Research Article
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Year 2022, Volume: 25 Issue: 1, 60 - 64, 25.03.2022

Fatemeh Masoumi Mahdiye Asghari , Sajjad Shirkhouii

https://doi.org/10.7126/cumudj.986021

Abstract

References

  • 1- Vahia VN. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders 5: A quick glance. Indian Journal of Psychiatry. 2013 Jul;55(3):220.
  • 2- Theobald AH, Wong BK, Quick AM, Thomson W. The impact of the popular media on cosmetic dentistry. New Zealand Dental Journal. 2006 Sep 1;102(3):58-62.
  • 3- Jafferany M, Osuagwu FC, Khalid Z, Oberbarnscheidt T, Roy N. Prevalence and clinical characteristics of body dysmorphic disorder in adolescent inpatient psychiatric patients—a pilot study. Nordic journal of psychiatry. 2019 Jul 4;73(4-5):244-7.
  • 4- Rosten A, Newton T. Body Dysmorphic Disorder: a Guide to Identification and Management for the General Dental Practitioner. Dental Update. 2020 Apr 2;47(4):303-13.
  • 5- Qian Y, Yuan S, Humphris G, Freeman R. Adult Patients’ Motivations and Expectations of Orthodontic Treatment: A Systematic Review Protocol.
  • 6- Al Shuhayb ZS. Prevalence of body dysmorphic disorder among Saudis seeking facial plastic surgery. Saudi Surgical Journal. 2019 Jul 1;7(3):83-7.
  • 7- Ramos TD, de Brito MJ, Suzuki VY, Neto MS, Ferreira LM. High prevalence of body dysmorphic disorder and moderate to severe appearance-related obsessive–compulsive symptoms among rhinoplasty candidates. Aesthetic plastic surgery. 2019 Aug;43(4):1000-5.
  • 8- Tatiana Soler P, Novaes J, Miguel Fernandes H. Influencing factors of social anxiety disorder and body dysmorphic disorder in a nonclinical Brazilian population. Psychological reports. 2019 Dec;122(6):2155-77.
  • 9- Kiani MK, Mardmor A. Evaluation of Body Dysmorphic Disorder and Social Anxiety between Women with Plastic Surgery with Women who do not; a Non-interventional Comparative Study. Health Research. 2019;4(3):152-8.
  • 10- Vejdani J, Janeshin A, Gholinia F, Alinejad Roudsari F, Maleki D. The prevalence of malocclusion and dental caries in 11-to 14-year-old children in Roudsar, Iran. Journal of Dentomaxillofacial. 2019 Nov 10;8(4):7-12.
  • 11- Sayers MS, Cunningham SJ, Newton JT. How do you identify the patient with ‘high expectations’ of orthodontic treatment: an empirical approach. Journal of Orthodontics. 2020 Dec;47(4):289-93.
  • 12- Yücesoy T. Body Dysmorphic Disorder in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. InMaxillofacial Surgery and Craniofacial Deformity-Practices and Updates 2020 Jan 29;1:133-6.
  • 13- Esmaeilnia M, Dousti Y, Mirzaian B. Structural relationships between early maladaptive schemas and body dysmorphic disorder mediated by anxiety and over concern. Community Health (Salāmat i ijtimāī). 2019;6:80-9.
  • 14- Sh Shetty, A Kumar. Body dysmorphic disorder, a mildly traversed parameter in orthodontics – An update. International Dental Journal of Student Research. 2020 Oct 8. 96-99.
  • 15- Ahluwalia R, Bhatia NK, Kumar PS, Kaur P. Body dysmorphic disorder: diagnosis, clinical aspects and treatment strategies. Indian Journal of Dental Research. 2017 Mar 1;28(2):193.
  • 16- Sweis IE, Spitz J, Barry DR, Cohen M. A review of body dysmorphic disorder in aesthetic surgery patients and the legal implications. Aesthetic plastic surgery. 2017 Aug;41(4):949-54.
  • 17- James M, Clarke P, Darcey R. Body dysmorphic disorder and facial aesthetic treatments in dental practice. British dental journal. 2019 Nov;227(10):929-33.
  • 18- Kumar SS, Kudagi VS, Kaur G. Chasing perfection: Body dysmorphic disorder and its significance in dentistry. Journal of International Oral Health. 2018 Jul 1;10(4):157.
  • 19- Minghui P, Jing K, Xiao D. Effect of body image in adolescent orthodontic treatment. West China journal of stomatology. 2017 Oct 1;35(5):489-93.
  • 20- Crerand CE, Menard W, Phillips KA. Surgical and minimally invasive cosmetic procedures among persons with body dysmorphic disorder. Annals of plastic surgery. 2010 Jul;65(1):11.
  • 21- Esmaeili A, Shahrabadi M, Adib H. Body dysmorphic disorder and anxiety in patients of in orthodontic clinics of Birjand University of Medical Sciences in 2014-2015. Journal of Birjand University of Medical Sciences. 2017 Sep 15;24(2):147-53.
  • 22- Sadock BJ. Kaplan & Sadock's synopsis of psychiatry: behavioral sciences/clinical psychiatry.
  • 23- Yassaei S, Moghadam MG, Aghili H, Tabatabaei SM. Body dysmorphic disorder in Iranian orthodontic patients. Acta Medica Iranica. 2014:454-7.
  • 24- Hepburn S, Cunningham S. Body dysmorphic disorder in adult orthodontic patients. American journal of orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics. 2006 Nov 1;130(5):569-74.
  • 25- Veale D, Boocock A, Gournay K, Dryden W, Shah F, Willson R, Walburn J. Body dysmorphic disorder: a survey of fifty cases. The British Journal of Psychiatry. 1996 Aug;169(2):196-201.
  • 26- Sathyanarayana HP, Padmanabhan S, Balakrishnan R, Chitharanjan AB. Prevalence of Body Dysmorphic Disorder among patients seeking orthodontic treatment. Progress in orthodontics. 2020 Dec;21(1):1-5.
  • 27- GHASEMNEJAD SM, Jaallalmanesh S, Rasady M, MAHMOUDI M. Association study of anxiety and hypochondriasis in student of Islamic Azad University, Lahijan medical branch in 2008.
  • 28- Abramowitz JS, Moore EL. An experimental analysis of hypochondriasis. Behaviour Research and Therapy. 2007 Mar 1;45(3):413-24.
  • 29- Phillips KA, McElroy SL, Keck PE, Hudson JI, Pope HG. A comparison of delusional and nondelusional body dysmorphic disorder in 100 cases. Psychopharmacology Bulletin. 1994 May 150:302-308.

The Evaluation of body dysmorphic disorder in adult orthodontic patients

Year 2022, Volume: 25 Issue: 1, 60 - 64, 25.03.2022

Fatemeh Masoumi Mahdiye Asghari , Sajjad Shirkhouii

https://doi.org/10.7126/cumudj.986021

Abstract

Introduction: The present study aimed to evaluate body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) in orthodontic patients. Also, the relation between demographic factors and BDD was investigated.
Materials and Methods: This descriptive-analytical cross-sectional study was performed on 320 patients referred to the dental clinic. Participants were excluded if they had craniofacial syndromes, visible physical inabilities, mental diseases such as depression and OCD, and required orthognathic surgery. The YBOCS-BDD was used to assess BDD. Fisher’s exact test was performed using SPSS Version 24 at the significance level of P=0.05.
Results: 47.5% of patients were normal and 34.4% had mild BDD and 17.2% had moderate BDD, and only 0.9% of the patients had severe BDD. A significant relation was found between gender and BDD, and between marital status and BDD. (P=0.004 and P<0.001, respectively). The relation of age and severity of BDD was not statistically significant.
Conclusion: BDD disorder in orthodontic patients is more common in women and single people. In this regard, it is recommended that cosmetic clinicians be careful in accepting patients with a history of mental and personality problems, multiple and frequent esthetic surgeries, and if necessary, persuade and refer the patient to a psychiatrist and counselor to prevent the consequences.

Keywords

Body dysmorphic disorder orthodontics anxiety disorder

References

  • 1- Vahia VN. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders 5: A quick glance. Indian Journal of Psychiatry. 2013 Jul;55(3):220.
  • 2- Theobald AH, Wong BK, Quick AM, Thomson W. The impact of the popular media on cosmetic dentistry. New Zealand Dental Journal. 2006 Sep 1;102(3):58-62.
  • 3- Jafferany M, Osuagwu FC, Khalid Z, Oberbarnscheidt T, Roy N. Prevalence and clinical characteristics of body dysmorphic disorder in adolescent inpatient psychiatric patients—a pilot study. Nordic journal of psychiatry. 2019 Jul 4;73(4-5):244-7.
  • 4- Rosten A, Newton T. Body Dysmorphic Disorder: a Guide to Identification and Management for the General Dental Practitioner. Dental Update. 2020 Apr 2;47(4):303-13.
  • 5- Qian Y, Yuan S, Humphris G, Freeman R. Adult Patients’ Motivations and Expectations of Orthodontic Treatment: A Systematic Review Protocol.
  • 6- Al Shuhayb ZS. Prevalence of body dysmorphic disorder among Saudis seeking facial plastic surgery. Saudi Surgical Journal. 2019 Jul 1;7(3):83-7.
  • 7- Ramos TD, de Brito MJ, Suzuki VY, Neto MS, Ferreira LM. High prevalence of body dysmorphic disorder and moderate to severe appearance-related obsessive–compulsive symptoms among rhinoplasty candidates. Aesthetic plastic surgery. 2019 Aug;43(4):1000-5.
  • 8- Tatiana Soler P, Novaes J, Miguel Fernandes H. Influencing factors of social anxiety disorder and body dysmorphic disorder in a nonclinical Brazilian population. Psychological reports. 2019 Dec;122(6):2155-77.
  • 9- Kiani MK, Mardmor A. Evaluation of Body Dysmorphic Disorder and Social Anxiety between Women with Plastic Surgery with Women who do not; a Non-interventional Comparative Study. Health Research. 2019;4(3):152-8.
  • 10- Vejdani J, Janeshin A, Gholinia F, Alinejad Roudsari F, Maleki D. The prevalence of malocclusion and dental caries in 11-to 14-year-old children in Roudsar, Iran. Journal of Dentomaxillofacial. 2019 Nov 10;8(4):7-12.
  • 11- Sayers MS, Cunningham SJ, Newton JT. How do you identify the patient with ‘high expectations’ of orthodontic treatment: an empirical approach. Journal of Orthodontics. 2020 Dec;47(4):289-93.
  • 12- Yücesoy T. Body Dysmorphic Disorder in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. InMaxillofacial Surgery and Craniofacial Deformity-Practices and Updates 2020 Jan 29;1:133-6.
  • 13- Esmaeilnia M, Dousti Y, Mirzaian B. Structural relationships between early maladaptive schemas and body dysmorphic disorder mediated by anxiety and over concern. Community Health (Salāmat i ijtimāī). 2019;6:80-9.
  • 14- Sh Shetty, A Kumar. Body dysmorphic disorder, a mildly traversed parameter in orthodontics – An update. International Dental Journal of Student Research. 2020 Oct 8. 96-99.
  • 15- Ahluwalia R, Bhatia NK, Kumar PS, Kaur P. Body dysmorphic disorder: diagnosis, clinical aspects and treatment strategies. Indian Journal of Dental Research. 2017 Mar 1;28(2):193.
  • 16- Sweis IE, Spitz J, Barry DR, Cohen M. A review of body dysmorphic disorder in aesthetic surgery patients and the legal implications. Aesthetic plastic surgery. 2017 Aug;41(4):949-54.
  • 17- James M, Clarke P, Darcey R. Body dysmorphic disorder and facial aesthetic treatments in dental practice. British dental journal. 2019 Nov;227(10):929-33.
  • 18- Kumar SS, Kudagi VS, Kaur G. Chasing perfection: Body dysmorphic disorder and its significance in dentistry. Journal of International Oral Health. 2018 Jul 1;10(4):157.
  • 19- Minghui P, Jing K, Xiao D. Effect of body image in adolescent orthodontic treatment. West China journal of stomatology. 2017 Oct 1;35(5):489-93.
  • 20- Crerand CE, Menard W, Phillips KA. Surgical and minimally invasive cosmetic procedures among persons with body dysmorphic disorder. Annals of plastic surgery. 2010 Jul;65(1):11.
  • 21- Esmaeili A, Shahrabadi M, Adib H. Body dysmorphic disorder and anxiety in patients of in orthodontic clinics of Birjand University of Medical Sciences in 2014-2015. Journal of Birjand University of Medical Sciences. 2017 Sep 15;24(2):147-53.
  • 22- Sadock BJ. Kaplan & Sadock's synopsis of psychiatry: behavioral sciences/clinical psychiatry.
  • 23- Yassaei S, Moghadam MG, Aghili H, Tabatabaei SM. Body dysmorphic disorder in Iranian orthodontic patients. Acta Medica Iranica. 2014:454-7.
  • 24- Hepburn S, Cunningham S. Body dysmorphic disorder in adult orthodontic patients. American journal of orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics. 2006 Nov 1;130(5):569-74.
  • 25- Veale D, Boocock A, Gournay K, Dryden W, Shah F, Willson R, Walburn J. Body dysmorphic disorder: a survey of fifty cases. The British Journal of Psychiatry. 1996 Aug;169(2):196-201.
  • 26- Sathyanarayana HP, Padmanabhan S, Balakrishnan R, Chitharanjan AB. Prevalence of Body Dysmorphic Disorder among patients seeking orthodontic treatment. Progress in orthodontics. 2020 Dec;21(1):1-5.
  • 27- GHASEMNEJAD SM, Jaallalmanesh S, Rasady M, MAHMOUDI M. Association study of anxiety and hypochondriasis in student of Islamic Azad University, Lahijan medical branch in 2008.
  • 28- Abramowitz JS, Moore EL. An experimental analysis of hypochondriasis. Behaviour Research and Therapy. 2007 Mar 1;45(3):413-24.
  • 29- Phillips KA, McElroy SL, Keck PE, Hudson JI, Pope HG. A comparison of delusional and nondelusional body dysmorphic disorder in 100 cases. Psychopharmacology Bulletin. 1994 May 150:302-308.
There are 29 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Health Care Administration
Journal Section Original Research Articles
Authors

Fatemeh Masoumi 0000-0002-2490-4739

Mahdiye Asghari 0000-0002-0795-1947

Sajjad Shirkhouii 0000-0001-5932-0015

Publication Date March 25, 2022
Submission Date September 7, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2022Volume: 25 Issue: 1

Cite

EndNote Masoumi F, Asghari M, Shirkhouii S (March 1, 2022) The Evaluation of body dysmorphic disorder in adult orthodontic patients. Cumhuriyet Dental Journal 25 1 60–64.
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