143:104961. doi:10.1016/j.jcv.2021.104961
31. Aoki K, Nagasawa T, Ishii Y, et al. Evaluation of clinical utility of novel coronavirus antigen detection reagent, Espline® SARS-CoV-2. J Infect Chemother. 2021;27(2):319-322. doi:10.1016/j.jiac.2020.11.015
32. Khandker SS, Hashim NHHN, Deris ZZ, Shueb RH, Islam MA. Diagnostic accuracy of rapid antigen test kits for detecting SARS-CoV-2: A systematic review and meta-analysis of 17,171 suspected COVID-19 patients. J Clin Med. 2021;10(16). doi:10.3390/jcm10163493
33. Torres I, Poujois S, Albert E, Colomina J, Navarro D. Evaluation of a rapid antigen test (PanbioTM COVID-19 Ag rapid test device) for SARS-CoV-2 detection in asymptomatic close contacts of COVID-19 patients. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2021;27(4):636.e1-636.e4. doi:10.1016/j.cmi.2020.12.022
34. Waller J V., Kaur P, Tucker A, et al. Diagnostic Tools for Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19): Comparing CT and RT-PCR Viral Nucleic Acid Testing. American Journal of Roentgenology. 2020;215(4):834-838. doi:10.2214/AJR.20.23418
35. Ai T, Yang Z, Hou H, et al. Correlation of Chest CT and RT-PCR Testing for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in China: A Report of 1014 Cases. Radiology. 2020;296(2):E32-E40. doi:10.1148/radiol.2020200642
36. Kovács A, Palásti P, Veréb D, Bozsik B, Palkó A, Kincses ZT. The sensitivity and specificity of chest CT in the diagnosis of COVID-19. Eur Radiol. 2021;31(5):2819-2824. doi:10.1007/s00330-020-07347-x
37. Esposito A, Palmisano A, Scotti GM, et al. Why is chest CT important for early diagnosis of COVID-19? Prevalence matters. medRxiv3. Published online March 2020. doi:https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.30.20047985
38. Žilinskas J, Lančinskas A, Guarracino MR. Pooled testing with replication as a mass testing strategy for the COVID-19 pandemics. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):1-7. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-83104-4
39. Larremore DB, Wilder B, Lester E, et al. Test sensitivity is secondary to frequency and turnaround time for COVID-19 screening. Sci Adv. 2021;7(1):1-11. doi:10.1126/sciadv.abd5393
40. Burki T. Mass testing for COVID-19. Lancet Microbe. 2020;1(December):317.
41. Gill M, Gray M. Mass testing for covid-19 in the UK. The BMJ. 2020;371:10-11. doi:10.1136/bmj.m4436 42. Peto J. Covid-19 mass testing facilities could end the epidemic rapidly. BMJ. 2020;368:m1163. doi:10.1136/bmj.m1163
43. Iacobucci G. Covid-19: Mass testing at UK universities is haphazard and unscientific, finds BMJ investigation. The BMJ. 2021;372:1-2. doi:10.1136/bmj.n848
44. UK COVID-19 testing free rapid tests home delivered 2022. https://www.businessinsider.com/uk-covid-19-testing-free-rapid-tests-home-delivered-2022-1
45. Lyng GD, Sheils NE, Kennedy CJ, Griffin DO, Berke EM. Identifying optimal COVID-19 testing strategies for schools and businesses: Balancing testing frequency, individual test technology, and cost. PLoS One. 2021;16(3):e0248783.
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Yeni Koronavirüs Hastalığında (Covid-19) Tanı Ve Tarama Testlerinin Kullanımı

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 32 Sayı: 4, 189 - 199, 31.12.2023

Kübra Doğanay Bulduk Meltem Çöl

https://doi.org/10.17827/aktd.1226153

Öz

COVID-19 ile mücadelede; hastalıkla enfekte olmuş kişilerin tespiti ve sonrasında izole edilmesi son derece önemlidir. Bu amaçla dünya genelinde kullanılan tanı testleri, çeşitlilik ve uygulama kriterleri açısından farklılık göstermektedir. Bu derlemede halk sağlığı bakış açısıyla; COVID-19 tanısı için kullanılan testler ile kimlere yönelik ve nasıl kullanıldığının yanısıra test kullanımı konusundaki yaklaşımlar ele alınmıştır. Polimeraz zincir reaksiyonu (PCR) tabanlı testler, yüksek duyarlılık ve özgüllük değerleri dolayısıyla altın standart olarak kabul edilmektedir. Farklı örnek alma yöntemlerine yönelik karşılaştırmalar yapılmakla birlikte genel görüş, nazofaringeal sürüntü yönündedir. Altın standart tanı yöntemi olarak kabul edilmesine karşın bazı dezavantajları vardır. En önemlisi sonuçlanmasının uzun sürmesi ve yüksek maliyettir. Maliyeti azaltmak için birkaç örneğin tek bir örnek gibi değerlendirilmesi yani havuzlandırılması tercih edilebilir. Bu dezavantajlara alternatif olarak hızlı antijen testleri göz önünde bulundurulabilir. Hızlı antijen testlerinin pek çok farklı piyasa formu vardır. Bu testlerin özgüllükleri ve duyarlılıklarına yönelik pek çok çalışma yapılmakta olup farklı değerler bulunmaktadır. Genel olarak özgüllüklerinin yüksek ve duyarlılığının ise daha düşük olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Hastalığın semptomatik tanısının zorluğu, bazı kişilerin hastalığı bulaştırmasına karşın semptom göstermemesi sorunları için toplum taramaları çözüm yolu olabilir. Yeni varyantların ortaya çıkması ile dünya genelinde test politikalarında değişiklikler ve farklı yaklaşımlar gözlenmiştir. Daha geniş kapsamlı tarama yapmak amacıyla testlerin tüm halka açık hale getirilmesi veya toplum taramaları yönünde çalışmalar gerçekleştirilmiştir. Ancak artan PCR test yükü dolayısıyla bazı ülkelerde test yapılacak kişilerin kısıtlanması veya hızlı antijen testleri gibi alternatif test yöntemlerinin ek olarak kullanılması gibi test politikalarının uygulanması gerekmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

COVID-19 testi, Tanısal Testler, Kitle taraması, COVID-19 testing, Diagnostic tests, Mass screening

Kaynakça

1. Yi-Wei T, E. SJ, H. PD, W. SC, J. MA. Laboratory Diagnosis of COVID-19: Current Issues and Challenges. J Clin Microbiol. 2021;58(6):e00512-20. doi:10.1128/JCM.00512-20
2. Syal K. Guidelines on newly identified limitations of diagnostic tools for COVID-19 and consequences. J Med Virol. 2021;93(4):1837-1842. doi:10.1002/jmv.26673
3. Cheng MP, Papenburg J, Desjardins M, et al. Diagnostic Testing for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Related Coronavirus 2: A Narrative Review. Ann Intern Med. 2020;172(11):726-734. doi:10.7326/M20-1301
4. Dinnes J, Deeks JJ, Berhane S, et al. Rapid, point-of-care antigen and molecular-based tests for diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021;3(3):CD013705. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD013705.pub2
5. Moreira VM, Mascarenhas P, Machado V, et al. Diagnosis of SARS-Cov-2 Infection by RT-PCR Using Specimens Other Than Naso- and Oropharyngeal Swabs: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Diagnostics (Basel). 2021;11(2). doi:10.3390/diagnostics11020363
6. Khiabani K, Amirzade-Iranaq MH. Are saliva and deep throat sputum as reliable as common respiratory specimens for SARS-CoV-2 detection? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Infect Control. 2021;49(9):1165-1176. doi:10.1016/j.ajic.2021.03.008
7. Joachim A, Dewald F, Suárez I, et al. Pooled RT-qPCR testing for SARS-CoV-2 surveillance in schools - a cluster randomised trial. EClinicalMedicine. 2021;39:101082. doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.101082
8. Harikrishnan P. Saliva as a Potential Diagnostic Specimen for COVID-19 Testing. J Craniofac Surg. 2020;31(6):e653-e655. doi:10.1097/SCS.0000000000006724
9. Dong GP, Guo XJ, Sun YA, Zhang Z, Du LP, Li MY. Diagnostic Techniques for COVID-19: A Mini-review of Early Diagnostic Methods. J Anal Test. Published online October 2021:1-13. doi:10.1007/s41664-021-00198-5
10. Peeling RW, Olliaro PL, Boeras DI, Fongwen N. Scaling up COVID-19 rapid antigen tests: promises and challenges. Lancet Infect Dis. 2021;21(9):e290-e295. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(21)00048-7
11. Mistry DA, Wang JY, Moeser ME, Starkey T, Lee LYW. A systematic review of the sensitivity and specificity of lateral flow devices in the detection of SARS-CoV-2. BMC Infect Dis. 2021;21(1):828. doi:10.1186/s12879-021-06528-3
12. Nguyen NNT, McCarthy C, Lantigua D, Camci-Unal G. Development of diagnostic tests for detection of SARS-CoV-2. Diagnostics. 2020;10(11):1-28. doi:10.3390/diagnostics10110905
13. Zitek T. The appropriate use of testing for Covid-19. Western Journal of Emergency Medicine. 2020;21(3):470-472. doi:10.5811/westjem.2020.4.47370
14. Kanji JN, Zelyas N, MacDonald C, et al. False negative rate of COVID-19 PCR testing: a discordant testing analysis. Virol J. 2021;18(1):1-6. doi:10.1186/s12985-021-01489-0
15. Fields BKK, Demirjian NL, Gholamrezanezhad A. Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) diagnostic technologies: A country-based retrospective analysis of screening and containment procedures during the first wave of the pandemic. Clin Imaging. 2020;67:219-225. doi:10.1016/j.clinimag.2020.08.014
16. Armendáriz I, Ferrari PA, Fraiman D, Martínez JM, Menzella HG, Ponce Dawson S. Nested pool testing strategy for the diagnosis of infectious diseases. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):18108. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-97534-7
17. Wacharapluesadee S, Kaewpom T, Ampoot W, et al. Evaluating the efficiency of specimen pooling for PCR-based detection of COVID-19. J Med Virol. 2020;92(10):2193-2199. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.26005
18. Sunjaya AF, Sunjaya AP. Pooled Testing for Expanding COVID-19 Mass Surveillance. Disaster Med Public Health Prep. 2020;14(3):e42-e43. doi:DOI: 10.1017/dmp.2020.246
19. Daniel EA, Esakialraj L BH, S A, et al. Pooled Testing Strategies for SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis: A comprehensive review. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2021;101(2):115432. doi:10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2021.115432
20. Esteves E, Mendes AK, Barros M, et al. Population wide testing pooling strategy for SARS-CoV-2 detection using saliva. PLoS One. 2022;17(1):e0263033. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0263033
21. Abdalhamid B, Bilder CR, McCutchen EL, Hinrichs SH, Koepsell SA, Iwen PC. Assessment of specimen pooling to conserve SARS CoV-2 testing resources. Am J Clin Pathol. 2020;153(6):715-718. doi:10.1093/AJCP/AQAA064
22. Cheng MP, Papenburg J, Desjardins M, et al. Diagnostic Testing for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Related Coronavirus 2: A Narrative Review. Ann Intern Med. 2020;172(11):726-734. doi:10.7326/M20-1301
23. Dhamad AE, Abdal Rhida MA. COVID-19: molecular and serological detection methods. PeerJ. 2020;8:e10180. doi:10.7717/peerj.10180
24. Posthuma-Trumpie GA, Korf J, Van Amerongen A. Lateral flow (immuno)assay: Its strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. A literature survey. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2009;393(2):569-582. doi:10.1007/s00216-008-2287-2
25. Kowada A. Greater public health impact of COVID-19 antigen detection tests. BMC Med. 2021;19(1):82. doi:10.1186/s12916-021-01956-z
26. Greninger AL. Test it earlier, result it faster, makes us stronger: how rapid viral diagnostics enable therapeutic success. Curr Opin Virol. 2021;49:111-116. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coviro.2021.05.007
27. Diel R, Nienhaus A. Point-of-care COVID-19 antigen testing in German emergency rooms – a cost-benefit analysis. Pulmonology. 2021;000(xxxx). doi:10.1016/j.pulmoe.2021.06.009
28. Matsuda EM, de Campos IB, de Oliveira IP, Colpas DR, Carmo AMDS, Brígido LF de M. Field evaluation of COVID-19 antigen tests versus RNA based detection: Potential lower sensitivity compensated by immediate results, technical simplicity, and low cost. J Med Virol. 2021;93(7):4405-4410. doi:10.1002/jmv.26985
29. Chaimayo C, Kaewnaphan B, Tanlieng N, et al. Rapid SARS-CoV-2 antigen detection assay in comparison with real-time RT-PCR assay for laboratory diagnosis of COVID-19 in Thailand. Virol J. 2020;17(1):177. doi:10.1186/s12985-020-01452-5
30. Merino-Amador P, González-Donapetry P, Domínguez-Fernández M, et al. Clinitest rapid COVID-19 antigen test for the diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection: A multicenter evaluation study. J Clin Virol. 2021;143:104961. doi:10.1016/j.jcv.2021.104961
31. Aoki K, Nagasawa T, Ishii Y, et al. Evaluation of clinical utility of novel coronavirus antigen detection reagent, Espline® SARS-CoV-2. J Infect Chemother. 2021;27(2):319-322. doi:10.1016/j.jiac.2020.11.015
32. Khandker SS, Hashim NHHN, Deris ZZ, Shueb RH, Islam MA. Diagnostic accuracy of rapid antigen test kits for detecting SARS-CoV-2: A systematic review and meta-analysis of 17,171 suspected COVID-19 patients. J Clin Med. 2021;10(16). doi:10.3390/jcm10163493
33. Torres I, Poujois S, Albert E, Colomina J, Navarro D. Evaluation of a rapid antigen test (PanbioTM COVID-19 Ag rapid test device) for SARS-CoV-2 detection in asymptomatic close contacts of COVID-19 patients. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2021;27(4):636.e1-636.e4. doi:10.1016/j.cmi.2020.12.022
34. Waller J V., Kaur P, Tucker A, et al. Diagnostic Tools for Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19): Comparing CT and RT-PCR Viral Nucleic Acid Testing. American Journal of Roentgenology. 2020;215(4):834-838. doi:10.2214/AJR.20.23418
35. Ai T, Yang Z, Hou H, et al. Correlation of Chest CT and RT-PCR Testing for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in China: A Report of 1014 Cases. Radiology. 2020;296(2):E32-E40. doi:10.1148/radiol.2020200642
36. Kovács A, Palásti P, Veréb D, Bozsik B, Palkó A, Kincses ZT. The sensitivity and specificity of chest CT in the diagnosis of COVID-19. Eur Radiol. 2021;31(5):2819-2824. doi:10.1007/s00330-020-07347-x
37. Esposito A, Palmisano A, Scotti GM, et al. Why is chest CT important for early diagnosis of COVID-19? Prevalence matters. medRxiv3. Published online March 2020. doi:https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.30.20047985
38. Žilinskas J, Lančinskas A, Guarracino MR. Pooled testing with replication as a mass testing strategy for the COVID-19 pandemics. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):1-7. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-83104-4
39. Larremore DB, Wilder B, Lester E, et al. Test sensitivity is secondary to frequency and turnaround time for COVID-19 screening. Sci Adv. 2021;7(1):1-11. doi:10.1126/sciadv.abd5393
40. Burki T. Mass testing for COVID-19. Lancet Microbe. 2020;1(December):317.
41. Gill M, Gray M. Mass testing for covid-19 in the UK. The BMJ. 2020;371:10-11. doi:10.1136/bmj.m4436 42. Peto J. Covid-19 mass testing facilities could end the epidemic rapidly. BMJ. 2020;368:m1163. doi:10.1136/bmj.m1163
43. Iacobucci G. Covid-19: Mass testing at UK universities is haphazard and unscientific, finds BMJ investigation. The BMJ. 2021;372:1-2. doi:10.1136/bmj.n848
44. UK COVID-19 testing free rapid tests home delivered 2022. https://www.businessinsider.com/uk-covid-19-testing-free-rapid-tests-home-delivered-2022-1
45. Lyng GD, Sheils NE, Kennedy CJ, Griffin DO, Berke EM. Identifying optimal COVID-19 testing strategies for schools and businesses: Balancing testing frequency, individual test technology, and cost. PLoS One. 2021;16(3):e0248783.
46. Louie JK, Scott HM, Dubois A, et al. Lessons from Mass-Testing for Coronavirus Disease 2019 in Long-Term Care Facilities for the Elderly in San Francisco. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2021;72(11):2018-2020. doi:10.1093/cid/ciaa1020
47. Tang S, Sanchez Perez M, Saavedra-Campos M, et al. Mass testing after a single suspected or confirmed case of COVID-19 in London care homes, April-May 2020: implications for policy and practice. Age Ageing. 2021;50(3):649-656. doi:10.1093/ageing/afab054
48. CDC Rapid Antigen Tests Guidelines for COVID-19. CDC. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/lab/resources/antigen-tests-guidelines.html
49. Koronavirüs Bilim Kurulu Toplantısına İlişkin Açıklama (12.01.2022). T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı. Published 2022. https://www.saglik.gov.tr/TR,87133/koronavirus-bilim-kurulu-toplantisina-iliskin-aciklama-12012022.html
50. Common list of COVID-19 rapid antigen tests. EU. https://ec.europa.eu/health/system/files/2022-01/covid-19_rat_common-list_en.pdf
51. COVID-19 Testing Policies, Mar 11, 2022. Our Word in Data. https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/covid-19-t esting-policy?time=2022-02-02

Toplam 50 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil	Türkçe
Konular	Sağlık Kurumları Yönetimi
Bölüm	Derleme
Yazarlar	Kübra Doğanay Bulduk 0000-0001-6555-722X Meltem Çöl 0000-0001-7089-1644
Yayımlanma Tarihi	31 Aralık 2023
Kabul Tarihi	13 Ekim 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı	Yıl 2023 Cilt: 32 Sayı: 4

Kaynak Göster

AMA	Bulduk KD, Çöl M. Yeni Koronavirüs Hastalığında (Covid-19) Tanı Ve Tarama Testlerinin Kullanımı. aktd. Aralık 2023;32(4):189-199. doi:10.17827/aktd.1226153

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