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Identification of Potentially Malignant Oral Lesions

Yıl 2017, Cilt: 26 Sayı: 3, 297 - 309, 30.09.2017
https://doi.org/10.17827/aktd.303583

Öz

Oral cancer has reached its magnificent height with newer victims being added everyday into its registry. Conditions that predispose to cancer must be identified at its earliest. Diagnostic aids that are currently employed, identify lesions with morphological alteration at a stage where frank malignancy has already set in. There seems to be a great urgency to identify novel biomarkers to diagnose the malignant potential in these habit-associated lesions and prevent the ever-increasing number of oral cancer cases. The following review addresses the current diagnostic aids used, with its shortcomings and future trends in proteomics, which should become a reality.

Kaynakça

  • 1. Sankaranarayanan R, Ramadas K, Thomas G. Effect of screening on oral cancer mortality in Kerala, India: a cluster-randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2005;365:1927–33.
  • 2. Parkin DM Bray F, Ferlay J, Pisani P. Global cancer statistics, 2002. CA Cancer J Clin. 2005;55(2):74-108.
  • 3. Sankaranarayanan R., Duffy, S.W., Nair, M.K., Padmakumary, G. and Day, N.E. Tobacco and alcohol as risk factors in cancer of the larynx in Kerala, India. Int J of Can.1990;45:879-82.
  • 4. Arduino PG, Carrozzo M, Chiecchio A, Broccoletti R, Tirone F, Borra E, Bertolusso G and Gandolfo S. "Clinical and histopathologic independent prognostic factors in oral squamous cell carcinoma: a retrospective study of 334 cases." J Oral Maxillofac Surg.2008; 66(8): 1570-9.
  • 5. Warnakulasuriya S. "Global epidemiology of oral and oropharyngeal cancer." Oral Oncol. 2009;45(4-5): 309-16.
  • 6. Mehrotra R, Gupta A, Singh M and Ibrahim R. "Application of cytology and molecular biology in diagnosing premalignant or malignant oral lesions." Mol Cancer.2006;5:11.
  • 7. Morse DE, Psoter WJ, Cuadrado L, Jean YA, Phelan J, Mittal K, Buxo CJ, Cruz GD and Elias A. "A deficit in biopsying potentially premalignant oral lesions in Puerto Rico." Cancer Detect Prev.2009;32(5-6): 424-30.
  • 8. Barnes L, Eveson JW, Reichart P, Sidransky D. World Health Organization Classification of Tumours. Pathology and Genetics of Head and Neck Tumours. New Delhi, India: International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) IARC Press; 2005; 177-9.
  • 9. Warnakulasuriya S, Johnson NW, Van Der Waal I. Nomenclature and classification of potentially malignant disorders of the oral mucosa. J Oral Pathol Med 2007;36:575-80.
  • 10. Petti S. Pooled estimate of world leukoplakia prevalence: A systematic review. Oral Oncol 2003;39:770-80.
  • 11. Mehta FS, Pindborg JJ, Gupta PC, Daftary DK. Epidemiologic and histologic study of oral cancer and leukoplakia among 50,915 villagers in India. Cancer 1969;24:832-49.
  • 12. Banoczy J. Follow up studies in oral leukoplakia. J Maxillofac Surg.1977;5:69-75. 7.
  • 13. Bagan JV, Jimenez Y, Murillo J, Gavalda C, Poveda R, Scully C, et al. Lack of association between proliferative verrucous leukoplakia and human papillomavirus infection. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2007;65:46-9.
  • 14. Johnson NW, Warnakulasuriya S, Gupta PC et al. Global inequalities in incidence and outcomes for oral cancer: causes and solutions. Adv Dent Res 2011 23: 237–46.
  • 15. Schepman KP, van der Meij EH, Smeele LE and van der Waal I. "Malignant transformation of oral leukoplakia: a follow-up study of a hospital-based population of 166 patients with oral leukoplakia from The Netherlands." Oral Oncol. 1998;34(4): 270-5.
  • 16. World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Oral Precancerous Lesions. Definition of leukoplakia and related lesions: an aid to studies on oral precancer. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol.1978;46:518-39.
  • 17. Prasanna Kumar Rao J.,Potentially malignant lesion – oral leukoplakia, Global Advanced Research Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences., 2012; 1(11):286-91.
  • 18. Reibel J. "Prognosis of oral pre-malignant lesions: significance of clinical, histopathological, and molecular biological characteristics." Crit Rev Oral Biol Med.2003;
14(1): 47-62.
  • 19. Shafer WG, Waldron CA. Erythroplakia of the oral cavity. Cancer 1975;36:1021-8.
  • 20. Gupta PC, Sinor PN, Bhonsle RB, Pawar VS, Mehta HC. Oral submucous fibrosis in India: a new epidemic? Natl Med J India. 1998; 11: 113-6.
  • 21. Chatra L, Khan S. Pathogenesis of oral submucous fibrosis. J of Can Res Therap, 2012; 8(2):199-203.
  • 22. Paymaster JC. Cancer of the buccal mucosa: A clinical study of 650 cases in Indian patients. Cancer 1956;9:431-5.
  • 23. Gupta PC, Mehta FS, Daftary DK, Pindborg JJ, Bhonsle RB, Jalnawalla PN, et al. Incidence rates of oral cancer and natural history of oral precancerous lesions in a 10-year follow-up study of Indian villagers. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 1980;8:283-333.
  • 24. Pindborg JJ, Murti PR, Bhonsle RB, Gupta PC, Daftary DK, Mehta FS. Oral submucous fibrosis as a precancerous condition. Scand J Dent Res 1984;92:224-9.
  • 25. Murti PR, Bhonsle RB, Pindborg JJ, Daftary DK, Gupta PC, Mehta FS. Malignant transformation rate in oral submucous fibrosis over a 17-year period. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 1985;13:340-1.
  • 26. Sugerman PB, Satterwhite K, Bigby M. Autocytotoxic T-cell clones in lichen planus. Br J Dermatol 2000;142:449-56.
  • 27. Sugerman PB, Savage NW, Walsh LJ, Zhao ZZ, Zhou XJ, Khan A, et al. The pathogenesis of oral lichen planus. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med 2002;13:350-65.
  • 28. Hsue SS, Wang WC, Chen CH, Lin CC, Chen YK, Lin LM. Malignant transformation in 1458 patients with potentially malignant oral mucosal disorders: A follow-up study based in a Taiwanese hospital. J Oral Pathol Med 2007;36:25-9.
  • 29. MattssonU,JontellM,HolmstrupP.Orallichenplanusandmalignant transformation: Is a recall of patients justified? Crit Rev Oral Biol Med 2002;13:390-6.
  • 30. Roosaar A, Yin L, Sandborgh-Englund G, Nyren O, Axell T. On the natural course of oral lichen lesions in a Swedish population-based sample. J Oral Pathol Med 2006;35:257-61.
  • 31. van der Meij EH, Mast H, Van der Waal I. The possible premalignant character of oral lichen planus and oral lichenoid lesions: A prospective five-year follow-up study of 192 patients. Oral Oncol 2007;43:742-8.
  • 32. Lanfranchi-Tizeira HE, Aguas SC, Sano SM. Malignant transformation of atypical oral lichen planus: A review of 32 cases. Med Oral 2003;8:2-9.
  • 33. Ortiz GM, Pierce AM, Wilson DF. Palatal changes associated with reverse smoking in Filipino women. Oral Dis.1996;2:232-7.
  • 34. Smith JF, Mincer HA, Hopkins KP, Bell J. Snuff-dipper’s lesion. A cytological and pathological study in a large population. Arch Otolaryngol 1970;92:450-6.
  • 35. Sankaranarayanan R, Ramadas K, Thomas G. Effect of screening on oral cancer mortality in Kerala, India: a cluster-randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2005;365:1927–33.
  • 36. Downer MC, Moles DR, Palmer S, Speight PM. A systematic review of test performance in screening for oral cancer and precancer. Oral Oncol 2004;40:264-73.
  • 37. Sankaranarayanan R, Mathew B, Jacob BJ, Thomas G, Somanathan T, Pisani P, et al. Early findings from a community-based, cluster- randomized, controlled oral cancer screening trial in Kerala, India. The Trivandrum Oral Cancer Screening Study Group. Cancer 2000;88:664-73.
  • 38. Mathew B, Sankaranarayanan R, Wesley R, Nair MK. Evaluation of mouth self- examination in the control of oral cancer. Br J Cancer 1995;71:397-9.
  • 39. Scott SE, Rizvi K, Grunfeld EA, McGurk M. Pilot study to estimate the accuracy of mouth self-examination in an at-risk group. Head Neck 2010;32:1393-401.
  • 40. Eisen D, Frist S. The relevance of the high positive predictive value of the oral brush biopsy. Oral Oncol 2005;41:753-5.
  • 41. Svirsky JA, Burns JC, Carpenter WM, Cohen DM, Bhattacharyya I, Fantasia JE, et al. Comparison of computer-assisted brush biopsy results with follow up scalpel biopsy and histology. Gen Dent 2002;50:500-3.
  • 42. Bhoopathi V, Kabani S, Mascarenhas AK. Low positive predictive value of the oral brush biopsy in detecting dysplastic oral lesions. Cancer 2009;115:1036-40.
  • 43. Warnakulasuriya KA, Johnson NW. Sensitivity and specificity of OraScan (R) toluidine blue mouthrinse in the detection of oral cancer and precancer. J Oral Pathol Med 1996;25:97-103.
  • 44. Onofre MA, Sposto MR, Navarro CM. Reliability of toluidine blue application in the detection of oral epithelial dysplasia and in situ and invasive squamous cell carcinomas. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2001;91:535-40.
  • 45. Martin IC, Kerawala CJ, Reed M. The application of toluidine blue as a diagnostic adjunct in the detection of epithelial dysplasia. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 1998;85:444-6.
  • 46. Epstein JB, Silverman S Jr, Epstein JD, Lonky SA, Bride MA. Analysis of oral lesion biopsies identified and evaluated by visual examination, chemiluminescence and toluidine blue. Oral Oncol 2008;44:538-44. 89.
  • 47. Oh ES, Laskin DM. Efficacy of the ViziLite system in the identification of oral lesions. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2007;65:424-6.
  • 48. AwanKH, MorganPR, WarnakulasuriyaS. Utility of chemiluminescence (ViziLiteTM) in the detection of oral potentially malignant disorders and benign keratoses. J Oral Pathol Med 2011;40:541-4.
  • 49. Awan K.H, Morgan P.R, Warnakulasuriya S. Evaluation of an autofluorescence based imaging system (VELscopeTM) in the detection of oral potentially malignant disorders and benign keratoses. Oral Oncol 2011;47:274-7.
  • 50. Smith PW, Holtzman J, Epstein J, Le A. Optical diagnostics in the oral cavity: an overview. Oral Diseases. 2010;16:717–28.
  • 51. Lucchese A, Gentile E, Romano A, Maio C, Laino L, Serpico R. The potential role of in vivo reflectance confocal microscopy for evaluating oral cavity lesions: a systematic review. J Oral Pathol Med. 2016;45(10):723-9.
  • 52. Maitland KC, Gillenwater AM, Williams MD, El-Naggar AK, Descour MR, Richards-Kortum RR. In vivo imaging of oral neoplasia using a miniaturized fiber optic confocal reflectance microscope. Oral Oncol 2008; 44:1059–66.
  • 53. White WM, Rajadhyaksha M, Gonz alez S, Fabian RL, Anderson RR. Noninvasive imaging of human oral mucosa in vivo by confocal reflectance microscopy. Laryngoscope 1999;109:1709–17.
  • 54. Bano S, David MP, Indira AP. Salivary biomarkers for oral squamous cell carcinoma: An overview. IJSS Case Reports & Reviews 2015;1(8):39-45.
  • 55. Almeida P, Lima A. Saliva Composition and Functions. J of Contemp Dent Pract 2008;9(3):1-11.
  • 56. Castagnola M, Picciotti PM, Messana I, Fanali C, Fiorita A, Cabras T, Calò L, Pisano E, Passali GC, Iavarone F, Paludetti G, Scarano E. Potential applications of human saliva as diagnostic fluid. Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital. 2011; 31(6):347-57.
  • 57. Bandhakavi S, Stone MD, Onsongo G, Van Riper SK, Griffin TJ. A dynamic range compression and three-dimensional peptide fractionation analysis platform expands proteome coverage and the diagnostic potential of whole saliva. J Proteome Res. 2009;3(12):5590–60.
  • 58. Chiappin S, Antonelli G, Gatti R, De Palo EF. Saliva specimen: a new laboratory tool for diagnostic and basic investigation. Clin Chim Acta. 2007; 383(1-2):30-40.
  • 59. Messana I, Inzitari R, Fanali C, Cabras T, Castagnola M. Facts and artifacts in proteomics of body fluids. What proteomics of saliva is telling us? J Sep Sci. 2008; 31(11):1948-63.
  • 60. Rathnayake N, Sigvard A. Plos One. Salivary Biomarkers for Detection of Systemic Diseases. 2013;8(4):1-5.
  • 61. Jou YJ, Lin CD, Lai CH, Chen CH, Kao JY , Chen SY , et al. Proteomic identification of salivary transferrin as a biomarker for early detection of oral cancer. AnalyticaChimicaActa. 2010; 681: 41-8.
  • 62. Boyle JO, Mao L. Gene mutations in saliva as molecular markers for head and neck squamous cell carcinomas. Am J Surg. 1994;168(5):429-32.
  • 63. Graves PR, Haystead TAJ. Molecular Biologist’s Guide to Proteomics. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev.2002;66(1):39-63.
  • 64. Gorg A, Obermaier C, Boguth G, Harder A, Scheibe B, Wildgruber R et al., The current state of two-dimensional electrophoresis with immobilized pH gradients. Electrophoresis. 2000; 21:1037–53.
  • 65. Hanash S. Disease proteomics. Nature.2003;422:226-32.

Potansiyel Malign Oral Lezyonların Belirlenmesi

Yıl 2017, Cilt: 26 Sayı: 3, 297 - 309, 30.09.2017
https://doi.org/10.17827/aktd.303583

Öz

Ağız kanseri sıklığı her gün eklenen yeni hastalar ile çok yüksek bir insidansa ulaşmıştır.  Kansere neden olan koşullar en erken zamanda belirlenmelidir. Halihazırda kullanılan teşhis araçları, lezyonları morfolojik değişikliğe uğratan ve frank malignitenin önceden belirlendiği bir aşamada tanımlamayı amaçlamaktadır.  Alışkanlıkla ilişkili lezyonların malign potansiyelini teşhis etmek ve giderek artan sayıda oral kanser vakalarını önlemek için yeni biyolojik belirteçleri belirlemek büyük aciliyet arz etmektedir. Bu yazıda kullanılan mevcut teşhis araçları, eksiklikleri ve gelecekte gerçek olabilecek proteomik yönelik eğilimler ile ele alınmıştır.

Kaynakça

  • 1. Sankaranarayanan R, Ramadas K, Thomas G. Effect of screening on oral cancer mortality in Kerala, India: a cluster-randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2005;365:1927–33.
  • 2. Parkin DM Bray F, Ferlay J, Pisani P. Global cancer statistics, 2002. CA Cancer J Clin. 2005;55(2):74-108.
  • 3. Sankaranarayanan R., Duffy, S.W., Nair, M.K., Padmakumary, G. and Day, N.E. Tobacco and alcohol as risk factors in cancer of the larynx in Kerala, India. Int J of Can.1990;45:879-82.
  • 4. Arduino PG, Carrozzo M, Chiecchio A, Broccoletti R, Tirone F, Borra E, Bertolusso G and Gandolfo S. "Clinical and histopathologic independent prognostic factors in oral squamous cell carcinoma: a retrospective study of 334 cases." J Oral Maxillofac Surg.2008; 66(8): 1570-9.
  • 5. Warnakulasuriya S. "Global epidemiology of oral and oropharyngeal cancer." Oral Oncol. 2009;45(4-5): 309-16.
  • 6. Mehrotra R, Gupta A, Singh M and Ibrahim R. "Application of cytology and molecular biology in diagnosing premalignant or malignant oral lesions." Mol Cancer.2006;5:11.
  • 7. Morse DE, Psoter WJ, Cuadrado L, Jean YA, Phelan J, Mittal K, Buxo CJ, Cruz GD and Elias A. "A deficit in biopsying potentially premalignant oral lesions in Puerto Rico." Cancer Detect Prev.2009;32(5-6): 424-30.
  • 8. Barnes L, Eveson JW, Reichart P, Sidransky D. World Health Organization Classification of Tumours. Pathology and Genetics of Head and Neck Tumours. New Delhi, India: International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) IARC Press; 2005; 177-9.
  • 9. Warnakulasuriya S, Johnson NW, Van Der Waal I. Nomenclature and classification of potentially malignant disorders of the oral mucosa. J Oral Pathol Med 2007;36:575-80.
  • 10. Petti S. Pooled estimate of world leukoplakia prevalence: A systematic review. Oral Oncol 2003;39:770-80.
  • 11. Mehta FS, Pindborg JJ, Gupta PC, Daftary DK. Epidemiologic and histologic study of oral cancer and leukoplakia among 50,915 villagers in India. Cancer 1969;24:832-49.
  • 12. Banoczy J. Follow up studies in oral leukoplakia. J Maxillofac Surg.1977;5:69-75. 7.
  • 13. Bagan JV, Jimenez Y, Murillo J, Gavalda C, Poveda R, Scully C, et al. Lack of association between proliferative verrucous leukoplakia and human papillomavirus infection. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2007;65:46-9.
  • 14. Johnson NW, Warnakulasuriya S, Gupta PC et al. Global inequalities in incidence and outcomes for oral cancer: causes and solutions. Adv Dent Res 2011 23: 237–46.
  • 15. Schepman KP, van der Meij EH, Smeele LE and van der Waal I. "Malignant transformation of oral leukoplakia: a follow-up study of a hospital-based population of 166 patients with oral leukoplakia from The Netherlands." Oral Oncol. 1998;34(4): 270-5.
  • 16. World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Oral Precancerous Lesions. Definition of leukoplakia and related lesions: an aid to studies on oral precancer. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol.1978;46:518-39.
  • 17. Prasanna Kumar Rao J.,Potentially malignant lesion – oral leukoplakia, Global Advanced Research Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences., 2012; 1(11):286-91.
  • 18. Reibel J. "Prognosis of oral pre-malignant lesions: significance of clinical, histopathological, and molecular biological characteristics." Crit Rev Oral Biol Med.2003;
14(1): 47-62.
  • 19. Shafer WG, Waldron CA. Erythroplakia of the oral cavity. Cancer 1975;36:1021-8.
  • 20. Gupta PC, Sinor PN, Bhonsle RB, Pawar VS, Mehta HC. Oral submucous fibrosis in India: a new epidemic? Natl Med J India. 1998; 11: 113-6.
  • 21. Chatra L, Khan S. Pathogenesis of oral submucous fibrosis. J of Can Res Therap, 2012; 8(2):199-203.
  • 22. Paymaster JC. Cancer of the buccal mucosa: A clinical study of 650 cases in Indian patients. Cancer 1956;9:431-5.
  • 23. Gupta PC, Mehta FS, Daftary DK, Pindborg JJ, Bhonsle RB, Jalnawalla PN, et al. Incidence rates of oral cancer and natural history of oral precancerous lesions in a 10-year follow-up study of Indian villagers. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 1980;8:283-333.
  • 24. Pindborg JJ, Murti PR, Bhonsle RB, Gupta PC, Daftary DK, Mehta FS. Oral submucous fibrosis as a precancerous condition. Scand J Dent Res 1984;92:224-9.
  • 25. Murti PR, Bhonsle RB, Pindborg JJ, Daftary DK, Gupta PC, Mehta FS. Malignant transformation rate in oral submucous fibrosis over a 17-year period. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 1985;13:340-1.
  • 26. Sugerman PB, Satterwhite K, Bigby M. Autocytotoxic T-cell clones in lichen planus. Br J Dermatol 2000;142:449-56.
  • 27. Sugerman PB, Savage NW, Walsh LJ, Zhao ZZ, Zhou XJ, Khan A, et al. The pathogenesis of oral lichen planus. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med 2002;13:350-65.
  • 28. Hsue SS, Wang WC, Chen CH, Lin CC, Chen YK, Lin LM. Malignant transformation in 1458 patients with potentially malignant oral mucosal disorders: A follow-up study based in a Taiwanese hospital. J Oral Pathol Med 2007;36:25-9.
  • 29. MattssonU,JontellM,HolmstrupP.Orallichenplanusandmalignant transformation: Is a recall of patients justified? Crit Rev Oral Biol Med 2002;13:390-6.
  • 30. Roosaar A, Yin L, Sandborgh-Englund G, Nyren O, Axell T. On the natural course of oral lichen lesions in a Swedish population-based sample. J Oral Pathol Med 2006;35:257-61.
  • 31. van der Meij EH, Mast H, Van der Waal I. The possible premalignant character of oral lichen planus and oral lichenoid lesions: A prospective five-year follow-up study of 192 patients. Oral Oncol 2007;43:742-8.
  • 32. Lanfranchi-Tizeira HE, Aguas SC, Sano SM. Malignant transformation of atypical oral lichen planus: A review of 32 cases. Med Oral 2003;8:2-9.
  • 33. Ortiz GM, Pierce AM, Wilson DF. Palatal changes associated with reverse smoking in Filipino women. Oral Dis.1996;2:232-7.
  • 34. Smith JF, Mincer HA, Hopkins KP, Bell J. Snuff-dipper’s lesion. A cytological and pathological study in a large population. Arch Otolaryngol 1970;92:450-6.
  • 35. Sankaranarayanan R, Ramadas K, Thomas G. Effect of screening on oral cancer mortality in Kerala, India: a cluster-randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2005;365:1927–33.
  • 36. Downer MC, Moles DR, Palmer S, Speight PM. A systematic review of test performance in screening for oral cancer and precancer. Oral Oncol 2004;40:264-73.
  • 37. Sankaranarayanan R, Mathew B, Jacob BJ, Thomas G, Somanathan T, Pisani P, et al. Early findings from a community-based, cluster- randomized, controlled oral cancer screening trial in Kerala, India. The Trivandrum Oral Cancer Screening Study Group. Cancer 2000;88:664-73.
  • 38. Mathew B, Sankaranarayanan R, Wesley R, Nair MK. Evaluation of mouth self- examination in the control of oral cancer. Br J Cancer 1995;71:397-9.
  • 39. Scott SE, Rizvi K, Grunfeld EA, McGurk M. Pilot study to estimate the accuracy of mouth self-examination in an at-risk group. Head Neck 2010;32:1393-401.
  • 40. Eisen D, Frist S. The relevance of the high positive predictive value of the oral brush biopsy. Oral Oncol 2005;41:753-5.
  • 41. Svirsky JA, Burns JC, Carpenter WM, Cohen DM, Bhattacharyya I, Fantasia JE, et al. Comparison of computer-assisted brush biopsy results with follow up scalpel biopsy and histology. Gen Dent 2002;50:500-3.
  • 42. Bhoopathi V, Kabani S, Mascarenhas AK. Low positive predictive value of the oral brush biopsy in detecting dysplastic oral lesions. Cancer 2009;115:1036-40.
  • 43. Warnakulasuriya KA, Johnson NW. Sensitivity and specificity of OraScan (R) toluidine blue mouthrinse in the detection of oral cancer and precancer. J Oral Pathol Med 1996;25:97-103.
  • 44. Onofre MA, Sposto MR, Navarro CM. Reliability of toluidine blue application in the detection of oral epithelial dysplasia and in situ and invasive squamous cell carcinomas. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2001;91:535-40.
  • 45. Martin IC, Kerawala CJ, Reed M. The application of toluidine blue as a diagnostic adjunct in the detection of epithelial dysplasia. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 1998;85:444-6.
  • 46. Epstein JB, Silverman S Jr, Epstein JD, Lonky SA, Bride MA. Analysis of oral lesion biopsies identified and evaluated by visual examination, chemiluminescence and toluidine blue. Oral Oncol 2008;44:538-44. 89.
  • 47. Oh ES, Laskin DM. Efficacy of the ViziLite system in the identification of oral lesions. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2007;65:424-6.
  • 48. AwanKH, MorganPR, WarnakulasuriyaS. Utility of chemiluminescence (ViziLiteTM) in the detection of oral potentially malignant disorders and benign keratoses. J Oral Pathol Med 2011;40:541-4.
  • 49. Awan K.H, Morgan P.R, Warnakulasuriya S. Evaluation of an autofluorescence based imaging system (VELscopeTM) in the detection of oral potentially malignant disorders and benign keratoses. Oral Oncol 2011;47:274-7.
  • 50. Smith PW, Holtzman J, Epstein J, Le A. Optical diagnostics in the oral cavity: an overview. Oral Diseases. 2010;16:717–28.
  • 51. Lucchese A, Gentile E, Romano A, Maio C, Laino L, Serpico R. The potential role of in vivo reflectance confocal microscopy for evaluating oral cavity lesions: a systematic review. J Oral Pathol Med. 2016;45(10):723-9.
  • 52. Maitland KC, Gillenwater AM, Williams MD, El-Naggar AK, Descour MR, Richards-Kortum RR. In vivo imaging of oral neoplasia using a miniaturized fiber optic confocal reflectance microscope. Oral Oncol 2008; 44:1059–66.
  • 53. White WM, Rajadhyaksha M, Gonz alez S, Fabian RL, Anderson RR. Noninvasive imaging of human oral mucosa in vivo by confocal reflectance microscopy. Laryngoscope 1999;109:1709–17.
  • 54. Bano S, David MP, Indira AP. Salivary biomarkers for oral squamous cell carcinoma: An overview. IJSS Case Reports & Reviews 2015;1(8):39-45.
  • 55. Almeida P, Lima A. Saliva Composition and Functions. J of Contemp Dent Pract 2008;9(3):1-11.
  • 56. Castagnola M, Picciotti PM, Messana I, Fanali C, Fiorita A, Cabras T, Calò L, Pisano E, Passali GC, Iavarone F, Paludetti G, Scarano E. Potential applications of human saliva as diagnostic fluid. Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital. 2011; 31(6):347-57.
  • 57. Bandhakavi S, Stone MD, Onsongo G, Van Riper SK, Griffin TJ. A dynamic range compression and three-dimensional peptide fractionation analysis platform expands proteome coverage and the diagnostic potential of whole saliva. J Proteome Res. 2009;3(12):5590–60.
  • 58. Chiappin S, Antonelli G, Gatti R, De Palo EF. Saliva specimen: a new laboratory tool for diagnostic and basic investigation. Clin Chim Acta. 2007; 383(1-2):30-40.
  • 59. Messana I, Inzitari R, Fanali C, Cabras T, Castagnola M. Facts and artifacts in proteomics of body fluids. What proteomics of saliva is telling us? J Sep Sci. 2008; 31(11):1948-63.
  • 60. Rathnayake N, Sigvard A. Plos One. Salivary Biomarkers for Detection of Systemic Diseases. 2013;8(4):1-5.
  • 61. Jou YJ, Lin CD, Lai CH, Chen CH, Kao JY , Chen SY , et al. Proteomic identification of salivary transferrin as a biomarker for early detection of oral cancer. AnalyticaChimicaActa. 2010; 681: 41-8.
  • 62. Boyle JO, Mao L. Gene mutations in saliva as molecular markers for head and neck squamous cell carcinomas. Am J Surg. 1994;168(5):429-32.
  • 63. Graves PR, Haystead TAJ. Molecular Biologist’s Guide to Proteomics. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev.2002;66(1):39-63.
  • 64. Gorg A, Obermaier C, Boguth G, Harder A, Scheibe B, Wildgruber R et al., The current state of two-dimensional electrophoresis with immobilized pH gradients. Electrophoresis. 2000; 21:1037–53.
  • 65. Hanash S. Disease proteomics. Nature.2003;422:226-32.
Toplam 65 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Konular Sağlık Kurumları Yönetimi
Bölüm Derleme
Yazarlar

Jasmine Shanthi Kamath

Laxmikanth Chatra Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Eylül 2017
Kabul Tarihi 13 Şubat 2017
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2017 Cilt: 26 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

AMA Kamath JS, Chatra L. Potansiyel Malign Oral Lezyonların Belirlenmesi. aktd. Eylül 2017;26(3):297-309. doi:10.17827/aktd.303583