Araştırma Makalesi
AMALGAM RESTORASYONLARININ TÜKÜRÜK CİVA KONSANTRASYONU VE TOTAL ANTİOKSİDAN SEVİYESİ ÜZERİNE ETKİSİNİN İNCELENMESİ
Öz
Bu çalışmanın amacı amalgam
dolgusu bulunan ve bulunmayan bireyleri tükürük civa(Hg) seviyeleri ve total antioksidan
aktiviteleri (TAA) arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemektir.
Çalışmaya 35 amalgam dolgulu
, 13 amalgam dolgusu toplam 48 birey katıldı.Amalgam dolgulu bireylerin
ağızlarından ölçü alındı ve restorasyonların yüzey alanları hesaplandı.Tüm
bireylerde uyarılmamış tükürük örnekleri toplanarak , tükürük Hg ve TAA
düzeyleri belirlendi.
Ortalama tükürük Hg
düzeyleri amalgam dolgulu bireylerde 21.41±26.07µg/l ,amalgam dolgusu
bulunmayan bireylerde 5.88±2.57µg /l olarak tespit edildi.Tükürük Hg
konsantrasyonlarınınamalgam dolgularının sayısıyla pozitif korelasyon
gösterdiği ve dental amalgam olmayan
bireylerde istatistiksel olarak daha düşük olduğu belirlendi. (p<0.001)
Amalgam dolguların toplam yüzey
alanları veokluzal yüzey alanları ortalamaları ise sırayla 193.83±85.74 mm2
ve 153.90±64.87 mm2 olarak tespit edildi.İstatistiksel olarak
restorasyonların toplam alanları ile tükürük Hg seviyesi arasında bir
korelasyon bulunmamasına karşın ( p>0.05), restorasyonların yüzey alanları
ile tükürük Hg seviyesi arasında pozitif
bir ilişki bulundu (p<0.05).
Ortalama TAA seviyeleri ise
amalgam dolgulu bireylerde 0.61±0.39 mmol/l, amalgam dolgusuz grupta ise
0,49±0.13 mmol/l idi.
Gerek amalgam dolgu sayısının
ve gerekse amalgam restorasyonlarının
toplam ve okluzal alanlarının tükürük TAA konsantrasyonları ile bir
korelasyon göstrmediği saptandı( p>0.05).
Bu çalışmanın sonuçları
amalgam dolguların tükürükteki Hg’nin başlıca kaynaklarından biri olduğunu ve
bu restorasyonların okluzal yüzey alanlarının tükürük Hg düzeyi üzerinde etkili
bir unsur olmasına karşın. Bu etkinin tükürüğün TAA durumu üzerinde önemli
olmadığını gösterdi.
Kaynakça
- References
- 1. Hanson M, Pleva J. The dental amalgamissue.A rewiew experiential 1991;47:9-22. 2. Robin A. Mercury toxicity and treatment :a rewiew of the litearature.J of Eviromental and Public health 2012 ;2012:460508., 3. Ganss C, Gottwald B, Traenckner I, Kupfer J, Eis D, Mönch J, Gieler U, Klimek J.relation between mercury concentrations in saliva , blood and urine in subject with amalgam restorations.Clin Oral İnvest 2000;4:206-2011. 4. Pizzichini M, Fonzi M, Giannerini F,Mencarelli M, Gasparoni A, Rocchi G,Kaistas V, Fonzi L. Influence of amalgam fillings on Hg levels and total antioksidant activity in plasma of healty donors.Sci Total Environ 2003;301:43-50 5. 5. Factor-Livack P, hasselgren G, Jacobs D, Begg M, Kline J, Gerier J, Mervish NSchenholtz S, Graziona J. Mercury derived from dental amalgams and neurophsychologic function. Environ Helth Perspect 2003;111:719-723. 6. Sandborgh-Englund G, Elinder CG, Langworth S, Schutz A, Ekstrand J. Mercury in biological fluids after amalgam removal. J Dent Res 1998; 77: 615-624. 7. Aydın N, Karaoglanoglu S, Yigit A, Keles MS, Kırkpınar İ, Seven N. Neuropsychological effects of low mercury exposure in dental staff Erzurum, Turkey. Int Dent J 2003; 53: 85-91. 8. Jennifer D ,Zwicker E, Daniel J Dutton and John Charles Herbert Emery. Longitudinal analysis of the association between removal of dental amalgam, urine mercury and 14 self-reported health symptoms. Environmental Health 2014;!3:1-11. 9. Siedlikowski M, bradly M, Kubow S,Goodrich J, Franzblau A, Basu N M. Bioaccessibility and bioavailability of methylmercury from seafood commonly consumed in North America: In vitro and epidemiological studies.Eviromental Research. 2016;149:266-273. 10. Soussa E, Shalaby Y, Maria A M, Maria O M. Evaluation of oral tissue response and blood levels of mercury released from dental amalgam in rats.Archives of Oral Biol 2013;58(8):981-988. 11. Stohs SJ, Bagchi D. Oxidative mechanisms in the toxicity of metal ions. Free Radical Biol Med 1995; 18:321-336. 12. LeBel CP, Bondy SC. Oxygen radicals: common mediators of neurotoxicity. Neurotoxicol Teratol 1991;13:341-346. 13. Miller NJ, Rice-Evans C, Davies MJ. A new method for measuring antioxidant activity. Biochem Soc Trans 1993; 21:95. 14. Elia AC, Dörr AJM, Mantilacci L, Galarini R. Effects of mercury on glutathione and glutathione-dependent enzymes in catfish (Ictalurus melas R.); in Mackert B, Friese K, Trace Elements-Their Distribution and Effects in the Environment: Trace Metals in the Environment, Vol 4. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science, 2000. 15. Lund BO, Miller DM, Woods JS. Mercury-induced H2O2 formation and oxidative stres in vivo and in vitro in rat kidney mitochondria. Biochem Pharmacol 1993; 45:2017-2024. 16. Gstraunthaler G, Pfaller W, Kotanko P. Glutathione depletion and in vitro lipid peroxidation in mercury or maleate induced acur renal failure. Biochem Pharmacol 1983; 32:2969-2972. 17. Molin M, Bergman B, Marklund S, Schütz A, Skerfving S. The influence of dental amalgam placement on mercury, selenium and glutathione peroxidase in man. Acta Odontol Scand 1990;48:287-295. 18. Molin M, Marklund SL, Bergman Bo, Nilsson B. Mercury, selenium, and glutathione peroxidase in dental personel. Acta Odontol Scand 1989; 47: 383-390.
- 19. Pizzichini M, Fonzi M, Sugherini L, Fonzi L, Gasparoni A, Comporti M, Pompella A. Release of mercury from dental amalgam and its influence on salivary antioxidant activity. Sci Total Environ 2002; 284:19-25. 20. Pizzichini M, Fonzi M, Sugherini L, Fonzi L, Comporti M, Gasparoni A, Pompella A. Release of mercury from dental amalgam and its influence on salivary antioxidant activity. Bull Group Int Rech Sci Stomatol Odontol 2000; 42:94-100. 21. Pizzichini M, Fonzi M, Gasparoni A, Mencarelli M, Rocchi G, Kaistas V, Fonzi L. Influence of amalgam fillings on Hg levels and total antioxidant activity in plasma of healty donors. Bull Group Int Rech Sci Stomatol Odontol 2001; 43(2):62-67. 22. Qujeq D, Hidari B, Bijani K, Shirdel H. Glutathione peroxidase activity and serum selenium concentration in intrinsic asthmatic patients. Clin Chem Lab Med 2003; 41:200-202. 23. Canbay Eİ, Çelik K, Kunt T, Ertemur M, Canbay E. Larinks kanserli hastalarda glutatyon peroksidaz aktivitesi ve lipid peroksidasyon düzeylerindeki değişiklikler. Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Derg 2002; 24:175-178. 24.Brock GR, Butterworth CJ, Matthews JB, Chapple ILC. Local and systemic total antioxidant capacity in periodontitis and health. J Clin Periodontol 2004; 31:515-521. 25.Guemouri L, Artur Y, Herbeth B, Jeandel C, Cuny G, Siest G. Biological variability of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase in blood. Clin Chem 1991; 37:1932-1937. 26.Queiroz ML, Pena SC, Salles TS, Capitani EM, Saad ST. Abnormal antioxidant system in erythrocytes of mercury-exposed workers. Human Exp Toxicol 1998; 17:225-230. 27.Sallsten G, Thoren J, Barregard L, Schütz A, Skarping G. Long-term use of nicotin chewing gum and mercury exposure from dental amalgam fillings. J Dent Res 1996; 75:594-598. 28.Barregard L, Sallsten C, Jarvholm B. People with mercury uptake from their own dental fillings. Occup Environ Med 1995; 52: 124-128. 29. Isacsson G, Barregard L, Selden A, Bodin L. Impact of nocturnal bruxism on mercury uptake from dental amalgam. Eur J Oral Sci 1997; 105: 251-257. 30. Diab-Ladki R, Pellat B, Chahine R. Decrease in the total antioxidant activity of saliva in patients with periodontal diseases. Clin Oral Invest 2003;7:103-107. 31. Tulunoğlu O, Demirtaş S, Tulunoğlu I. Total antioxidant levels of saliva in children related to caries, age and gender. Int J Paediatr Dent 2006; 16(3):186-191. 32. Bayındır YZ, Polat MF, Seven N. Nitric oxide concentrations in saliva and dental plaque in relation to caries experience and oral hygiene. Caries Res 2005; 39(2):130-133. 33.WHO. Elemental Mercury And Inorganıc Mercury Compounds: Human Health Aspects. Concise International Chemical Assessment Document 50, Geneva, WHO 2003. 34. Svare CW, Peterson LC, Reinhardt JW, Boyer DB, Frank CW, Gay DD, Cox RD. The effect of dental amalgams on mercury levels in expired air. J Dent Res 1981; 60:1668-1671. 35.Vimy MJ, Lorscheider FL. Intra-oral air mercury released from dental amalgam. J Dent Res 1985; 64(8): 1069-1071. 36. Berlin M, Nordberg G, Serenius F. On the site and mechanism of mercury vapor. Arch Environ Health 1969; 18:42-50. 37. Gradl M, Gebhardt A. Ermittlung dequecksilberbelastung aus amalgamfüllungen. Labormedizin 1992; 16:384-384 ‘alınmıştır’ Monaci F, Bargagli E, Bravi F, Rottoli P. Concentrations of major elements and mercury in unstimulated human saliva. Biol Trace Element Res 2002; 89:193-203. 38. Björkman L, Sandborgh-Englund G, Ekstrand J. Mercury in saliva and feces after removal of amalgam fillings. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1997; 144:156-162. 39. Mumcu G. İki farklı amalgam dolgu maddesinin tükürükteki civa salınımlarının belirlenmesi ve bunun yüzey alanı genişliği ile olan korelasyonunun değerlendirilmesi. Marmara Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Oral Diagnoz ve Radyoloji ABD, Doktora tezi, İstanbul, 1999. 40 .Ekstrand J, Björkman L, Edlund C, Sandborgh-Englund G. Toxicological aspects on the release and sysetmic uptake of mercury from dental amalgam. Eur J Oral Sci 1998; 106:678-686. 41. Halbach S. Combined estimation of mercury species released from amalgam. J Dent Res 1995; 74:1103-1109. 42. Chapple ILC. Reactive oxygen species and antioxidants in inflammatory diseases. J Clin Periodontol 1997; 24: 287-296. 43. Monaci F, Bargagli E, Bravi F, Rottoli P. Concentrations of major elements and mercury in unstimulated human saliva. Biol Trace Element Res 2002; 89:193-203. 44. Lygre GB, Hol PJ, Eide R, Isrenn R, Gjerdet NR. Mercury and silver in saliva from subjects with symptoms self-related to amalgam fillings. Clin Oral Invest 1999; 3:216-218. 45. Elia AC, Dörr AJM, Mantilacci L, Galarini R. Effects of mercury on glutathione and glutathione-dependent enzymes in catfish (Ictalurus melas R.); in Mackert B, Friese K, Trace Elements-Their Distribution and Effects in the Environment: Trace Metals in the Environment, Vol 4. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science, 2000. 46. Zaman K, Pardini RS. An overwiev of the relationship between oxidative stres and mercury and arsenic. Toxic Subst Mech 1996; 15: 151-181. 47. Marcozzi G. A rapid procedure for the purification of human salivary peroxidase. Biomed Chromatogr 1996; 10:97-98. 48. Molin M, Marklund S, Bergman B, Bergman M, Stenman E. Plasma-selenium, glutathione peroxidase in erythrocytes and mercury in plasma in patients allegedly subject to oral galvanism. Scand J Dent Res 1987;95:328-334.
THE EFFECTS OF AMALGAM RESTORATIONS ON SALIVARY MERCURY CONCENTRATIONS AND TOTAL ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY
Öz
The aim of the present study
was to examine the relationship between mercury (Hg) levels and Total
Antioksidant Activity (TAA) in saliva of subjects having amalgam restorations
and having not such fillings.
A total of 48 subjects
participated in this study , 35 whom hadamalgam restorations and the 13 had no
dental amalgams. In the amalgam group silicon impressions were taken and the
total surface and occlusal surface areas of filings were calculated.
Unsitimulated saliva samples of all subjects were collected and the levels of
Hg and TAA were determined.
The mean Hg concentrations
of saliva determined as 21.41±26.07µg/l in subjects with amalgam restorations,
and were 5.88±2.57µg /l in subjects without amalgams. Saliva Hg concentrations
were found to be positively correlated with the number of amalgam fillings and
were statistically lower in the group without dental amalgams . (p<0.001).
the mean total and occlusal surface areas of the amalgam fillings were
determined as 193.83±85.74 mm2 and 153.90±64.87 mm2 , respectively.
Statically although there were no correlation between the total surface area of
the restorations and salivary Hg levels ( p>0.05), a positive relationship were found between
the occlusal surface area of the amalgam fillings and Hg levels of saliva
(p<0.05).
The mean TAA levels were
0.61±0.39 mmol/l for amalgam group and 0,49±0.13 mmol/l for the non amalgam
group . It was found that neither the number of amalgam fillings nor the total
surface and occlusal surface area of the restorations did not correlated with
the salivary TAA concentrations ( p>0.05).
The results of the study
showed that although amalgam fillings were one the sources of Hg in saliva and
the occlusal surface area of these restorations were an effective factor on the
salivary Hg levels, These influences were not important on the TAA statusof the
saliva.
Kaynakça
- References
- 1. Hanson M, Pleva J. The dental amalgamissue.A rewiew experiential 1991;47:9-22. 2. Robin A. Mercury toxicity and treatment :a rewiew of the litearature.J of Eviromental and Public health 2012 ;2012:460508., 3. Ganss C, Gottwald B, Traenckner I, Kupfer J, Eis D, Mönch J, Gieler U, Klimek J.relation between mercury concentrations in saliva , blood and urine in subject with amalgam restorations.Clin Oral İnvest 2000;4:206-2011. 4. Pizzichini M, Fonzi M, Giannerini F,Mencarelli M, Gasparoni A, Rocchi G,Kaistas V, Fonzi L. Influence of amalgam fillings on Hg levels and total antioksidant activity in plasma of healty donors.Sci Total Environ 2003;301:43-50 5. 5. Factor-Livack P, hasselgren G, Jacobs D, Begg M, Kline J, Gerier J, Mervish NSchenholtz S, Graziona J. Mercury derived from dental amalgams and neurophsychologic function. Environ Helth Perspect 2003;111:719-723. 6. Sandborgh-Englund G, Elinder CG, Langworth S, Schutz A, Ekstrand J. Mercury in biological fluids after amalgam removal. J Dent Res 1998; 77: 615-624. 7. Aydın N, Karaoglanoglu S, Yigit A, Keles MS, Kırkpınar İ, Seven N. Neuropsychological effects of low mercury exposure in dental staff Erzurum, Turkey. Int Dent J 2003; 53: 85-91. 8. Jennifer D ,Zwicker E, Daniel J Dutton and John Charles Herbert Emery. Longitudinal analysis of the association between removal of dental amalgam, urine mercury and 14 self-reported health symptoms. Environmental Health 2014;!3:1-11. 9. Siedlikowski M, bradly M, Kubow S,Goodrich J, Franzblau A, Basu N M. Bioaccessibility and bioavailability of methylmercury from seafood commonly consumed in North America: In vitro and epidemiological studies.Eviromental Research. 2016;149:266-273. 10. Soussa E, Shalaby Y, Maria A M, Maria O M. Evaluation of oral tissue response and blood levels of mercury released from dental amalgam in rats.Archives of Oral Biol 2013;58(8):981-988. 11. Stohs SJ, Bagchi D. Oxidative mechanisms in the toxicity of metal ions. Free Radical Biol Med 1995; 18:321-336. 12. LeBel CP, Bondy SC. Oxygen radicals: common mediators of neurotoxicity. Neurotoxicol Teratol 1991;13:341-346. 13. Miller NJ, Rice-Evans C, Davies MJ. A new method for measuring antioxidant activity. Biochem Soc Trans 1993; 21:95. 14. Elia AC, Dörr AJM, Mantilacci L, Galarini R. Effects of mercury on glutathione and glutathione-dependent enzymes in catfish (Ictalurus melas R.); in Mackert B, Friese K, Trace Elements-Their Distribution and Effects in the Environment: Trace Metals in the Environment, Vol 4. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science, 2000. 15. Lund BO, Miller DM, Woods JS. Mercury-induced H2O2 formation and oxidative stres in vivo and in vitro in rat kidney mitochondria. Biochem Pharmacol 1993; 45:2017-2024. 16. Gstraunthaler G, Pfaller W, Kotanko P. Glutathione depletion and in vitro lipid peroxidation in mercury or maleate induced acur renal failure. Biochem Pharmacol 1983; 32:2969-2972. 17. Molin M, Bergman B, Marklund S, Schütz A, Skerfving S. The influence of dental amalgam placement on mercury, selenium and glutathione peroxidase in man. Acta Odontol Scand 1990;48:287-295. 18. Molin M, Marklund SL, Bergman Bo, Nilsson B. Mercury, selenium, and glutathione peroxidase in dental personel. Acta Odontol Scand 1989; 47: 383-390.
- 19. Pizzichini M, Fonzi M, Sugherini L, Fonzi L, Gasparoni A, Comporti M, Pompella A. Release of mercury from dental amalgam and its influence on salivary antioxidant activity. Sci Total Environ 2002; 284:19-25. 20. Pizzichini M, Fonzi M, Sugherini L, Fonzi L, Comporti M, Gasparoni A, Pompella A. Release of mercury from dental amalgam and its influence on salivary antioxidant activity. Bull Group Int Rech Sci Stomatol Odontol 2000; 42:94-100. 21. Pizzichini M, Fonzi M, Gasparoni A, Mencarelli M, Rocchi G, Kaistas V, Fonzi L. Influence of amalgam fillings on Hg levels and total antioxidant activity in plasma of healty donors. Bull Group Int Rech Sci Stomatol Odontol 2001; 43(2):62-67. 22. Qujeq D, Hidari B, Bijani K, Shirdel H. Glutathione peroxidase activity and serum selenium concentration in intrinsic asthmatic patients. Clin Chem Lab Med 2003; 41:200-202. 23. Canbay Eİ, Çelik K, Kunt T, Ertemur M, Canbay E. Larinks kanserli hastalarda glutatyon peroksidaz aktivitesi ve lipid peroksidasyon düzeylerindeki değişiklikler. Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Derg 2002; 24:175-178. 24.Brock GR, Butterworth CJ, Matthews JB, Chapple ILC. Local and systemic total antioxidant capacity in periodontitis and health. J Clin Periodontol 2004; 31:515-521. 25.Guemouri L, Artur Y, Herbeth B, Jeandel C, Cuny G, Siest G. Biological variability of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase in blood. Clin Chem 1991; 37:1932-1937. 26.Queiroz ML, Pena SC, Salles TS, Capitani EM, Saad ST. Abnormal antioxidant system in erythrocytes of mercury-exposed workers. Human Exp Toxicol 1998; 17:225-230. 27.Sallsten G, Thoren J, Barregard L, Schütz A, Skarping G. Long-term use of nicotin chewing gum and mercury exposure from dental amalgam fillings. J Dent Res 1996; 75:594-598. 28.Barregard L, Sallsten C, Jarvholm B. People with mercury uptake from their own dental fillings. Occup Environ Med 1995; 52: 124-128. 29. Isacsson G, Barregard L, Selden A, Bodin L. Impact of nocturnal bruxism on mercury uptake from dental amalgam. Eur J Oral Sci 1997; 105: 251-257. 30. Diab-Ladki R, Pellat B, Chahine R. Decrease in the total antioxidant activity of saliva in patients with periodontal diseases. Clin Oral Invest 2003;7:103-107. 31. Tulunoğlu O, Demirtaş S, Tulunoğlu I. Total antioxidant levels of saliva in children related to caries, age and gender. Int J Paediatr Dent 2006; 16(3):186-191. 32. Bayındır YZ, Polat MF, Seven N. Nitric oxide concentrations in saliva and dental plaque in relation to caries experience and oral hygiene. Caries Res 2005; 39(2):130-133. 33.WHO. Elemental Mercury And Inorganıc Mercury Compounds: Human Health Aspects. Concise International Chemical Assessment Document 50, Geneva, WHO 2003. 34. Svare CW, Peterson LC, Reinhardt JW, Boyer DB, Frank CW, Gay DD, Cox RD. The effect of dental amalgams on mercury levels in expired air. J Dent Res 1981; 60:1668-1671. 35.Vimy MJ, Lorscheider FL. Intra-oral air mercury released from dental amalgam. J Dent Res 1985; 64(8): 1069-1071. 36. Berlin M, Nordberg G, Serenius F. On the site and mechanism of mercury vapor. Arch Environ Health 1969; 18:42-50. 37. Gradl M, Gebhardt A. Ermittlung dequecksilberbelastung aus amalgamfüllungen. Labormedizin 1992; 16:384-384 ‘alınmıştır’ Monaci F, Bargagli E, Bravi F, Rottoli P. Concentrations of major elements and mercury in unstimulated human saliva. Biol Trace Element Res 2002; 89:193-203. 38. Björkman L, Sandborgh-Englund G, Ekstrand J. Mercury in saliva and feces after removal of amalgam fillings. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1997; 144:156-162. 39. Mumcu G. İki farklı amalgam dolgu maddesinin tükürükteki civa salınımlarının belirlenmesi ve bunun yüzey alanı genişliği ile olan korelasyonunun değerlendirilmesi. Marmara Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Oral Diagnoz ve Radyoloji ABD, Doktora tezi, İstanbul, 1999. 40 .Ekstrand J, Björkman L, Edlund C, Sandborgh-Englund G. Toxicological aspects on the release and sysetmic uptake of mercury from dental amalgam. Eur J Oral Sci 1998; 106:678-686. 41. Halbach S. Combined estimation of mercury species released from amalgam. J Dent Res 1995; 74:1103-1109. 42. Chapple ILC. Reactive oxygen species and antioxidants in inflammatory diseases. J Clin Periodontol 1997; 24: 287-296. 43. Monaci F, Bargagli E, Bravi F, Rottoli P. Concentrations of major elements and mercury in unstimulated human saliva. Biol Trace Element Res 2002; 89:193-203. 44. Lygre GB, Hol PJ, Eide R, Isrenn R, Gjerdet NR. Mercury and silver in saliva from subjects with symptoms self-related to amalgam fillings. Clin Oral Invest 1999; 3:216-218. 45. Elia AC, Dörr AJM, Mantilacci L, Galarini R. Effects of mercury on glutathione and glutathione-dependent enzymes in catfish (Ictalurus melas R.); in Mackert B, Friese K, Trace Elements-Their Distribution and Effects in the Environment: Trace Metals in the Environment, Vol 4. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science, 2000. 46. Zaman K, Pardini RS. An overwiev of the relationship between oxidative stres and mercury and arsenic. Toxic Subst Mech 1996; 15: 151-181. 47. Marcozzi G. A rapid procedure for the purification of human salivary peroxidase. Biomed Chromatogr 1996; 10:97-98. 48. Molin M, Marklund S, Bergman B, Bergman M, Stenman E. Plasma-selenium, glutathione peroxidase in erythrocytes and mercury in plasma in patients allegedly subject to oral galvanism. Scand J Dent Res 1987;95:328-334.
Toplam 3 adet kaynakça vardır.
Ayrıntılar
| Bölüm | Araştırma Makalesi |
|---|---|
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 1 Aralık 2017 |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 28 Haziran 2017 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2017 Cilt: 50 Sayı: 2 |
