Research Article
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Does Smartphone Addiction Impair Maximal Exercise Capacity in Young Adults?

Year 2024, Volume: 8 Issue: 1, 46 - 54, 31.01.2024
https://doi.org/10.30621/jbachs.1248796

Abstract

Purpose: Smartphone addiction may reduce the time allocated for physical activity participation. However, it is not known if there is a direct association between smartphone addiction and reduced exercise capacity. Our aim was to investigate whether smartphone addiction impairs maximal exercise capacity, as well as analyzing its influence on the perceived benefits of exercise and physical activity habits in young adults.
Material and Method: Forty-six volunteers were evaluated by a symptom-limited incremental exercise test. Smartphone addiction of volunteers was evaluated using Smartphone Addiction Scale- Short Form. Physical activity participation and perceived benefits of physical activity participation were evaluated using International Physical Activity Questionnaire- Short Form and Exercise Benefits/Barriers Scale, respectively.
Results: Prevalence of smartphone addiction was 65% in young adults. No significant association was detected between smartphone addiction and any of maximal exercise capacity metrics including test duration, maximum workload achieved in watts or maximum heart rate (p>0.05). Smartphone addiction did not correlate to physical activity participation either (p>0.05). Univariate linear regression revealed Exercise Benefits/Barriers Scale score was able to explain 41% of variance in exercise test duration and 37% of variance in maximal workload (p<0.01), and it was also correlated to physical activity level (r=0.424; p<0.01)
Conclusion: Smartphone addiction did not directly translate into lower physical activity participation or worse exercise capacity. However, perception of the benefits of exercise had great influence on physical activity and exercise capacity, which highlights the importance of increasing the awareness of the benefits of physical activity among young adults for maintaining physical health.

Supporting Institution

The study did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.

References

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  • Mandsager K, Harb S, Cremer P, Phelan D, Nissen SE, Jaber W. Association of Cardiorespiratory Fitness With Long-term Mortality Among Adults Undergoing Exercise Treadmill Testing. Jama Netw Open 2018;1(6):e183605.
  • Park JH, Moon JH, Kim HJ, Kong MH, Oh YH. Sedentary Lifestyle: Overview of Updated Evidence of Potential Health Risks. Korean J Fam Med 2020;41(6):365-73.
  • Kim D, Lee Y, Lee J, Nam JK, Chung Y. Development of Korean Smartphone addiction proneness scale for youth. PLoS One 2014;9(5):e97920.
  • Kuss DJ, Griffiths MD. Online social networking and addiction--a review of the psychological literature. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2011;8(9):3528-52.
  • Rosenberg DE, Norman GJ, Wagner N, Patrick K, Calfas KJ, Sallis JF. Reliability and validity of the Sedentary Behavior Questionnaire (SBQ) for adults. J Phys Act Health 2010;7(6):697-705.
  • Kim SE, Kim JW, Jee YS. Relationship between smartphone addiction and physical activity in Chinese international students in Korea. J Behav Addict 2015;4(3):200-5.
  • Buke M, Egesoy H, Unver F. The effect of smartphone addiction on physical activity level in sports science undergraduates. J Bodyw Mov Ther 2021;28:530-4.
  • Lin ML, Wang WY, Liao CC, Luo YJ, Kao CC. Examining the Relationship between Cellphone Use Behavior, Perceived Exercise Benefit and Physical Exercise Level Among University Students in Taiwan. Healthcare (Basel) 2020;8(4):556.
  • Kwon M, Kim DJ, Cho H, Yang S. The smartphone addiction scale: development and validation of a short version for adolescents. PLoS One 2013;8(12):e83558.
  • Noyan CO, Enez Darçın A, Nurmedov S, Yılmaz O, Dilbaz N. Akıllı telefon bağımlılığı ölçeğinin kısa formunun üniversite öğrencilerinde Türkçe geçerlilik ve güvenilirlik çalışması. Anadolu Psikiyati Derg 2015;16(Özel sayı.1):73-81.
  • Finger JD, Gosswald A, Hartel S, et al. Measurement of cardiorespiratory fitness in the German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Adults (DEGS1). Bundesgesundheitsbla 2013;56(5-6):885-93.
  • Andersen KL, Shephard RJ, Denolin H, Varnauskas E, Masironi R. Fundamentals of exercise testing. Geneva: World Health Organization; 1971.
  • Craig CL, Marshall AL, Sjostrom M, et al. International physical activity questionnaire: 12-country reliability and validity. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2003;35(8):1381-95.
  • Saglam M, Arikan H, Savci S, et al. International physical activity questionnaire: reliability and validity of the Turkish version. Percept Mot Skills 2010;111(1):278-84.
  • Sechrist KR, Walker SN, Pender NJ. Development and psychometric evaluation of the exercise benefits/barriers scale. Res Nurs Health 1987;10(6):357-65.
  • Ortabag T, Ceylan S, Akyuz A, Bebis H. The Validity and Reliability of the Exercise Benefits/Barriers Scale for Turkish Military Nursing Students. S Afr J Res Sport Ph 2010;32(2):55-70.
  • Faul F, Erdfelder E, Lang AG, Buchner A. G*Power 3: a flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behav Res Methods 2007;39(2):175-91.
  • Lepp A, Barkley JE, Sanders GJ, Rebold M, Gates P. The relationship between cell phone use, physical and sedentary activity, and cardiorespiratory fitness in a sample of US college students. Int J Behav Nutr Phy 2013;10:79.
  • Meng SQ, Cheng JL, Li YY, et al. Global prevalence of digital addiction in general population: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Psychol Rev 2022;92:102128.
  • Sohn SY, Krasnoff L, Rees P, Kalk NJ, Carter B. The Association Between Smartphone Addiction and Sleep: A UK Cross-Sectional Study of Young Adults. Front Psychiatry 2021;12:629407.
  • Erdoğanoğlu Y, Arslan BÇ. Gençlerde akıllı telefon kullanımının fiziksel kapasite üzerine etkisi. Anadolu Psikiyatri Derg 2019;20(5):499-505.
  • Erçok Güler SC, Cengiz R, Günay E. The investigation of feeling stuckness and smartphone addiction in sport sciences students (gender difference approach). JETOL 2023;6(2):438-46.
  • Kim J, Lee K. The Association between Physical Activity and Smartphone Addiction in Korean Adolescents: The 16th Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-Based Survey, 2020. Healthcare-Basel 2022;10(4):702.
  • Haug S, Castro RP, Kwon M, Filler A, Kowatsch T, Schaub MP. Smartphone use and smartphone addiction among young people in Switzerland. J Behav Addict 2015;4(4):299-307.
  • Ratan ZA, Parrish AM, Zaman SB, Alotaibi MS, Hosseinzadeh H. Smartphone Addiction and Associated Health Outcomes in Adult Populations: A Systematic Review. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021;18(22):12257.
  • Deliens T, Deforche B, De Bourdeaudhuij I, Clarys P. Determinants of physical activity and sedentary behaviour in university students: a qualitative study using focus group discussions. BMC Public Health 2015;15:201.
  • Condello G, Puggina A, Aleksovska K, et al. Behavioral determinants of physical activity across the life course: a "DEterminants of DIet and Physical ACtivity" (DEDIPAC) umbrella systematic literature review. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2017;14(1):58.
  • Carnethon MR, Gidding SS, Nehgme R, Sidney S, Jacobs DR, Jr., Liu K. Cardiorespiratory fitness in young adulthood and the development of cardiovascular disease risk factors. JAMA 2003;290(23):3092-100.
  • Xue-Liu L, Mu X. The Positive Effect of Perceived Exercise Benefit and the Negative Effect of Perceived Severity of Disease and Weakness on College Students' Amount of Exercise: The Mediate and Suppressor Role of Physical Fitness Evaluation Self-Efficacy. Front Psychol 2021;12:762865.
  • Sukys S, Cesnaitiene VJ, Emeljanovas A, Mieziene B, Valantine I, Ossowski ZM. Reasons and Barriers for University Students' Leisure-Time Physical Activity: Moderating Effect of Health Education. Percept Mot Skills 2019;126(6):1084-100.
  • Ozkul C. Perceived Exercise Benefits and Barriers in Active and Inactive University Students. Turk J Physiother R 2021;32(3):33-42.
  • Kay MC, Carroll DD, Carlson SA, Fulton JE. Awareness and knowledge of the 2008 Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans. J Phys Act Health 2014;11(4):693-8.
  • Knox EC, Musson H, Adams EJ. Knowledge of physical activity recommendations in adults employed in England: associations with individual and workplace-related predictors. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2015;12:69.
Year 2024, Volume: 8 Issue: 1, 46 - 54, 31.01.2024
https://doi.org/10.30621/jbachs.1248796

Abstract

References

  • Kokkinos P, Faselis C, Myers J, Sui X, Zhang J, Blair SN. Age-specific exercise capacity threshold for mortality risk assessment in male veterans. Circulation 2014;130(8):653-8.
  • Mandsager K, Harb S, Cremer P, Phelan D, Nissen SE, Jaber W. Association of Cardiorespiratory Fitness With Long-term Mortality Among Adults Undergoing Exercise Treadmill Testing. Jama Netw Open 2018;1(6):e183605.
  • Park JH, Moon JH, Kim HJ, Kong MH, Oh YH. Sedentary Lifestyle: Overview of Updated Evidence of Potential Health Risks. Korean J Fam Med 2020;41(6):365-73.
  • Kim D, Lee Y, Lee J, Nam JK, Chung Y. Development of Korean Smartphone addiction proneness scale for youth. PLoS One 2014;9(5):e97920.
  • Kuss DJ, Griffiths MD. Online social networking and addiction--a review of the psychological literature. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2011;8(9):3528-52.
  • Rosenberg DE, Norman GJ, Wagner N, Patrick K, Calfas KJ, Sallis JF. Reliability and validity of the Sedentary Behavior Questionnaire (SBQ) for adults. J Phys Act Health 2010;7(6):697-705.
  • Kim SE, Kim JW, Jee YS. Relationship between smartphone addiction and physical activity in Chinese international students in Korea. J Behav Addict 2015;4(3):200-5.
  • Buke M, Egesoy H, Unver F. The effect of smartphone addiction on physical activity level in sports science undergraduates. J Bodyw Mov Ther 2021;28:530-4.
  • Lin ML, Wang WY, Liao CC, Luo YJ, Kao CC. Examining the Relationship between Cellphone Use Behavior, Perceived Exercise Benefit and Physical Exercise Level Among University Students in Taiwan. Healthcare (Basel) 2020;8(4):556.
  • Kwon M, Kim DJ, Cho H, Yang S. The smartphone addiction scale: development and validation of a short version for adolescents. PLoS One 2013;8(12):e83558.
  • Noyan CO, Enez Darçın A, Nurmedov S, Yılmaz O, Dilbaz N. Akıllı telefon bağımlılığı ölçeğinin kısa formunun üniversite öğrencilerinde Türkçe geçerlilik ve güvenilirlik çalışması. Anadolu Psikiyati Derg 2015;16(Özel sayı.1):73-81.
  • Finger JD, Gosswald A, Hartel S, et al. Measurement of cardiorespiratory fitness in the German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Adults (DEGS1). Bundesgesundheitsbla 2013;56(5-6):885-93.
  • Andersen KL, Shephard RJ, Denolin H, Varnauskas E, Masironi R. Fundamentals of exercise testing. Geneva: World Health Organization; 1971.
  • Craig CL, Marshall AL, Sjostrom M, et al. International physical activity questionnaire: 12-country reliability and validity. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2003;35(8):1381-95.
  • Saglam M, Arikan H, Savci S, et al. International physical activity questionnaire: reliability and validity of the Turkish version. Percept Mot Skills 2010;111(1):278-84.
  • Sechrist KR, Walker SN, Pender NJ. Development and psychometric evaluation of the exercise benefits/barriers scale. Res Nurs Health 1987;10(6):357-65.
  • Ortabag T, Ceylan S, Akyuz A, Bebis H. The Validity and Reliability of the Exercise Benefits/Barriers Scale for Turkish Military Nursing Students. S Afr J Res Sport Ph 2010;32(2):55-70.
  • Faul F, Erdfelder E, Lang AG, Buchner A. G*Power 3: a flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behav Res Methods 2007;39(2):175-91.
  • Lepp A, Barkley JE, Sanders GJ, Rebold M, Gates P. The relationship between cell phone use, physical and sedentary activity, and cardiorespiratory fitness in a sample of US college students. Int J Behav Nutr Phy 2013;10:79.
  • Meng SQ, Cheng JL, Li YY, et al. Global prevalence of digital addiction in general population: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Psychol Rev 2022;92:102128.
  • Sohn SY, Krasnoff L, Rees P, Kalk NJ, Carter B. The Association Between Smartphone Addiction and Sleep: A UK Cross-Sectional Study of Young Adults. Front Psychiatry 2021;12:629407.
  • Erdoğanoğlu Y, Arslan BÇ. Gençlerde akıllı telefon kullanımının fiziksel kapasite üzerine etkisi. Anadolu Psikiyatri Derg 2019;20(5):499-505.
  • Erçok Güler SC, Cengiz R, Günay E. The investigation of feeling stuckness and smartphone addiction in sport sciences students (gender difference approach). JETOL 2023;6(2):438-46.
  • Kim J, Lee K. The Association between Physical Activity and Smartphone Addiction in Korean Adolescents: The 16th Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-Based Survey, 2020. Healthcare-Basel 2022;10(4):702.
  • Haug S, Castro RP, Kwon M, Filler A, Kowatsch T, Schaub MP. Smartphone use and smartphone addiction among young people in Switzerland. J Behav Addict 2015;4(4):299-307.
  • Ratan ZA, Parrish AM, Zaman SB, Alotaibi MS, Hosseinzadeh H. Smartphone Addiction and Associated Health Outcomes in Adult Populations: A Systematic Review. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021;18(22):12257.
  • Deliens T, Deforche B, De Bourdeaudhuij I, Clarys P. Determinants of physical activity and sedentary behaviour in university students: a qualitative study using focus group discussions. BMC Public Health 2015;15:201.
  • Condello G, Puggina A, Aleksovska K, et al. Behavioral determinants of physical activity across the life course: a "DEterminants of DIet and Physical ACtivity" (DEDIPAC) umbrella systematic literature review. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2017;14(1):58.
  • Carnethon MR, Gidding SS, Nehgme R, Sidney S, Jacobs DR, Jr., Liu K. Cardiorespiratory fitness in young adulthood and the development of cardiovascular disease risk factors. JAMA 2003;290(23):3092-100.
  • Xue-Liu L, Mu X. The Positive Effect of Perceived Exercise Benefit and the Negative Effect of Perceived Severity of Disease and Weakness on College Students' Amount of Exercise: The Mediate and Suppressor Role of Physical Fitness Evaluation Self-Efficacy. Front Psychol 2021;12:762865.
  • Sukys S, Cesnaitiene VJ, Emeljanovas A, Mieziene B, Valantine I, Ossowski ZM. Reasons and Barriers for University Students' Leisure-Time Physical Activity: Moderating Effect of Health Education. Percept Mot Skills 2019;126(6):1084-100.
  • Ozkul C. Perceived Exercise Benefits and Barriers in Active and Inactive University Students. Turk J Physiother R 2021;32(3):33-42.
  • Kay MC, Carroll DD, Carlson SA, Fulton JE. Awareness and knowledge of the 2008 Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans. J Phys Act Health 2014;11(4):693-8.
  • Knox EC, Musson H, Adams EJ. Knowledge of physical activity recommendations in adults employed in England: associations with individual and workplace-related predictors. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2015;12:69.
There are 34 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Health Care Administration
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Melih Zeren 0000-0002-9749-315X

Rumeysa Eroğlu 0000-0002-5690-9120

Nilay Yürekdeler Şahin 0000-0002-0350-340X

Kadirhan Özdemir 0000-0002-0486-6878

Batuhan Dönmez 0000-0001-8964-6876

Eshan Karakurum 0000-0001-7729-8261

Early Pub Date January 31, 2024
Publication Date January 31, 2024
Submission Date February 15, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 8 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Zeren, M., Eroğlu, R., Yürekdeler Şahin, N., Özdemir, K., et al. (2024). Does Smartphone Addiction Impair Maximal Exercise Capacity in Young Adults?. Journal of Basic and Clinical Health Sciences, 8(1), 46-54. https://doi.org/10.30621/jbachs.1248796
AMA Zeren M, Eroğlu R, Yürekdeler Şahin N, Özdemir K, Dönmez B, Karakurum E. Does Smartphone Addiction Impair Maximal Exercise Capacity in Young Adults?. JBACHS. January 2024;8(1):46-54. doi:10.30621/jbachs.1248796
Chicago Zeren, Melih, Rumeysa Eroğlu, Nilay Yürekdeler Şahin, Kadirhan Özdemir, Batuhan Dönmez, and Eshan Karakurum. “Does Smartphone Addiction Impair Maximal Exercise Capacity in Young Adults?”. Journal of Basic and Clinical Health Sciences 8, no. 1 (January 2024): 46-54. https://doi.org/10.30621/jbachs.1248796.
EndNote Zeren M, Eroğlu R, Yürekdeler Şahin N, Özdemir K, Dönmez B, Karakurum E (January 1, 2024) Does Smartphone Addiction Impair Maximal Exercise Capacity in Young Adults?. Journal of Basic and Clinical Health Sciences 8 1 46–54.
IEEE M. Zeren, R. Eroğlu, N. Yürekdeler Şahin, K. Özdemir, B. Dönmez, and E. Karakurum, “Does Smartphone Addiction Impair Maximal Exercise Capacity in Young Adults?”, JBACHS, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 46–54, 2024, doi: 10.30621/jbachs.1248796.
ISNAD Zeren, Melih et al. “Does Smartphone Addiction Impair Maximal Exercise Capacity in Young Adults?”. Journal of Basic and Clinical Health Sciences 8/1 (January 2024), 46-54. https://doi.org/10.30621/jbachs.1248796.
JAMA Zeren M, Eroğlu R, Yürekdeler Şahin N, Özdemir K, Dönmez B, Karakurum E. Does Smartphone Addiction Impair Maximal Exercise Capacity in Young Adults?. JBACHS. 2024;8:46–54.
MLA Zeren, Melih et al. “Does Smartphone Addiction Impair Maximal Exercise Capacity in Young Adults?”. Journal of Basic and Clinical Health Sciences, vol. 8, no. 1, 2024, pp. 46-54, doi:10.30621/jbachs.1248796.
Vancouver Zeren M, Eroğlu R, Yürekdeler Şahin N, Özdemir K, Dönmez B, Karakurum E. Does Smartphone Addiction Impair Maximal Exercise Capacity in Young Adults?. JBACHS. 2024;8(1):46-54.