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Vaccines for periodontal disease: a new hope?

Year 2015, Volume: 18 Issue: 2, 198 - 213, 24.04.2015

Resmi Nair , Binu Sugunan

Abstract

Recent recognition of the importance of periodontal disease and its impact on the perpetuation and management of systemic diseases calls for a global effort to control periodontal disease. With the advent of advanced molecular diagnostic techniques, a better understanding of the role of specific pathogens and the contributory role of the host immune response in the initiation and progression of periodontal disease has been possible. However, successful vaccine development that fully utilizes the current level of understanding has not yet occurred for human use. This article reviews the various trials undertaken to develop a vaccine against periodontal disease, so as to construct a more sophisticated design which may be relevant in the future. Periodontal disease as a multifactorial and polymicrobial disease requires a vaccine design targeting multiple pathogenic species. As an innovative strategy, vaccine trials to stimulate antigen-specific T-cells polarized towards helper T-cells with a regulatory phenotype have been introduced. Conjugate and recombinant vaccines, immune regulation with coinfecting microorganisms within the biofilm and vaccine regimens like commonly shared antigens by selected periodontopathogenic species are new avenues that are being explored. The role of RecA protein and osteoprotegerin-ligand cannot be overlooked. Targeting not only a single pathogen, but polymicrobial organisms, and targeting not only periodontal disease, but also periodontal disease-triggered systemic disease could be a feasible goal.

 

KEYWORDS: Vaccination, Periodontitis, Immune response, DNA vaccine.

Keywords

Immunization periodontitis vaccines.

References

  • Roderich N. Immunology. In: Brooks GF, Butel JS, Morse SA (eds). Jawetz, Melnick and Adelberg's Medical Microbiology. New York: McGraw- Hill, 2004;121.
  • Choi JI, Seymour GJ. Vaccines against periodontitis: a forwardlooking review. J Periodontal Implant Sci 2010;40(4):153–163.
  • Raul GI, Michelle HM, Elizabeth KA. Relationship between periodontal disease and systemic health. Periodontology 2000 2001;25:21-36.
  • Guthmiller JM, Novak KF. Periodontal diseases. In: Brogden KA, Guthmiller JM (eds). Polymicrobial Diseases. Washington (DC): ASM Press, 2002;138-139.
  • Friedewald VE, Kornman KS, Beck JD, Genco R, Goldfine A, Libby P, et al. The American Journal of Cardiology and Journal of Periodontology editors' consensus: periodontitis and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. J Periodontol 2009;80:1021–1032.
  • Rajaiah R, Moudgil KD. Heat-shock proteins can promote as well as regulate autoimmunity. Autoimmun Rev 2009;8:388–393.
  • Choi JI, Chung SW, Kang HS, Rhim BY, Park YM, Kim US, et al. Epitope mapping of Porphyromonas gingivalis heat-shock protein and human heat-shock protein in human atherosclerosis. J Dent Res 2004;83:936–940.
  • Park CS, Lee JY, Kim SJ, Choi JI. Identification of immunological parameters associated with the alveolar bone level in periodontal patients. J Periodontal Implant Sci 2010;40:61–68.
  • Macchiarini F, Manz MG, Palucka AK, Shultz LD. Humanized mice are we there yet? JEM 2005; 202(10):1307-1311. Socransky SS, Haffajee AD. Evidence of bacterial etiology: a historical perspective. Periodontology 2000 1994;5(1):7-25.
  • Ishikawa I, Nakashima K, Koseki T, Nagasawa T, Watanabe H, Arakawa S, et al. Induction of immune response to periodontopathic bacteria and its role in pathogenesis of periodontitis. Periodontology 2000 1997;14:79-111.
  • Evans RT, Klausen B, Ramamurhty NS, Golub LM, Sfintescu C, Lee lY, et al. Periodontal bone level and gingival proteinase activity in gnotobiotic rats immunized with Bacteroides gingivalis. Oral Microbiol Immunol 1991;6:193-201.
  • Genco CA, Kapczynski DR, Cutler CW, Arko RJ, Arnold RF. Influence of immunization on Porphyromonas gingivalis colonization and invasion in the mouse chamber model. Infect Immun 1992;60:1447-1454.
  • Hardham J, Sfintescu C, Evans RT. Evaluation of cross-protection by immunization with an experimental trivalent companion animal periodontitis vaccine in the mouse periodontitis model. J Vet Dent 2008;25(1):23-27.
  • Nail BS, Paul VD, Staurt DG. Antigens of bacteria associated with periodontitis. Periodontology 2000 2004;35:101-34.
  • Taneaki N, Atsushi S, Yasuo H, Kazuyuki I. Gingipains as candidate antigens for Porphyromonas gingivalis vaccine. Keio J Med 2003; 52 (3):158–162. Moritz AJ, Cappelli D, Lantz MS, Holt SC, Ebersole JL. Immunization with Porphyromonas gingivalis cysteine protease: effects on experimental gingivitis and ligatureinduced periodontitis in Macaca fascicularis. J Periodontol 1998;69: 686–697.
  • Gibson FC, Genco CA. Prevention of Porphyromonas gingivalis-induced oral bone loss following immunization with gingipain R1. Infect Immun 2001;69:7959–7963. Inagaki S, Ishihara K, Yasaki Y, Yamada S, Okuda K. Antibody responses of periodontitis patients to gingipains of Porphyromonas gingivalis. J Periodontol 2003;74:1432–1439.
  • Genco CA, Odusanya BM, Potempa J, Mikolajczyk-Pawlinska J, Travis J. A peptide domain on gingipain R which confers immunity against Porphyromonas gingivalis infection in mice. Infect Immun 1998;66:4108–4114.
  • Amano A. Molecular interaction of Porphyromonas gingivalis with host cells: implication for the microbial pathogenesis of periodontal disease. J Periodontol 2003;74(1):90-96.
  • Fan Q, Sims T, Sojar H, Genco R, Page RC. Fimbriae of Porphyromonas gingivalis induce opsonic antibodies that significantly enhance phagocytosis and killing by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Oral Microbiol Immunol Choi JI, Schifferle RE, Yoshimura F, Kim BW. Capsular polysaccharidefimbrial protein conjugate vaccine protects against Porphyromonas gingivalis infection in SCID mice reconstituted with human peripheral blood lymphocytes. Infect Immun 1998; 66(1):391–393.
  • Gonzalez D, Tzianabos AO, Genco CA, Gibson FC. Immunization with Porphyromonas gingivalis capsular polysaccharide prevents gingivalis-elicited oral bone loss in a murine model. Infect Immun 2003; 71:2283–2287.
  • Yamazaki K, Ohsawa Y, Tabeta K, Ito H, Ueki K, Oda T, Yoshie H, Seymour GJ. Accumulation of human heat shock protein 60-reactive T cells in the gingival tissues of periodontitis patients. Infect Immun 2002;70(5):2492-2501.
  • Lee JY, Yi NN, Kim US, Choi JS, Kim SJ, Choi JI. Porphyromonas gingivalis heat shock protein vaccine reduces the alveolar bone loss induced by multiple periodontopathogenic bacteria. J Periodontol Res 2006;41(1):4-10.
  • Honma K, Kato T, Okuda K. Salivary immunoglobulin A production against a synthetic oligopeptide antigen of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans fimbriae. Oral Microbiol Immunol 1999;14(5):288-292. Takamatsu-Matsushita N, Yamaguchi N, Kawasaki M, Yamashita Y, Takehara T, Koga T. Immunogenicity of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans serotype bspecific polysaccharide-protein conjugate. Oral Microbiol Immunol 1996;11:220–225.
  • Herminajeng E, Asmara W, Yuswanto A, Barid I, Sosroseno W. Protective humoral immunity induced by surface-associated material from Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans in mice. Microbes Infect 2001;3:997–1003.
  • Lehner T, Ma JKC, Walker P, Childerstone A, Todryk S, Kendal H, et al. T-cell and B-cell epitope mapping and construction of peptide vaccines. In: Genco RJ, Hamada S, Lehner T, McGhee J, Mergenhagen S (eds). Molecular Pathogenesis of Periodontal Disease. Washington (DC): ASM Press, 1994;279-292.
  • Lee JY, Sojar HT, Bedi GS, Genco RJ. Synthetic peptides analogous to the fimbrillin sequence inhibit adherence of Porphyromonas gingivalis. Infect Immun 1992;60:1662-1670. Brant EE, Sojar HT, Sharma A, Bedi GS, Genco RJ, De Nardin E. Identification of linear antigenic sites on the Porphyromonas gingivalis 43kDa fimbrillin subunit. Oral Microbiol Immunol 1995;10(3):1461
  • Mouton C, Bouchard D, Deslauriers M, Lamonde L. Immunochemical identification and preliminary characterization of a nonfimbrial hemagglutinating adhesin of Bacteroides gingivalis. Infect Immun 1989;57:566–573.
  • Maeba S, Otake S, Namikoshi J, Shibata Y, Hayakawa M, Abiko Y, et al. Transcutaneous immunization with a 40-kDa outer membrane protein of Porphyromonas gingivalis induces specific antibodies which inhibit coaggregation by P. gingivalis. Vaccine 2005;23:2513– 25
  • Saito S, Hiratsuka K, Hayakawa M, Takiguchi H, Abiko Y. Inhibition of a Porphyromonas gingivalis colonizing factor between Actinomyces viscosus ATCC 19246 by monoclonal antibodies against recombinant 40-kDa outermembrane protein. Gen Pharmacol 1997;28:675–680.
  • Abiko Y, Ogura N, Matsuda U, Yanagi K, Takiguchi H. A human monoclonal antibody which inhibits the coaggregation activity of Porphyromonas gingivalis. Infect Immun 1997;65:3966–3969.
  • Takiguchi H, Katoh M, Saito S, Abiko Y. Bactericidal activity of a monoclonal antibody against recombinant 40-kDa outer membrane protein of Porphyromonas gingivalis. J Periodontol 2000;71:368-375.
  • Chu L, Bramanti TE, Ebersole JL, Holt SC. Hemolytic activity in the periodontopathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis: kinetics of enzyme release and localization. Infect Immun1991;59:1932–1940.
  • Hosogi Y, Hayakawa M, Abiko Y. Monoclonal antibody against Porphyromonas gingivalis hemagglutinin inhibits hemolytic activity. Eur J Oral Sci 2001; 109:109–113.
  • Kaizuka K, Hosogi Y, Hayakawa M, Shibata Y, Abiko Y. Human monoclonal antibody inhibits Porphyromonas gingivalis hemagglutinin activity. J Periodontol 2003;74:38–43.
  • Shibata Y, Hosogi Y, Hayakawa M, Hori N, Kamada M, Abiko Y. Construction of novel human monoclonal antibodies neutralizing Porphyromonas gingivalis hemagglutination activity using transgenic mice expressing human Ig loci. Vaccine 2005;23:3850–3856.
  • Ma JK, Hikmat BY, Wycoff K, Vine ND, Charqeleque D, Yu L, et al. Characterization of a recombinant plant monoclonal secretory antibody and preventive immunotherapy in humans. Nat Med 1998;4(5):60160
  • Barry MA, Johnston SA. Biological features of genetic immunization. Vaccine 1997;15:788-791.
  • Kawabata S, Terao Y, Fujiwara T, Nakagawa I, Hamada S. Targeted salivary gland immunization with plasmid DNA elicits specific salivary immunoglobulin A and G antibodies and serum immunoglobulin G antibodies in mice. Infect Immun 1999;67(11):5863-5868. Sharma A, Honma K, Evans RT, Hruby DE, Genco RJ. Oral immunization with recombinant Streptococcus gordonii expressing Porphyromonas gingivalis FimA domains. Infect Immun 2001;69(5):2928-2934. Ross BC, Czajkowski L, Hocking D, Margetts M, Webb E, Rothel L, et al. Identification of vaccine candidate antigens from a genomic analysis of Porphyromonas gingivalis. Vaccine 2001;19:4135–4142. Suyama T, Hayakawa M, Abiko Y. Subcloning of the 200-kDa Porphyromonas gingivalis antigen gene and inhibition of hemagglutination by an antibody against the recombinant protein. J Oral Sci 2004;46(3):163-169.
  • Seymour GJ, Taylor JJ. Shouts and whispers: an introduction to immunoregulation in periodontal disease. Periodontol 2000 2004;35: 9–
  • Sasaki H, Okamatsu Y, Kawai T, Kent R, Taubman M, Stashenko P. The interleukin-10 knockout mouse is highly susceptible to Porphyromonas gingivalis-induced alveolar bone loss. J Periodontal Res 2004;39:432–441.
  • Cullinan MP, Westerman B, Hamlet SM, Palmer JE, Faddy MJ, Seymour GJ, et al. Progression of periodontal disease and interleukin-10 gene polymorphism. J Periodontal Res Gemmell E, Seymour GJ. Immunoregulatory control of Th1/Th2 cytokine profiles in periodontal disease. Periodontol 2000 2004;35:21–41. 5
  • Belkaid Y. Regulatory T cells and infection: a dangerous necessity. Nat Rev Immunol 2007;7:875–888.
  • Gemmell E, Bird PS, Ford PJ, Ashman RB, Gosling P, Hu Y, et al. Modulation of the antibody response by Porphyromonas gingivalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum in a mouse model. Oral Microbiol Immunol 2004;19:247–251. 5
  • Choi JI, Borrello MA, Smith ES, Zauderer M. Polarization of Porphyromonas gingivalis-specific helper T-cell subsets by prior immunization with Fusobacterium nucleatum. Oral Microbiol Immuno 2000;15:181–187.
  • Gmur R, Thurnheer T, Guggenheim B. Dominant cross-reactive antibodies generated during the response to a variety of oral bacterial species detect phosphorylcholine. J Dent Res 1999;78:77–85. 5
  • Laine ML, Appelmelk BJ, van Winkelhoff AJ. Prevalence and distribution of six capsular serotypes of Porphyromonas gingivalis in periodontitis patients. J Dent Res 1997;76:1840–1844. 5
  • Hinode D, Nakamura R, Grenier D, Mayrand D. Cross-reactivity of specific antibodies directed to heat shock proteins from periodontopathogenic bacteria and of human origin. Oral Microbiol Immunol 1998;13:55–58. 5 Chapple ILC. Role of free radicals and antioxidants in the pathogenesis of inflammatory periodontal diseases. J Clin Pathol Clin Mol Pathol 1996;49:247-255. 5 Johnson NA, McKenzie RM, Fletcher HM. The bcp gene in the bcp-recA-vimA-vimE-vimF operon is important in oxidative stress resistance in Porphyromonas gingivalis W83. Mol Oral Microbiol 2011;26(1):62-77.
  • Lancey DL, Timms E, Tan HL, Kelly MJ, Dunstan CR, Burgess T, et al. Osteoprotegerin ligand is a cytokine that regulates osteoclast differentiation. Cell 1998;93:16517 6 Teng YT, Nquyen H, Gaox. Functional human T cell immunity and osteoprotegerin-ligand control alveolar bone destruction in periodontal infection. J Clin Invest 2000;106 (6):59-67.

Year 2015, Volume: 18 Issue: 2, 198 - 213, 24.04.2015

Resmi Nair , Binu Sugunan

Abstract

References

  • Roderich N. Immunology. In: Brooks GF, Butel JS, Morse SA (eds). Jawetz, Melnick and Adelberg's Medical Microbiology. New York: McGraw- Hill, 2004;121.
  • Choi JI, Seymour GJ. Vaccines against periodontitis: a forwardlooking review. J Periodontal Implant Sci 2010;40(4):153–163.
  • Raul GI, Michelle HM, Elizabeth KA. Relationship between periodontal disease and systemic health. Periodontology 2000 2001;25:21-36.
  • Guthmiller JM, Novak KF. Periodontal diseases. In: Brogden KA, Guthmiller JM (eds). Polymicrobial Diseases. Washington (DC): ASM Press, 2002;138-139.
  • Friedewald VE, Kornman KS, Beck JD, Genco R, Goldfine A, Libby P, et al. The American Journal of Cardiology and Journal of Periodontology editors' consensus: periodontitis and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. J Periodontol 2009;80:1021–1032.
  • Rajaiah R, Moudgil KD. Heat-shock proteins can promote as well as regulate autoimmunity. Autoimmun Rev 2009;8:388–393.
  • Choi JI, Chung SW, Kang HS, Rhim BY, Park YM, Kim US, et al. Epitope mapping of Porphyromonas gingivalis heat-shock protein and human heat-shock protein in human atherosclerosis. J Dent Res 2004;83:936–940.
  • Park CS, Lee JY, Kim SJ, Choi JI. Identification of immunological parameters associated with the alveolar bone level in periodontal patients. J Periodontal Implant Sci 2010;40:61–68.
  • Macchiarini F, Manz MG, Palucka AK, Shultz LD. Humanized mice are we there yet? JEM 2005; 202(10):1307-1311. Socransky SS, Haffajee AD. Evidence of bacterial etiology: a historical perspective. Periodontology 2000 1994;5(1):7-25.
  • Ishikawa I, Nakashima K, Koseki T, Nagasawa T, Watanabe H, Arakawa S, et al. Induction of immune response to periodontopathic bacteria and its role in pathogenesis of periodontitis. Periodontology 2000 1997;14:79-111.
  • Evans RT, Klausen B, Ramamurhty NS, Golub LM, Sfintescu C, Lee lY, et al. Periodontal bone level and gingival proteinase activity in gnotobiotic rats immunized with Bacteroides gingivalis. Oral Microbiol Immunol 1991;6:193-201.
  • Genco CA, Kapczynski DR, Cutler CW, Arko RJ, Arnold RF. Influence of immunization on Porphyromonas gingivalis colonization and invasion in the mouse chamber model. Infect Immun 1992;60:1447-1454.
  • Hardham J, Sfintescu C, Evans RT. Evaluation of cross-protection by immunization with an experimental trivalent companion animal periodontitis vaccine in the mouse periodontitis model. J Vet Dent 2008;25(1):23-27.
  • Nail BS, Paul VD, Staurt DG. Antigens of bacteria associated with periodontitis. Periodontology 2000 2004;35:101-34.
  • Taneaki N, Atsushi S, Yasuo H, Kazuyuki I. Gingipains as candidate antigens for Porphyromonas gingivalis vaccine. Keio J Med 2003; 52 (3):158–162. Moritz AJ, Cappelli D, Lantz MS, Holt SC, Ebersole JL. Immunization with Porphyromonas gingivalis cysteine protease: effects on experimental gingivitis and ligatureinduced periodontitis in Macaca fascicularis. J Periodontol 1998;69: 686–697.
  • Gibson FC, Genco CA. Prevention of Porphyromonas gingivalis-induced oral bone loss following immunization with gingipain R1. Infect Immun 2001;69:7959–7963. Inagaki S, Ishihara K, Yasaki Y, Yamada S, Okuda K. Antibody responses of periodontitis patients to gingipains of Porphyromonas gingivalis. J Periodontol 2003;74:1432–1439.
  • Genco CA, Odusanya BM, Potempa J, Mikolajczyk-Pawlinska J, Travis J. A peptide domain on gingipain R which confers immunity against Porphyromonas gingivalis infection in mice. Infect Immun 1998;66:4108–4114.
  • Amano A. Molecular interaction of Porphyromonas gingivalis with host cells: implication for the microbial pathogenesis of periodontal disease. J Periodontol 2003;74(1):90-96.
  • Fan Q, Sims T, Sojar H, Genco R, Page RC. Fimbriae of Porphyromonas gingivalis induce opsonic antibodies that significantly enhance phagocytosis and killing by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Oral Microbiol Immunol Choi JI, Schifferle RE, Yoshimura F, Kim BW. Capsular polysaccharidefimbrial protein conjugate vaccine protects against Porphyromonas gingivalis infection in SCID mice reconstituted with human peripheral blood lymphocytes. Infect Immun 1998; 66(1):391–393.
  • Gonzalez D, Tzianabos AO, Genco CA, Gibson FC. Immunization with Porphyromonas gingivalis capsular polysaccharide prevents gingivalis-elicited oral bone loss in a murine model. Infect Immun 2003; 71:2283–2287.
  • Yamazaki K, Ohsawa Y, Tabeta K, Ito H, Ueki K, Oda T, Yoshie H, Seymour GJ. Accumulation of human heat shock protein 60-reactive T cells in the gingival tissues of periodontitis patients. Infect Immun 2002;70(5):2492-2501.
  • Lee JY, Yi NN, Kim US, Choi JS, Kim SJ, Choi JI. Porphyromonas gingivalis heat shock protein vaccine reduces the alveolar bone loss induced by multiple periodontopathogenic bacteria. J Periodontol Res 2006;41(1):4-10.
  • Honma K, Kato T, Okuda K. Salivary immunoglobulin A production against a synthetic oligopeptide antigen of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans fimbriae. Oral Microbiol Immunol 1999;14(5):288-292. Takamatsu-Matsushita N, Yamaguchi N, Kawasaki M, Yamashita Y, Takehara T, Koga T. Immunogenicity of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans serotype bspecific polysaccharide-protein conjugate. Oral Microbiol Immunol 1996;11:220–225.
  • Herminajeng E, Asmara W, Yuswanto A, Barid I, Sosroseno W. Protective humoral immunity induced by surface-associated material from Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans in mice. Microbes Infect 2001;3:997–1003.
  • Lehner T, Ma JKC, Walker P, Childerstone A, Todryk S, Kendal H, et al. T-cell and B-cell epitope mapping and construction of peptide vaccines. In: Genco RJ, Hamada S, Lehner T, McGhee J, Mergenhagen S (eds). Molecular Pathogenesis of Periodontal Disease. Washington (DC): ASM Press, 1994;279-292.
  • Lee JY, Sojar HT, Bedi GS, Genco RJ. Synthetic peptides analogous to the fimbrillin sequence inhibit adherence of Porphyromonas gingivalis. Infect Immun 1992;60:1662-1670. Brant EE, Sojar HT, Sharma A, Bedi GS, Genco RJ, De Nardin E. Identification of linear antigenic sites on the Porphyromonas gingivalis 43kDa fimbrillin subunit. Oral Microbiol Immunol 1995;10(3):1461
  • Mouton C, Bouchard D, Deslauriers M, Lamonde L. Immunochemical identification and preliminary characterization of a nonfimbrial hemagglutinating adhesin of Bacteroides gingivalis. Infect Immun 1989;57:566–573.
  • Maeba S, Otake S, Namikoshi J, Shibata Y, Hayakawa M, Abiko Y, et al. Transcutaneous immunization with a 40-kDa outer membrane protein of Porphyromonas gingivalis induces specific antibodies which inhibit coaggregation by P. gingivalis. Vaccine 2005;23:2513– 25
  • Saito S, Hiratsuka K, Hayakawa M, Takiguchi H, Abiko Y. Inhibition of a Porphyromonas gingivalis colonizing factor between Actinomyces viscosus ATCC 19246 by monoclonal antibodies against recombinant 40-kDa outermembrane protein. Gen Pharmacol 1997;28:675–680.
  • Abiko Y, Ogura N, Matsuda U, Yanagi K, Takiguchi H. A human monoclonal antibody which inhibits the coaggregation activity of Porphyromonas gingivalis. Infect Immun 1997;65:3966–3969.
  • Takiguchi H, Katoh M, Saito S, Abiko Y. Bactericidal activity of a monoclonal antibody against recombinant 40-kDa outer membrane protein of Porphyromonas gingivalis. J Periodontol 2000;71:368-375.
  • Chu L, Bramanti TE, Ebersole JL, Holt SC. Hemolytic activity in the periodontopathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis: kinetics of enzyme release and localization. Infect Immun1991;59:1932–1940.
  • Hosogi Y, Hayakawa M, Abiko Y. Monoclonal antibody against Porphyromonas gingivalis hemagglutinin inhibits hemolytic activity. Eur J Oral Sci 2001; 109:109–113.
  • Kaizuka K, Hosogi Y, Hayakawa M, Shibata Y, Abiko Y. Human monoclonal antibody inhibits Porphyromonas gingivalis hemagglutinin activity. J Periodontol 2003;74:38–43.
  • Shibata Y, Hosogi Y, Hayakawa M, Hori N, Kamada M, Abiko Y. Construction of novel human monoclonal antibodies neutralizing Porphyromonas gingivalis hemagglutination activity using transgenic mice expressing human Ig loci. Vaccine 2005;23:3850–3856.
  • Ma JK, Hikmat BY, Wycoff K, Vine ND, Charqeleque D, Yu L, et al. Characterization of a recombinant plant monoclonal secretory antibody and preventive immunotherapy in humans. Nat Med 1998;4(5):60160
  • Barry MA, Johnston SA. Biological features of genetic immunization. Vaccine 1997;15:788-791.
  • Kawabata S, Terao Y, Fujiwara T, Nakagawa I, Hamada S. Targeted salivary gland immunization with plasmid DNA elicits specific salivary immunoglobulin A and G antibodies and serum immunoglobulin G antibodies in mice. Infect Immun 1999;67(11):5863-5868. Sharma A, Honma K, Evans RT, Hruby DE, Genco RJ. Oral immunization with recombinant Streptococcus gordonii expressing Porphyromonas gingivalis FimA domains. Infect Immun 2001;69(5):2928-2934. Ross BC, Czajkowski L, Hocking D, Margetts M, Webb E, Rothel L, et al. Identification of vaccine candidate antigens from a genomic analysis of Porphyromonas gingivalis. Vaccine 2001;19:4135–4142. Suyama T, Hayakawa M, Abiko Y. Subcloning of the 200-kDa Porphyromonas gingivalis antigen gene and inhibition of hemagglutination by an antibody against the recombinant protein. J Oral Sci 2004;46(3):163-169.
  • Seymour GJ, Taylor JJ. Shouts and whispers: an introduction to immunoregulation in periodontal disease. Periodontol 2000 2004;35: 9–
  • Sasaki H, Okamatsu Y, Kawai T, Kent R, Taubman M, Stashenko P. The interleukin-10 knockout mouse is highly susceptible to Porphyromonas gingivalis-induced alveolar bone loss. J Periodontal Res 2004;39:432–441.
  • Cullinan MP, Westerman B, Hamlet SM, Palmer JE, Faddy MJ, Seymour GJ, et al. Progression of periodontal disease and interleukin-10 gene polymorphism. J Periodontal Res Gemmell E, Seymour GJ. Immunoregulatory control of Th1/Th2 cytokine profiles in periodontal disease. Periodontol 2000 2004;35:21–41. 5
  • Belkaid Y. Regulatory T cells and infection: a dangerous necessity. Nat Rev Immunol 2007;7:875–888.
  • Gemmell E, Bird PS, Ford PJ, Ashman RB, Gosling P, Hu Y, et al. Modulation of the antibody response by Porphyromonas gingivalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum in a mouse model. Oral Microbiol Immunol 2004;19:247–251. 5
  • Choi JI, Borrello MA, Smith ES, Zauderer M. Polarization of Porphyromonas gingivalis-specific helper T-cell subsets by prior immunization with Fusobacterium nucleatum. Oral Microbiol Immuno 2000;15:181–187.
  • Gmur R, Thurnheer T, Guggenheim B. Dominant cross-reactive antibodies generated during the response to a variety of oral bacterial species detect phosphorylcholine. J Dent Res 1999;78:77–85. 5
  • Laine ML, Appelmelk BJ, van Winkelhoff AJ. Prevalence and distribution of six capsular serotypes of Porphyromonas gingivalis in periodontitis patients. J Dent Res 1997;76:1840–1844. 5
  • Hinode D, Nakamura R, Grenier D, Mayrand D. Cross-reactivity of specific antibodies directed to heat shock proteins from periodontopathogenic bacteria and of human origin. Oral Microbiol Immunol 1998;13:55–58. 5 Chapple ILC. Role of free radicals and antioxidants in the pathogenesis of inflammatory periodontal diseases. J Clin Pathol Clin Mol Pathol 1996;49:247-255. 5 Johnson NA, McKenzie RM, Fletcher HM. The bcp gene in the bcp-recA-vimA-vimE-vimF operon is important in oxidative stress resistance in Porphyromonas gingivalis W83. Mol Oral Microbiol 2011;26(1):62-77.
  • Lancey DL, Timms E, Tan HL, Kelly MJ, Dunstan CR, Burgess T, et al. Osteoprotegerin ligand is a cytokine that regulates osteoclast differentiation. Cell 1998;93:16517 6 Teng YT, Nquyen H, Gaox. Functional human T cell immunity and osteoprotegerin-ligand control alveolar bone destruction in periodontal infection. J Clin Invest 2000;106 (6):59-67.
There are 48 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Review
Authors

Resmi Nair

Binu Sugunan

Publication Date April 24, 2015
Submission Date March 13, 2012
Published in Issue Year 2015Volume: 18 Issue: 2

Cite

EndNote Nair R, Sugunan B (April 1, 2015) Vaccines for periodontal disease: a new hope?. Cumhuriyet Dental Journal 18 2 198–213.

Cumhuriyet Dental Journal (Cumhuriyet Dent J, CDJ) is the official publication of Cumhuriyet University Faculty of Dentistry. CDJ is an international journal dedicated to the latest advancement of dentistry. The aim of this journal is to provide a platform for scientists and academicians all over the world to promote, share, and discuss various new issues and developments in different areas of dentistry. First issue of the Journal of Cumhuriyet University Faculty of Dentistry was published in 1998. In 2010, journal's name was changed as Cumhuriyet Dental Journal. Journal’s publication language is English.


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