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RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN OBESITY AND ORAL HEALTH

Year 2019, Volume: 1 Issue: 2, 1 - 11, 30.06.2019

Abstract

Nowadays
obesity is in the threating disease classification and has been reached the
contagious levels. Contemplate relation of obesity with diabetes mellitus,
coronary heart disease and hypertension emphasizes the importance of treatment.
Obesity treatment is not only for improving the systemical situation also
necessary for preventing oral diseases. Because obesity is related to
caries, periodontitis, and dry mouth. Clinicians who will treat obese
individuals have an important role. Due to the body coarseness, enlarged
tongue, contracted mouth opening and current systemical diseases make cases
more complex. As a result, providing general systemical health and mouth care,
dentists who treat obese individuals need to join multidisciplinary groups. Encouraging
these individuals about healthy nutrition and physical activities could gain a
favor for protection from oral diseases and obesity.

References

  • Slotwińska SM, Slotwiński R. Host response, obesity, and oral health. Cent Eur J Immunol. 2015;40(2):201–5.
  • Mathus-Vliegen EMH, Nikkei D, Brand HS. Oral aspects of obesity. Int Dent J. 2007;57(4):249–56.
  • Ritchie CS. Obesity and periodontal disease. Periodontol 2000. 2007;44(1):154–63.
  • Kopelman P. Obesity as a Medical Problem. Nature. 2000;404:635–43.
  • Monteforte MJ, Turkelson CM. Bariatric surgery for morbid obesity. Obes Surg. 2000;10(5):391–401.
  • Saito T, Shimazaki Y, Kiyohara Y, Kato I, Kubo M, Iida M, et al. Relationship between obesity, glucose tolerance, and periodontal disease in Japanese women: The Hisayama study. J Periodontal Res. 2005;40(4):346–53.
  • De Moura-Grec PG, Yamashita JM, Marsicano JA, Ceneviva R, De Souza Leite CV, De Brito GB, et al. Impact of bariatric surgery on oral health conditions: 6-months cohort study. Int Dent J. 2014;64(3):144–9.
  • Reeves AF, Rees JM, Schiff M, Hujoel P. Total Body Weight and Waist Circumference Associated With Chronic Periodontitis Among Adolescents in the United States. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2006;160(9):894–9.
  • Al-Zahrani MS, Bissada NF, Borawski EA. Obesity and Periodontal Disease in Young, Middle-Aged, and Older Adults. J Periodontol. 2003;74(5):610–5.
  • Ogden CL, Carroll MD, Kit BK, Flegal KM. Prevalence of obesity among adults: United States, 2011-2012. NCHS Data Brief. 2013;131(131):1–8.
  • Ogden CL, Carroll MD, Kit BK, Flegal KM. Prevalence of childhood and adult obesity in the United States, 2011-2012. JAMA - J Am Med Assoc. 2014;311(8):806–14.
  • Saito T, Shimazaki Y, Sakamoto M. Obesity and periodontitis. N Engl J Med. 1998;339:482–3.
  • Esposito K, Giugliano G, Scuderi N, Giugliano D. Role of adipokines in the obesity-inflammation relationship: The effect of fat removal. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2006;118(4):1048–57.
  • Zeyda M, Stulnig TM. Adipose tissue macrophages. Immunol Lett. 2007;112(2):61–7.
  • Bruun JM, Verdich C, Toubro S, Astrup A, Richelsen B. Association between measures of insulin sensitivity and circulating levels of interleukin-8, interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Effect of weight loss in obese men. Eur J Endocrinol. 2003;148(5):535–42.
  • Bruun JM, Stallknecht B, Helge JW, Richelsen B. Interleukin-18 in plasma and adipose tissue: Effects of obesity, insulin resistance, and weight loss. Eur J Endocrinol. 2007;157(4):465–71.
  • Saito T, Shimazaki Y, Koga T, Tsuzuki M, Ohshima A. Relationship between upper body obesity and periodontitis. J Dent Res. 2001;80(7):1631–6.
  • Saito T, Shimazaki Y. Metabolic disorders related to obesity and periodontal disease. Periodontol 2000. 2007;43(1):254–66.
  • Khader Y, Khassawneh B, Obeidat B, Hammad M, El-Salem K, Bawadi H, et al. Periodontal Status of Patients With Metabolic Syndrome Compared to Those Without Metabolic Syndrome. J Periodontol. 2008;79(11):2048–53.
  • Bastard J-PP, Maachi M, Lagathu C, Kim MJ, Caron M, Vidal H, et al. Recent advances in the relationship between obesity, inflammation, and insulin resistance. Eur Cytokine Netw. 2006;17(1):4–12.
  • Grundy SM. Does the metabolic syndrome exist? Diabetes Care. 2006;29(7):1689–92.
  • Eckel RH, Alberti KGMM, Grundy SM, Zimmet PZ. The metabolic syndrome. Lancet. 2010;375(9710):181–3.
  • Kwon YE, Ha JE, Paik D Il, Jin BH, Bae KH. The relationship between periodontitis and metabolic syndrome among a Korean nationally representative sample of adults. J Clin Periodontol. 2011;38(9):781–6.
  • Pischon N, Heng N, Bernimoulin JP, Kleber BM, Willich SN, Pischon T. Obesity, inflammation, and periodontal disease. J Dent Res. 2007;86(5):400–9.
  • Riley M. Incorrect nutrition as a risk factor for periodontal disease. Alpha Omegan. 2007;100(2):85–8.
  • Willerhausen B, Blettner M, Kasaj A, Hohenfellner K. Association between body mass index and dental health in 1,290 children of elementary schools in a German city. Clin Oral Investig. 2007;11(3):195–200.
  • Modéer T, Blomberg CC, Wondimu B, Julihn A, Marcus C. Association between obesity, flow rate of whole saliva, and dental caries in adolescents. Obesity. Nature Publishing Group; 2010;18(12):2367–73.
  • Timonen P, Niskanen M, Suominen-Taipale L, Jula A, Knuuttila M, Ylöstalo P. Metabolic syndrome, periodontal infection, and dental caries. J Dent Res. 2010;89(10):1068–73.
  • Levine R. Obesity and oral disease - A challenge for dentistry. Br Dent J. Nature Publishing Group; 2012;213(9):453–6.
  • Larsson B, Johansson I, Hallmans G, Ericson T. Relationship between dental caries and risk factors for atherosclerosis in Swedish adolescents’. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 1995;23(4):205–10.
  • Wood N, Johnson RB, Streckfus CF. Comparison of body composition and periodontal disease using nutritional assessment techniques: Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III). J Clin Periodontol Blackwell Munksgaard. 2003;30:321–7.
  • Forslund HB, Lindroos AK, Blomkvist K, Hakeberg M, Berggren U, Jontell M, et al. Number of teeth, body mass index, and dental anxiety in middle-aged Swedish women. Acta Odontol Scand. 2002;60(6):346–52.
  • Johansson I, Tidehag P, Lundberg V, Hallmans G. Dental status, diet and cardiovascular risk factors in middle-aged people in northern Sweden. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 1994;22(6):431–6.
  • Petti S, Cairella G, Tarsitani G. Childhood obesity: a risk factor for traumatic injuries to anterior teeth. Endod Dent Traumatol. 1997;13(6):285–8.
  • Soriano E, Caldas Jr A, Go´es P. Risk factors related to traumatic dental injuries in Brazilian schoolchildren. Dent Traumatol. 2004;20:246–50.
  • Nicolau B, Marcenes W, Sheiham a. Prevalence, causes and correlates of traumatic dental injuries among 13-year-olds in Brazil. Dent Traumatol. 2001;17:213–7.
  • Perheentupa U, Laukkanen P, Veijola J, Joukamaa M, Järvelin M-R, Laitinen J, et al. Increased lifetimeprevalence of dental trauma is associated with previous non dental injuries, mental distress, and high alcohol consuption. Dent Traumatol. 2001;17(21):10–6.
  • Boyd LD, Dwyer JT, Papas A. Nutritional implications of xerostomia and rampant caries caused by serotonin reuptake inhibitors: A case study. Nutr Rev. 1997;55(10):362–8.
  • Bray GA, Blackburn GL, Ferguson JM, Greenway FL, Jain AK, Mendel CM, et al. Sibutramine produces dose-related weight loss. Obes Res. 1999;7(2):189–98.
  • Finer N, Bloom SR, Frost GS, Banks LM, Griffiths J. Sibutramine is effective for weight loss and diabetic control in obesity with type 2 diabetes: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2000;2(2):105–12.
  • Fanghänel G, Cortinas L, Sánchez-Reyes L, Berber A. A clinical trial of the use of Sibutramine for the treatment of patients suffering essential obesity. Int J Obes. 2000;24(2):144–50.
  • Apfelbaum M, Vague P, Ziegler O, Hanotin C, Thomas F, Leutenegger E. Long-term maintenance of weight loss after a very-low-calorie diet: A randomized blinded trial of the efficacy and tolerability of sibutramine. Am J Med. 1999;106(2):179–84.
  • Moore LL, Singer MR, Bradlee ML, Rothman KJ, Milunsky A. A prospective study of the risk of congenital defects associated with maternal obesity and diabetes mellitus. Epidemiology. 2000;11(6):689–94.
  • Cedergren M, Kallen B. Maternal obesity and the risk for orofacial clefts in the offspring. Cleft Palate Craniofac J. 2005;42(4):367–71.
  • Wing YK, Hui SH, Pak WM, Ho CK, Cheung A, Li AM, et al. A controlled study of sleep related disordered breathing in obese children. Arch Dis Child. 2003;88(12):1043–7.
  • Coughlin SR, Mawdsley L, Mugarza JA, Calverley PMA, Wilding JPH. Obstructive sleep apnoea is independently associated with an increased prevalence of metabolic syndrome. Eur Heart J. 2004;25(9):735–41.
  • Resta O, Caratozzolo G, Pannacciulli N, Stefano A, Giliberti T, Carpagnano GE, et al. Gender, age and menopause effects on the prevalence and the characteristics of obstructive sleep apnea in obesity. Eur J Clin Invest. 2003;33(12):1084–9.
  • Nakano H, Ikeda T, Hayashi M, Ohshima E, Itoh M, Nishikata N, et al. Effect of body mass index on overnight oximetry for the diagnosis of sleep apnea. Respir Med. 2004;98(5):421–7.
  • Klemetti E, Kröger H, Lassila V. Relationship between body mass index and the remaining alveolar ridge. J Oral Rehabil. 1997;24(11):808–12.
  • Chacon GE, Viehweg TL, Ganzberg SI. Management of the Obese Patient Undergoing Office-Based Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Procedures. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2004;62(1):88–93.
  • Marciani RD, Raezer BF, Marciani HL. Obesity and the practice of oral and maxillofacial surgery. Oral Surgery, Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endodontology. 2004;98(1):10–5.
  • National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute NOEIEP. Clinical guidelines on the identification, evaluation, and treatment of overweight and obesity in adults. The evidence report. Bethesda (MD): National Institutes of Health, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI).; 1998. p. 228.
  • Touger-Decker R, Mobley C. Position of the American Dietetic Association: Oral health and nutrition. J Am Diet Assoc. 2003;103(5):615–25.
  • Glick M. A concern that cannot weight. J Am Dent Assoc. American Dental Association; 2005;136(5):572–4.

OBEZİTENİN AĞIZ SAĞLIĞI İLE İLİŞKİSİ

Year 2019, Volume: 1 Issue: 2, 1 - 11, 30.06.2019

Abstract

Obezite günümüzde, sistemik sağlığı tehdit eden hastalıklar
arasına girmiş olup, birçok ülkede salgın oranlarına erişmiştir. Diabetes
mellitus, koroner kalp hastalığı ve hipertansiyon gibi çeşitli sistemik
hastalıklarla ilişkili olarak seyredebilmesi tedavi edilmesinin ne kadar önemli
olduğunu vurgulamaktadır. Obezite tedavisi yalnızca sistemik durumu
iyileştirmek için değil, aynı zamanda ağız hastalıklarının önlenebilmesi için
de gereklidir. Çünkü obezite, çürük, periodontitis ve ağız kuruluğu gibi
çeşitli ağız hastalıklarıyla da ilgilidir. Obez bireylerin diş tedavisini
üstlenecek klinisyenlere de büyük iş düşmektedir. Vücut yapısının iriliği,
dilin genişlemiş olması ve ağız açıklığının daralması gibi tedaviyi zora sokan
durumların yanında, varolan diğer sistemik hastalıklar sebebiyle de vaka daha
kompleks bir hale gelebilmektedir. Sonuç olarak, genel sistemik sağlığın ve
ağız bakımının kapsamlı olarak sağlanabilmesi için diş hekimlerinin de obez
bireyleri tedavi eden multidisipliner gruba katılması gerekmektedir. Obez
bireylere sağlıklı beslenme davranışının ve uygun fiziksel aktivitenin teşvik
edilmesinin, ağız hastalıklarının ve obezitenin önlenebilmesinde veya
azaltılabilmesinde fayda sağlayabileceği düşünülmektedir. 

References

  • Slotwińska SM, Slotwiński R. Host response, obesity, and oral health. Cent Eur J Immunol. 2015;40(2):201–5.
  • Mathus-Vliegen EMH, Nikkei D, Brand HS. Oral aspects of obesity. Int Dent J. 2007;57(4):249–56.
  • Ritchie CS. Obesity and periodontal disease. Periodontol 2000. 2007;44(1):154–63.
  • Kopelman P. Obesity as a Medical Problem. Nature. 2000;404:635–43.
  • Monteforte MJ, Turkelson CM. Bariatric surgery for morbid obesity. Obes Surg. 2000;10(5):391–401.
  • Saito T, Shimazaki Y, Kiyohara Y, Kato I, Kubo M, Iida M, et al. Relationship between obesity, glucose tolerance, and periodontal disease in Japanese women: The Hisayama study. J Periodontal Res. 2005;40(4):346–53.
  • De Moura-Grec PG, Yamashita JM, Marsicano JA, Ceneviva R, De Souza Leite CV, De Brito GB, et al. Impact of bariatric surgery on oral health conditions: 6-months cohort study. Int Dent J. 2014;64(3):144–9.
  • Reeves AF, Rees JM, Schiff M, Hujoel P. Total Body Weight and Waist Circumference Associated With Chronic Periodontitis Among Adolescents in the United States. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2006;160(9):894–9.
  • Al-Zahrani MS, Bissada NF, Borawski EA. Obesity and Periodontal Disease in Young, Middle-Aged, and Older Adults. J Periodontol. 2003;74(5):610–5.
  • Ogden CL, Carroll MD, Kit BK, Flegal KM. Prevalence of obesity among adults: United States, 2011-2012. NCHS Data Brief. 2013;131(131):1–8.
  • Ogden CL, Carroll MD, Kit BK, Flegal KM. Prevalence of childhood and adult obesity in the United States, 2011-2012. JAMA - J Am Med Assoc. 2014;311(8):806–14.
  • Saito T, Shimazaki Y, Sakamoto M. Obesity and periodontitis. N Engl J Med. 1998;339:482–3.
  • Esposito K, Giugliano G, Scuderi N, Giugliano D. Role of adipokines in the obesity-inflammation relationship: The effect of fat removal. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2006;118(4):1048–57.
  • Zeyda M, Stulnig TM. Adipose tissue macrophages. Immunol Lett. 2007;112(2):61–7.
  • Bruun JM, Verdich C, Toubro S, Astrup A, Richelsen B. Association between measures of insulin sensitivity and circulating levels of interleukin-8, interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Effect of weight loss in obese men. Eur J Endocrinol. 2003;148(5):535–42.
  • Bruun JM, Stallknecht B, Helge JW, Richelsen B. Interleukin-18 in plasma and adipose tissue: Effects of obesity, insulin resistance, and weight loss. Eur J Endocrinol. 2007;157(4):465–71.
  • Saito T, Shimazaki Y, Koga T, Tsuzuki M, Ohshima A. Relationship between upper body obesity and periodontitis. J Dent Res. 2001;80(7):1631–6.
  • Saito T, Shimazaki Y. Metabolic disorders related to obesity and periodontal disease. Periodontol 2000. 2007;43(1):254–66.
  • Khader Y, Khassawneh B, Obeidat B, Hammad M, El-Salem K, Bawadi H, et al. Periodontal Status of Patients With Metabolic Syndrome Compared to Those Without Metabolic Syndrome. J Periodontol. 2008;79(11):2048–53.
  • Bastard J-PP, Maachi M, Lagathu C, Kim MJ, Caron M, Vidal H, et al. Recent advances in the relationship between obesity, inflammation, and insulin resistance. Eur Cytokine Netw. 2006;17(1):4–12.
  • Grundy SM. Does the metabolic syndrome exist? Diabetes Care. 2006;29(7):1689–92.
  • Eckel RH, Alberti KGMM, Grundy SM, Zimmet PZ. The metabolic syndrome. Lancet. 2010;375(9710):181–3.
  • Kwon YE, Ha JE, Paik D Il, Jin BH, Bae KH. The relationship between periodontitis and metabolic syndrome among a Korean nationally representative sample of adults. J Clin Periodontol. 2011;38(9):781–6.
  • Pischon N, Heng N, Bernimoulin JP, Kleber BM, Willich SN, Pischon T. Obesity, inflammation, and periodontal disease. J Dent Res. 2007;86(5):400–9.
  • Riley M. Incorrect nutrition as a risk factor for periodontal disease. Alpha Omegan. 2007;100(2):85–8.
  • Willerhausen B, Blettner M, Kasaj A, Hohenfellner K. Association between body mass index and dental health in 1,290 children of elementary schools in a German city. Clin Oral Investig. 2007;11(3):195–200.
  • Modéer T, Blomberg CC, Wondimu B, Julihn A, Marcus C. Association between obesity, flow rate of whole saliva, and dental caries in adolescents. Obesity. Nature Publishing Group; 2010;18(12):2367–73.
  • Timonen P, Niskanen M, Suominen-Taipale L, Jula A, Knuuttila M, Ylöstalo P. Metabolic syndrome, periodontal infection, and dental caries. J Dent Res. 2010;89(10):1068–73.
  • Levine R. Obesity and oral disease - A challenge for dentistry. Br Dent J. Nature Publishing Group; 2012;213(9):453–6.
  • Larsson B, Johansson I, Hallmans G, Ericson T. Relationship between dental caries and risk factors for atherosclerosis in Swedish adolescents’. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 1995;23(4):205–10.
  • Wood N, Johnson RB, Streckfus CF. Comparison of body composition and periodontal disease using nutritional assessment techniques: Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III). J Clin Periodontol Blackwell Munksgaard. 2003;30:321–7.
  • Forslund HB, Lindroos AK, Blomkvist K, Hakeberg M, Berggren U, Jontell M, et al. Number of teeth, body mass index, and dental anxiety in middle-aged Swedish women. Acta Odontol Scand. 2002;60(6):346–52.
  • Johansson I, Tidehag P, Lundberg V, Hallmans G. Dental status, diet and cardiovascular risk factors in middle-aged people in northern Sweden. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 1994;22(6):431–6.
  • Petti S, Cairella G, Tarsitani G. Childhood obesity: a risk factor for traumatic injuries to anterior teeth. Endod Dent Traumatol. 1997;13(6):285–8.
  • Soriano E, Caldas Jr A, Go´es P. Risk factors related to traumatic dental injuries in Brazilian schoolchildren. Dent Traumatol. 2004;20:246–50.
  • Nicolau B, Marcenes W, Sheiham a. Prevalence, causes and correlates of traumatic dental injuries among 13-year-olds in Brazil. Dent Traumatol. 2001;17:213–7.
  • Perheentupa U, Laukkanen P, Veijola J, Joukamaa M, Järvelin M-R, Laitinen J, et al. Increased lifetimeprevalence of dental trauma is associated with previous non dental injuries, mental distress, and high alcohol consuption. Dent Traumatol. 2001;17(21):10–6.
  • Boyd LD, Dwyer JT, Papas A. Nutritional implications of xerostomia and rampant caries caused by serotonin reuptake inhibitors: A case study. Nutr Rev. 1997;55(10):362–8.
  • Bray GA, Blackburn GL, Ferguson JM, Greenway FL, Jain AK, Mendel CM, et al. Sibutramine produces dose-related weight loss. Obes Res. 1999;7(2):189–98.
  • Finer N, Bloom SR, Frost GS, Banks LM, Griffiths J. Sibutramine is effective for weight loss and diabetic control in obesity with type 2 diabetes: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2000;2(2):105–12.
  • Fanghänel G, Cortinas L, Sánchez-Reyes L, Berber A. A clinical trial of the use of Sibutramine for the treatment of patients suffering essential obesity. Int J Obes. 2000;24(2):144–50.
  • Apfelbaum M, Vague P, Ziegler O, Hanotin C, Thomas F, Leutenegger E. Long-term maintenance of weight loss after a very-low-calorie diet: A randomized blinded trial of the efficacy and tolerability of sibutramine. Am J Med. 1999;106(2):179–84.
  • Moore LL, Singer MR, Bradlee ML, Rothman KJ, Milunsky A. A prospective study of the risk of congenital defects associated with maternal obesity and diabetes mellitus. Epidemiology. 2000;11(6):689–94.
  • Cedergren M, Kallen B. Maternal obesity and the risk for orofacial clefts in the offspring. Cleft Palate Craniofac J. 2005;42(4):367–71.
  • Wing YK, Hui SH, Pak WM, Ho CK, Cheung A, Li AM, et al. A controlled study of sleep related disordered breathing in obese children. Arch Dis Child. 2003;88(12):1043–7.
  • Coughlin SR, Mawdsley L, Mugarza JA, Calverley PMA, Wilding JPH. Obstructive sleep apnoea is independently associated with an increased prevalence of metabolic syndrome. Eur Heart J. 2004;25(9):735–41.
  • Resta O, Caratozzolo G, Pannacciulli N, Stefano A, Giliberti T, Carpagnano GE, et al. Gender, age and menopause effects on the prevalence and the characteristics of obstructive sleep apnea in obesity. Eur J Clin Invest. 2003;33(12):1084–9.
  • Nakano H, Ikeda T, Hayashi M, Ohshima E, Itoh M, Nishikata N, et al. Effect of body mass index on overnight oximetry for the diagnosis of sleep apnea. Respir Med. 2004;98(5):421–7.
  • Klemetti E, Kröger H, Lassila V. Relationship between body mass index and the remaining alveolar ridge. J Oral Rehabil. 1997;24(11):808–12.
  • Chacon GE, Viehweg TL, Ganzberg SI. Management of the Obese Patient Undergoing Office-Based Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Procedures. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2004;62(1):88–93.
  • Marciani RD, Raezer BF, Marciani HL. Obesity and the practice of oral and maxillofacial surgery. Oral Surgery, Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endodontology. 2004;98(1):10–5.
  • National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute NOEIEP. Clinical guidelines on the identification, evaluation, and treatment of overweight and obesity in adults. The evidence report. Bethesda (MD): National Institutes of Health, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI).; 1998. p. 228.
  • Touger-Decker R, Mobley C. Position of the American Dietetic Association: Oral health and nutrition. J Am Diet Assoc. 2003;103(5):615–25.
  • Glick M. A concern that cannot weight. J Am Dent Assoc. American Dental Association; 2005;136(5):572–4.
There are 54 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Dentistry
Journal Section Periodontology
Authors

Nazlı Zeynep Alpaslan Yaylı 0000-0002-6311-385X

Serap Keskin Tunç 0000-0001-5439-6598

Ahmet Cemil Talmaç 0000-0002-7401-0936

Mohammed Altatari This is me 0000-0002-2218-1426

Publication Date June 30, 2019
Submission Date September 13, 2018
Published in Issue Year 2019 Volume: 1 Issue: 2

Cite

Vancouver Alpaslan Yaylı NZ, Keskin Tunç S, Talmaç AC, Altatari M. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN OBESITY AND ORAL HEALTH. Dent & Med J - R. 2019;1(2):1-11.




"The truest guide for everything in the world, for civilization, for life, for success, is science. Seeking a guide outside of science and science is heedlessness, ignorance, and deviating from the right path. It is only necessary to understand the development of science and science in every minute we live and to follow the progress in time. To attempt to apply the rules of science and science a thousand, two thousand, and thousands of years ago, today, after so many thousand years, is, of course, not to be in science and science."
M. Kemal ATATÜRK