Assessment of the Community Periodontal Index of Treatment Needs (CPITN) in Pregnant Women Referring to the Health Centers in Arak, Iran

Saeid Bashirian; Maryam Barati; Majid Barati; Salman Khazaei; Ensiyeh Jenabi; Leila Gholami; Samane Shirahmadi

doi:10.7126/cumudj.1112636

Research Article

Assessment of the Community Periodontal Index of Treatment Needs (CPITN) in Pregnant Women Referring to the Health Centers in Arak, Iran

Year 2022, Volume: 25 Issue: 3, 258 - 262, 01.10.2022

Saeid Bashirian , Maryam Barati , Majid Barati , Salman Khazaei , Ensiyeh Jenabi , Leila Gholami , Samane Shirahmadi

https://doi.org/10.7126/cumudj.1112636

Cited By: 2

Abstract

Objectives: The periodontal disease during pregnancy is considered to be significant because not only does it affect the tissues supporting the teeth, but also it is connected with systemic conditions such as adverse pregnancy outcomes. The present study aimed at assessing periodontal disease in pregnant women and other relevant demographic factors.

Materials and methods: This is a cross-sectional, descriptive-analytical study that was conducted among 275 pregnant women visiting the health centers in Arak, Iran, in 2021. Cluster random sampling method was used to select the samples. The demographic information was gathered and periodontal statues was examined using the Community Periodontal Index of Treatment Needs (CPITN). The data were analyzed by SPSS18 software, using logistic regression.
Results: According to the results, 55.4% of the pregnant women had periodontal disease (CPI>0). Bleeding on probing (BOP), dental calculus, and periodontal pocket depth (PPD) between 4 and 5 mm were observed of 17.5%, 36.4%, 5.1% of women, respectively. No periodontal pocket deeper than 6mm was observed. Brushing frequency was the main predictor for gingival health, and the women with under diploma education (OR: 2.26, 95% CI: 1.14-4.48) and having one or more children were (OR: 1.40, 95% CI: 1.02-1.94) more likely to have periodontal disease than women with academic education or having no children.
Conclusion: According to the findings, pregnant women were not in good health condition in terms of periodontal disease. Considering the demographic and behavioral differences, designing the health promotion programs during pregnancy is recommended.

Keywords

Pregnancy, CPITN index, Periodontal Diseases, Brushing Frequency, Bleeding on probing

Supporting Institution

Hamadan University of Medical Science

Project Number

9904242558

Thanks

This project was financially supported by Hamadan University of Medical Sciences. (Grant Number: 9904242558, Ethical number: IR.UMSHA.REC.1399.863)

References

1. Kinane DF, Stathopoulou PG, Papapanou PN. Periodontal diseases. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2017;3:1-14.
2. Vos T, Abajobir AA, Abate KH, Abbafati C, Abbas KM, Abd-Allah F, et al. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 328 diseases and injuries for 195 countries, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. The Lancet. 2017;390:1211-59.
3. Marla V, Srii R, Roy DK, Ajmera H. The Importance of Oral Health during Pregnancy: A review. MedicalExpress. 2018;5.
4. Laine MA. Effect of pregnancy on periodontal and dental health. Acta Odontol Scand. 2002;60:257-64.
5. Figuero E, Carrillo‐de‐Albornoz A, Herrera D, Bascones‐Martínez A. Gingival changes during pregnancy: I. Influence of hormonal variations on clinical and immunological parameters. J Clin Periodontol. 2010;37:220-9.
6. Wu M, Chen S-W, Jiang S-Y. Relationship between gingival inflammation and pregnancy. Mediators Inflamm. 2015;2015.
7. Scannapieco FA, Bush RB, Paju S. Periodontal disease as a risk factor for adverse pregnancy outcomes. A systematic review. Ann Periodontol. 2003;8:70-8.
8. Xiong X, Buekens P, Fraser W, Beck J, Offenbacher S. Periodontal disease and adverse pregnancy outcomes: a systematic review. BJOG. 2006;113:135-43.
9. Daalderop L, Wieland B, Tomsin K, Reyes L, Kramer B, Vanterpool S, et al. JDR Clin Trans Res. JDR Clinical & Translational Research. 2018;3:10-27.
10. Corbella S, Taschieri S, Francetti L, De Siena F, Del Fabbro M. Periodontal disease as a risk factor for adverse pregnancy outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of case–control studies. Odontology. 2012;100:232-40.
11. Puertas A, Magan-Fernandez A, Blanc V, Revelles L, O’Valle F, Pozo E, et al. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine. 2018;31:597-602.
12. Sayar F, Hoseini MS, Abbaspour S. Effect of periodontal disease on preeclampsia. Iran J Public Health. 2011;40:122.
13. Nabet C, Lelong N, Colombier ML, Sixou M, Musset AM, Goffinet F, et al. Maternal periodontitis and the causes of preterm birth: the case–control Epipap study. J Clin Periodontol. 2010;37:37-45.
14. López NJ, Smith PC, Gutierrez J. Higher risk of preterm birth and low birth weight in women with periodontal disease. J Dent Res. 2002;81:58-63.
15. Gesase N, Miranda-Rius J, Brunet-Llobet L, Lahor-Soler E, Mahande MJ, Masenga G. The association between periodontal disease and adverse pregnancy outcomes in Northern Tanzania: a cross-sectional study. Afr Health Sci. 2018;18:601-11.
16. Blencowe H, Cousens S, Oestergaard MZ, Chou D, Moller A-B, Narwal R, et al. National, regional, and worldwide estimates of preterm birth rates in the year 2010 with time trends since 1990 for selected countries: a systematic analysis and implications. The Lancet. 2012;379:2162-72.
17. Lertpimonchai A, Rattanasiri S, Vallibhakara SA-O, Attia J, Thakkinstian A. The association between oral hygiene and periodontitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int Dent J. 2017;67:332-43.
18. Chung LH, Gregorich SE, Armitage GC, Gonzalez‐Vargas J, Adams SH. Sociodemographic disparities and behavioral factors in clinical oral health status during pregnancy. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2014;42:151-9.
19. Azofeifa A, Yeung LF, Alverson C, Beltrán‐Aguilar E. Dental caries and periodontal disease among US pregnant women and nonpregnant women of reproductive age, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999–2004. J Public Health Dent. 2016;76:320-9.
20. Lasisi T, Abdus-Salam R. Pattern of oral health among a population of pregnant women in Southwestern Nigeria. Arch Basic Appl Med. 2018;6:99.
21. Wandera M, Engebretsen IM, Okullo I, Tumwine JK, Åstrøm AN. Socio-demographic factors related to periodontal status and tooth loss of pregnant women in Mbale district, Uganda. BMC Oral Health. 2009;9:1-11.
22. Salih Y, Nasr AM, Ahmed AB, Sharif ME, Adam I. Prevalence of and risk factors for periodontal disease among pregnant women in an antenatal care clinic in Khartoum, Sudan. BMC Res Notes. 2020;13:1-5.
23. Mobeen N, Jehan I, Banday N, Moore J, McClure E, Pasha O, et al. Periodontal disease and adverse birth outcomes: a study from Pakistan. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2008;198:514. e1-. e8.
24. Sheha EAAEM, Hassan HE, Gamel WMA. Association between pre-pregnant overweight and obesity and periodontal disease during pregnancy: a cross sectional study. Int J Stud Nurs. 2017;3:1.
25. Khoshnevisan M, Ghasemianpour M, Samadzadeh H, Baez R. Oral health status and healthcare system in IR Iran. Journal of Contemporary Medical Sciences. 2018;4.
26. Abdal K, Roozegar M, Gholami Z, Shafiei E. The Periodontal Status of Pregnant and Lactating Women in Ilam Province, Iran (2018-2019). Journal of Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences. 2021;25.
27. Taheri SS, Nazemi Salman B, Malekpour MR, Fazeli F. Periodontal Status of Women Referring to Health Centers for Premarital Tests Using the Modified CPI in Zanjan in 2019 (Iran). Qom University of Medical Sciences Journal. 2020;14:38-48.
28. Deghatipour M, Ghorbani Z, Ghanbari S, Arshi S, Ehdayivand F, Namdari M, et al. Oral health status in relation to socioeconomic and behavioral factors among pregnant women: a community-based cross-sectional study. BMC oral health. 2019;19:117.
29. WHO. Oral health surveys: basic methods. Word Health Organisation2013.
30. Ainamo J. Development of the World Health Organization (WHO) community periodontal index of treatment needs (CPITN). Int dent J. 1982;32:281-91.
31. Soroye MO, Ayanbadejo PO. Prevalence of gingivitis and perception of gingival colour among pregnant women attending the antenatal clinic of Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Idi-Araba. J Orofac Sci. 2016;8:53.
32. Maybodi FR, Haerian-Ardakani A, Vaziri F, Khabbazian A, Mohammadi-Asl S. CPITN changes during pregnancy and maternal demographic factors ‘impact on periodontal health. Iran J Reprod Med. 2015;13:107.
33. Bayat F, Karimi-Shahanjarini A, Bashirian S, Faradmal J. Assessment of dental care and its related barriers in pregnant women of Hamadan city. J Educ Community Health. 2016;3:20-7.
34. Gil L, Mínguez I, Caffesse R, Llambés F. Periodontal disease in pregnancy: the influence of general factors and inflammatory mediators. Oral Health Prev Dent. 2019;17:69-73.
35. Andayani LH, Bungsu P, Prihartono N. Determinants for Periodontal Disease during Pregnancy among Indonesian Women: A Cross-sectional Study using National Riskesdas 2013 Data. IJSRDMS. 2019;12:337-43.
36. Avula H, Mishra A, Arora N, Avula J. KAP Assessment of Oral Health and Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes Among Pregnant Women in Hyderabad, India. Oral Health Prev Dent. 2013;11.
37. Joshi S, Suominen AL, Knuuttila M, Bernabé E. Toothbrushing behaviour and periodontal pocketing: An 11‐year longitudinal study. J Clin Periodontol. 2018;45:196-203.
38. Van der Sluijs E, Slot D, Hennequin‐Hoenderdos N, Van der Weijden G. A specific brushing sequence and plaque removal efficacy: a randomized split‐mouth design. Int J Dent Hyg 2018;16:85-91.
39. Kalf‐Scholte S, Van der Weijden G, Bakker E, Slot D. Plaque removal with triple‐headed vs single‐headed manual toothbrushes—a systematic review—. Int J Dent Hyg 2018;16:13-23.
40. Shamsi M, Hidarnia A, Niknami S. A Survey of Oral Health Care Behavior in Pregnant Women of Arak: Application of Health Belief Model. J Maz Univ Med Sci. 2012;22:104-15.
41. Pentapati KC, Acharya S, Bhat M, Rao SK, Singh S. Knowledge of dental decay and associated factors among pregnant women: a study from rural India. Oral Health Prev Dent. 2013;11:161-8.
42. Hosein Kazemi H, Zeinal Zadeh M, Farsam F, Khafri S, Matloubi N. Pregnant women's self-report of oral health condition and its relation with oral clinical status. Iran J Obstet Gynecol Infertil. 2016;18:9-16.
43. Yalcin F, Eskinazi E, Soydinc M, Basegmez C, Issever H, Isik G, et al. The effect of sociocultural status on periodontal conditions in pregnancy. J Periodontol. 2002;73:178-82.
44. Benigeri M, Brodeur JM, Payette M, Charbonneau A, Ismaïl AI. Community periodontal index of treatment needs and prevalence of periodontal conditions. J Clin Periodontol. 2000;27:308-12.
45. Lewis JM, Morgan MV, Clive Wright F. The validity of the CPITN scoring and presentation method for measuring periodontal conditions. Journal of clinical periodontology. 1994;21:1-6.

Year 2022, Volume: 25 Issue: 3, 258 - 262, 01.10.2022

Saeid Bashirian , Maryam Barati , Majid Barati , Salman Khazaei , Ensiyeh Jenabi , Leila Gholami , Samane Shirahmadi

https://doi.org/10.7126/cumudj.1112636

Cited By: 2

Abstract

Project Number

9904242558

References

1. Kinane DF, Stathopoulou PG, Papapanou PN. Periodontal diseases. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2017;3:1-14.
2. Vos T, Abajobir AA, Abate KH, Abbafati C, Abbas KM, Abd-Allah F, et al. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 328 diseases and injuries for 195 countries, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. The Lancet. 2017;390:1211-59.
3. Marla V, Srii R, Roy DK, Ajmera H. The Importance of Oral Health during Pregnancy: A review. MedicalExpress. 2018;5.
4. Laine MA. Effect of pregnancy on periodontal and dental health. Acta Odontol Scand. 2002;60:257-64.
5. Figuero E, Carrillo‐de‐Albornoz A, Herrera D, Bascones‐Martínez A. Gingival changes during pregnancy: I. Influence of hormonal variations on clinical and immunological parameters. J Clin Periodontol. 2010;37:220-9.
6. Wu M, Chen S-W, Jiang S-Y. Relationship between gingival inflammation and pregnancy. Mediators Inflamm. 2015;2015.
7. Scannapieco FA, Bush RB, Paju S. Periodontal disease as a risk factor for adverse pregnancy outcomes. A systematic review. Ann Periodontol. 2003;8:70-8.
8. Xiong X, Buekens P, Fraser W, Beck J, Offenbacher S. Periodontal disease and adverse pregnancy outcomes: a systematic review. BJOG. 2006;113:135-43.
9. Daalderop L, Wieland B, Tomsin K, Reyes L, Kramer B, Vanterpool S, et al. JDR Clin Trans Res. JDR Clinical & Translational Research. 2018;3:10-27.
10. Corbella S, Taschieri S, Francetti L, De Siena F, Del Fabbro M. Periodontal disease as a risk factor for adverse pregnancy outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of case–control studies. Odontology. 2012;100:232-40.
11. Puertas A, Magan-Fernandez A, Blanc V, Revelles L, O’Valle F, Pozo E, et al. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine. 2018;31:597-602.
12. Sayar F, Hoseini MS, Abbaspour S. Effect of periodontal disease on preeclampsia. Iran J Public Health. 2011;40:122.
13. Nabet C, Lelong N, Colombier ML, Sixou M, Musset AM, Goffinet F, et al. Maternal periodontitis and the causes of preterm birth: the case–control Epipap study. J Clin Periodontol. 2010;37:37-45.
14. López NJ, Smith PC, Gutierrez J. Higher risk of preterm birth and low birth weight in women with periodontal disease. J Dent Res. 2002;81:58-63.
15. Gesase N, Miranda-Rius J, Brunet-Llobet L, Lahor-Soler E, Mahande MJ, Masenga G. The association between periodontal disease and adverse pregnancy outcomes in Northern Tanzania: a cross-sectional study. Afr Health Sci. 2018;18:601-11.
16. Blencowe H, Cousens S, Oestergaard MZ, Chou D, Moller A-B, Narwal R, et al. National, regional, and worldwide estimates of preterm birth rates in the year 2010 with time trends since 1990 for selected countries: a systematic analysis and implications. The Lancet. 2012;379:2162-72.
17. Lertpimonchai A, Rattanasiri S, Vallibhakara SA-O, Attia J, Thakkinstian A. The association between oral hygiene and periodontitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int Dent J. 2017;67:332-43.
18. Chung LH, Gregorich SE, Armitage GC, Gonzalez‐Vargas J, Adams SH. Sociodemographic disparities and behavioral factors in clinical oral health status during pregnancy. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2014;42:151-9.
19. Azofeifa A, Yeung LF, Alverson C, Beltrán‐Aguilar E. Dental caries and periodontal disease among US pregnant women and nonpregnant women of reproductive age, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999–2004. J Public Health Dent. 2016;76:320-9.
20. Lasisi T, Abdus-Salam R. Pattern of oral health among a population of pregnant women in Southwestern Nigeria. Arch Basic Appl Med. 2018;6:99.
21. Wandera M, Engebretsen IM, Okullo I, Tumwine JK, Åstrøm AN. Socio-demographic factors related to periodontal status and tooth loss of pregnant women in Mbale district, Uganda. BMC Oral Health. 2009;9:1-11.
22. Salih Y, Nasr AM, Ahmed AB, Sharif ME, Adam I. Prevalence of and risk factors for periodontal disease among pregnant women in an antenatal care clinic in Khartoum, Sudan. BMC Res Notes. 2020;13:1-5.
23. Mobeen N, Jehan I, Banday N, Moore J, McClure E, Pasha O, et al. Periodontal disease and adverse birth outcomes: a study from Pakistan. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2008;198:514. e1-. e8.
24. Sheha EAAEM, Hassan HE, Gamel WMA. Association between pre-pregnant overweight and obesity and periodontal disease during pregnancy: a cross sectional study. Int J Stud Nurs. 2017;3:1.
25. Khoshnevisan M, Ghasemianpour M, Samadzadeh H, Baez R. Oral health status and healthcare system in IR Iran. Journal of Contemporary Medical Sciences. 2018;4.
26. Abdal K, Roozegar M, Gholami Z, Shafiei E. The Periodontal Status of Pregnant and Lactating Women in Ilam Province, Iran (2018-2019). Journal of Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences. 2021;25.
27. Taheri SS, Nazemi Salman B, Malekpour MR, Fazeli F. Periodontal Status of Women Referring to Health Centers for Premarital Tests Using the Modified CPI in Zanjan in 2019 (Iran). Qom University of Medical Sciences Journal. 2020;14:38-48.
28. Deghatipour M, Ghorbani Z, Ghanbari S, Arshi S, Ehdayivand F, Namdari M, et al. Oral health status in relation to socioeconomic and behavioral factors among pregnant women: a community-based cross-sectional study. BMC oral health. 2019;19:117.
29. WHO. Oral health surveys: basic methods. Word Health Organisation2013.
30. Ainamo J. Development of the World Health Organization (WHO) community periodontal index of treatment needs (CPITN). Int dent J. 1982;32:281-91.
31. Soroye MO, Ayanbadejo PO. Prevalence of gingivitis and perception of gingival colour among pregnant women attending the antenatal clinic of Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Idi-Araba. J Orofac Sci. 2016;8:53.
32. Maybodi FR, Haerian-Ardakani A, Vaziri F, Khabbazian A, Mohammadi-Asl S. CPITN changes during pregnancy and maternal demographic factors ‘impact on periodontal health. Iran J Reprod Med. 2015;13:107.
33. Bayat F, Karimi-Shahanjarini A, Bashirian S, Faradmal J. Assessment of dental care and its related barriers in pregnant women of Hamadan city. J Educ Community Health. 2016;3:20-7.
34. Gil L, Mínguez I, Caffesse R, Llambés F. Periodontal disease in pregnancy: the influence of general factors and inflammatory mediators. Oral Health Prev Dent. 2019;17:69-73.
35. Andayani LH, Bungsu P, Prihartono N. Determinants for Periodontal Disease during Pregnancy among Indonesian Women: A Cross-sectional Study using National Riskesdas 2013 Data. IJSRDMS. 2019;12:337-43.
36. Avula H, Mishra A, Arora N, Avula J. KAP Assessment of Oral Health and Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes Among Pregnant Women in Hyderabad, India. Oral Health Prev Dent. 2013;11.
37. Joshi S, Suominen AL, Knuuttila M, Bernabé E. Toothbrushing behaviour and periodontal pocketing: An 11‐year longitudinal study. J Clin Periodontol. 2018;45:196-203.
38. Van der Sluijs E, Slot D, Hennequin‐Hoenderdos N, Van der Weijden G. A specific brushing sequence and plaque removal efficacy: a randomized split‐mouth design. Int J Dent Hyg 2018;16:85-91.
39. Kalf‐Scholte S, Van der Weijden G, Bakker E, Slot D. Plaque removal with triple‐headed vs single‐headed manual toothbrushes—a systematic review—. Int J Dent Hyg 2018;16:13-23.
40. Shamsi M, Hidarnia A, Niknami S. A Survey of Oral Health Care Behavior in Pregnant Women of Arak: Application of Health Belief Model. J Maz Univ Med Sci. 2012;22:104-15.
41. Pentapati KC, Acharya S, Bhat M, Rao SK, Singh S. Knowledge of dental decay and associated factors among pregnant women: a study from rural India. Oral Health Prev Dent. 2013;11:161-8.
42. Hosein Kazemi H, Zeinal Zadeh M, Farsam F, Khafri S, Matloubi N. Pregnant women's self-report of oral health condition and its relation with oral clinical status. Iran J Obstet Gynecol Infertil. 2016;18:9-16.
43. Yalcin F, Eskinazi E, Soydinc M, Basegmez C, Issever H, Isik G, et al. The effect of sociocultural status on periodontal conditions in pregnancy. J Periodontol. 2002;73:178-82.
44. Benigeri M, Brodeur JM, Payette M, Charbonneau A, Ismaïl AI. Community periodontal index of treatment needs and prevalence of periodontal conditions. J Clin Periodontol. 2000;27:308-12.
45. Lewis JM, Morgan MV, Clive Wright F. The validity of the CPITN scoring and presentation method for measuring periodontal conditions. Journal of clinical periodontology. 1994;21:1-6.

There are 45 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language	English
Subjects	Health Care Administration
Journal Section	Original Research Articles
Authors	Saeid Bashirian 0000-0003-2133-087X Maryam Barati 0000-0002-8174-2190 Majid Barati 0000-0002-5152-1928 Salman Khazaei 0000-0001-5918-2310 Ensiyeh Jenabi 0000-0002-4536-0814 Leila Gholami 0000-0001-5287-1754 Samane Shirahmadi 0000-0002-3008-6613
Project Number	9904242558
Publication Date	October 1, 2022
Submission Date	May 9, 2022
Published in Issue	Year 2022Volume: 25 Issue: 3

Cite

EndNote	Bashirian S, Barati M, Barati M, Khazaei S, Jenabi E, Gholami L, Shirahmadi S (October 1, 2022) Assessment of the Community Periodontal Index of Treatment Needs (CPITN) in Pregnant Women Referring to the Health Centers in Arak, Iran. Cumhuriyet Dental Journal 25 3 258–262.

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