Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

The Effect of Layer Thickness and Light Intensity on the Degree of Conversion, Microhardness and Cytotoxicity of Bulk Fill Composite Resins

Year 2023, Volume: 13 Issue: 4, 795 - 801, 29.12.2023

Sevde Gül Batmaz Ayşe Dündar Çağatay Barutçugil

https://doi.org/10.33808/clinexphealthsci.1187557

Abstract

Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of polymerizing bulk fill composite resins at different thicknesses and different light intensities on the degree of conversion, microhardness and cytotoxicity of the composites.
Methods: Two different bulk fill composite resins were used in this in vitro study: Sonic Fill 2, Filtek Bulk Fill. Samples prepared from both composites with a thickness of 2, 4 and 6 mm were polymerized in 2 different power modes. The degree of conversion, microhardness and cytotoxicity of these samples were measured.
Results: As the layer thickness of the bulk fill composite resins increased, the degree of conversion of the lower surfaces of the composites decreased significantly (p <.05). When the lower and upper surface microhardness ratios of bulk fill composite resins were examined, 2 mm thick samples of both composites polymerized by both polymerization methods and 4 mm thick samples polymerized in standard power mode exceeded the acceptable threshold value of 0.80. According to the results of the WST-1 experiment; cell viability decreased as the layer thickness of bulk fill composites increased.
Conclusions: The upper surface degree of conversion and microhardness values of the bulk fill composite resins examined were higher than the lower surface values. According to the results of the WST-1 experiment; as the layer thickness of the bulk fill composites increased, the cell viability decreased, the cytotoxic properties increased.

Keywords

Cytotoxicity Filtek Bulk Fill hardness polymerization Sonic Fill

Supporting Institution

Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit of Akdeniz University

Project Number

TDH-2019-4912

Thanks

The authors thank Kocaeli University, Stem Cell and Gene Therapies Research and Application Center (KOGEM) for the support of this study

References

  • Ishikiriama SK, Valeretto TM, Franco EB, Mondelli RFL. The influence of" C-factor" and light activation technique on polymerization contraction forces of resin composite. J. Appl. Oral Sci. 2012;20:603-606. DOI:10.1590/s1678-77572012000600003.
  • Chesterman J, Jowett A, Gallacher A, Nixon P. Bulk-fill resin-based composite restorative materials: A review. Br. Dent. J. 2017;222(5):337-344. DOI:10.1038/sj.bdj.2017.214.
  • Nascimento AS, Lima DB, Fook MVL, Albuquerque MSd, Lima EAd, Sabino MA, Borges. SMP, Filgueira PTD, Sousa YC, Braz R.Physicomechanical characterization and biological evaluation of bulk-fill composite resin. Braz. Oral Res. 2018;32:1-14. DOI: 10.1590/1807-3107bor-2018.vol32.0107.
  • Yokesh CA, Hemalatha P, Muthalagu M, Justin MR. Comparative evaluation of the depth of cure and degree of conversion of two bulk fill flowable composites. J Clin Diagn Res. 2017;11(8):ZC86. DOI: 10.7860/JCDR/2017/28004.10444.
  • Jain L, Mehta D, Meena N, Gupta R. Influence of light energy density, composite type, composite thickness, and postcuring phase on degree of conversion of bulk-fill composites. Contemp. Clin. Dent. 2018;9(Suppl 1):S147. DOI: 10.4103/ccd.ccd_169_18
  • Garcia D, Yaman P, Dennison J, Neiva G. Polymerization shrinkage and depth of cure of bulk fill flowable composite resins. Oper.Dent. 2014;39(4):441-448. DOI: 10.2341/12-484-L
  • Cender EU, Guler C, Odabasi D. The effects of polymerization mode and layer thickness on monomer released from bulk fill composite resins. Niger. J. Clin. Pract. 2021;24(10):1442-1449. DOI: 10.4103/njcp.njcp_676_20
  • Nicholson JW. The chemistry of medical and dental materials.2nd ed. Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry; 2020.
  • Alshali RZ, Silikas N, Satterthwaite JD. Degree of conversion of bulk-fill compared to conventional resin-composites at two time intervals. Dent. Mater. 2013;29(9):e213-e217. DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2013.05.011.
  • Şişman R, Aksoy A, Yalçın M, Karaöz E. Cytotoxic effects of bulk fill composite resins on human dental pulp stem cells. J. Oral Sci. 2016;58(3):299-305. DOI: 10.2334/josnusd.15-0603.
  • Nagi SM, Moharam LM, Zaazou MH. Effect of resin thickness, and curing time on the micro-hardness of bulk-fill resin composites. J. Clin. Exp. Dent.2015;7(5):e600. DOI:10.4317/jced.52536
  • Atalayın Ç, Yaşa E, Karaçolak G, Tuğrul S, Türkün LŞ. Farklı modlarda kullanılan ışık kaynağı ile sertleştirilen bulk-fill kompozit rezinlerin pulpa odasında oluşturduğu sıcaklık değişimlerinin değerlendirilmesi: ex vivo. Acta Odontol. Turc. 2017;34(2):55-60. (Turkish). DOI:10.17214/gaziaot.277974
  • Biazuz J, Zardo P, Rodrigues-Junior SA. Water sorption, solubility and surface roughness of resin surface sealants. Braz. J. Oral Sci. 2015;14:27-30. DOI: 10.1590/1677-3225v14n1a06
  • Melo RA, Bispo AdSL, Barbosa GA, Galvão MR, de Assunção IV, Souza ROdA, Borges BCD. Morphochemical characterization, microhardness, water sorption, and solubility of regular viscosity bulk fill and traditional composite resins. Microsc Res Tech. 2019;82(9):1500-1506. DOI: 10.1002/jemt.23315.
  • Toh W, Yap A, Lim S. In vitro biocompatibility of contemporary bulk-fill composites. Oper. Dent. 2015;40(6):644-652. DOI: 10.2341/15-059-l
  • Lim S, Yap A, Loo C, Ng J, Goh C, Hong C, Toh WS. Comparison of cytotoxicity test models for evaluating resin-based composites. Hum Exp Toxicol.2017;36(4):339-348. DOI: 10.1177/0960327116650007.
  • Dundar A, Barutcugil C, Batmaz SG, Yildirim K, Gucluer O. Long-term monomer elution from bulk-fill composite resins. Ann. Med. Res. 2020; 27:2731-36. DOI: 10.5455/annalsmedres.2020.04.375
  • Barutcigil K, Dündar A, Batmaz SG, Yıldırım K, Barutçugil C. Do resin-based composite CAD/CAM blocks release monomers? Clin. Oral Investig. 2021;25:329-336. DOI: 10.1007/s00784-020-03377-3.
  • Cebe MA, Cebe F, Cengiz MF, Cetin AR, Arpag OF, Ozturk B. Elution of monomer from different bulk fill dental composite resins. Dent. Mater. 2015;31(7):e141-e149. DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2015.04.008.
  • Maktabi H, Balhaddad AA, Alkhubaizi Q, Strassler H, Melo MAS. Factors influencing success of radiant exposure in light-curing posterior dental composite in the clinical setting. Am J Dent. 2018;31(6):320-328.
  • Lempel E, Czibulya Z, Kunsági-Máté S, Szalma J, Sümegi B, Böddi K. Quantification of conversion degree and monomer elution from dental composite using HPLC and micro-Raman spectroscopy. Chromatographia. 2014;77:1137-44. DOI: 10.1007/s10337-014-2647-3
  • Roggendorf MJ, Krämer N, Appelt A, Naumann M, Frankenberger R. Marginal quality of flowable 4-mm base vs. conventionally layered resin composite. J. Dent. 2011;39(10):643-647. DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2011.07.004.
  • Ilie N, Hickel R. Investigations on mechanical behaviour of dental composites. Clin. Oral Investig. 2009;13:427-438. DOI: 10.1007/s00784-009-0258-4.
  • Salem HN, Hefnawy SM, Nagi SM. Degree of conversion and polymerization shrinkage of low shrinkage bulk-fill resin composites. Contemp. Clin. Dent. 2019;10(3):465. DOI: 10.4103/ccd.ccd_756_18.
  • Ferracane J, Hilton T, Stansbury J, Watts D, Silikas N, Ilie N, Heintze S, Cadenaro M, Hickel R. Academy of Dental Materials guidance—Resin composites: Part II—Technique sensitivity (handling, polymerization, dimensional changes). Dent. Mater. 2017;33(11):1171-1191. DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2017.08.188
  • Reis AF, Vestphal M, Amaral RCd, Rodrigues JA, Roulet J-F, Roscoe MG. Efficiency of polymerization of bulk-fill composite resins: a systematic review. Braz. Oral Res. 2017;31 (suppl 1):37-48. DOI: 10.1590/1807-3107bor-2017.vol31.0059
  • Gan J, Yap A, Cheong J, Arista N, Tan C. Bulk-fill composites: effectiveness of cure with poly-and monowave curing lights and modes. Oper. Dent. 2018;43(2):136-143.DOI: 10.2341/16-304-l
  • Shimokawa CAK, Sullivan B, Turbino ML, Soares CJ, Price RB. Influence of emission spectrum and irradiance on light curing of resin-based composites. Oper. Dent. 2017;42(5):537-547. DOI: 10.2341/16-349-l
  • Kim E-H, Jung K-H, Son S-A, Hur B, Kwon Y-H, Park J-K. Effect of resin thickness on the microhardness and optical properties of bulk-fill resin composites. Restor. Dent. Endod. 2015;40(2):128-35. DOI:10.5395/rde.2015.40.2.128
  • Flury S, Hayoz S, Peutzfeldt A, Hüsler J, Lussi A. Depth of cure of resin composites: is the ISO 4049 method suitable for bulk fill materials? Dent. Mater. 2012;28(5):521-8. DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2012.02.002
  • Garoushi S, Vallittu P, Shinya A, Lassila L. Influence of increment thickness on light transmission, degree of conversion and micro hardness of bulk fill composites. Odontology. 2016;104:291-7. DOI: 10.1007/s10266-015-0227-0

Year 2023, Volume: 13 Issue: 4, 795 - 801, 29.12.2023

Sevde Gül Batmaz Ayşe Dündar Çağatay Barutçugil

https://doi.org/10.33808/clinexphealthsci.1187557

Abstract

Project Number

TDH-2019-4912

References

  • Ishikiriama SK, Valeretto TM, Franco EB, Mondelli RFL. The influence of" C-factor" and light activation technique on polymerization contraction forces of resin composite. J. Appl. Oral Sci. 2012;20:603-606. DOI:10.1590/s1678-77572012000600003.
  • Chesterman J, Jowett A, Gallacher A, Nixon P. Bulk-fill resin-based composite restorative materials: A review. Br. Dent. J. 2017;222(5):337-344. DOI:10.1038/sj.bdj.2017.214.
  • Nascimento AS, Lima DB, Fook MVL, Albuquerque MSd, Lima EAd, Sabino MA, Borges. SMP, Filgueira PTD, Sousa YC, Braz R.Physicomechanical characterization and biological evaluation of bulk-fill composite resin. Braz. Oral Res. 2018;32:1-14. DOI: 10.1590/1807-3107bor-2018.vol32.0107.
  • Yokesh CA, Hemalatha P, Muthalagu M, Justin MR. Comparative evaluation of the depth of cure and degree of conversion of two bulk fill flowable composites. J Clin Diagn Res. 2017;11(8):ZC86. DOI: 10.7860/JCDR/2017/28004.10444.
  • Jain L, Mehta D, Meena N, Gupta R. Influence of light energy density, composite type, composite thickness, and postcuring phase on degree of conversion of bulk-fill composites. Contemp. Clin. Dent. 2018;9(Suppl 1):S147. DOI: 10.4103/ccd.ccd_169_18
  • Garcia D, Yaman P, Dennison J, Neiva G. Polymerization shrinkage and depth of cure of bulk fill flowable composite resins. Oper.Dent. 2014;39(4):441-448. DOI: 10.2341/12-484-L
  • Cender EU, Guler C, Odabasi D. The effects of polymerization mode and layer thickness on monomer released from bulk fill composite resins. Niger. J. Clin. Pract. 2021;24(10):1442-1449. DOI: 10.4103/njcp.njcp_676_20
  • Nicholson JW. The chemistry of medical and dental materials.2nd ed. Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry; 2020.
  • Alshali RZ, Silikas N, Satterthwaite JD. Degree of conversion of bulk-fill compared to conventional resin-composites at two time intervals. Dent. Mater. 2013;29(9):e213-e217. DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2013.05.011.
  • Şişman R, Aksoy A, Yalçın M, Karaöz E. Cytotoxic effects of bulk fill composite resins on human dental pulp stem cells. J. Oral Sci. 2016;58(3):299-305. DOI: 10.2334/josnusd.15-0603.
  • Nagi SM, Moharam LM, Zaazou MH. Effect of resin thickness, and curing time on the micro-hardness of bulk-fill resin composites. J. Clin. Exp. Dent.2015;7(5):e600. DOI:10.4317/jced.52536
  • Atalayın Ç, Yaşa E, Karaçolak G, Tuğrul S, Türkün LŞ. Farklı modlarda kullanılan ışık kaynağı ile sertleştirilen bulk-fill kompozit rezinlerin pulpa odasında oluşturduğu sıcaklık değişimlerinin değerlendirilmesi: ex vivo. Acta Odontol. Turc. 2017;34(2):55-60. (Turkish). DOI:10.17214/gaziaot.277974
  • Biazuz J, Zardo P, Rodrigues-Junior SA. Water sorption, solubility and surface roughness of resin surface sealants. Braz. J. Oral Sci. 2015;14:27-30. DOI: 10.1590/1677-3225v14n1a06
  • Melo RA, Bispo AdSL, Barbosa GA, Galvão MR, de Assunção IV, Souza ROdA, Borges BCD. Morphochemical characterization, microhardness, water sorption, and solubility of regular viscosity bulk fill and traditional composite resins. Microsc Res Tech. 2019;82(9):1500-1506. DOI: 10.1002/jemt.23315.
  • Toh W, Yap A, Lim S. In vitro biocompatibility of contemporary bulk-fill composites. Oper. Dent. 2015;40(6):644-652. DOI: 10.2341/15-059-l
  • Lim S, Yap A, Loo C, Ng J, Goh C, Hong C, Toh WS. Comparison of cytotoxicity test models for evaluating resin-based composites. Hum Exp Toxicol.2017;36(4):339-348. DOI: 10.1177/0960327116650007.
  • Dundar A, Barutcugil C, Batmaz SG, Yildirim K, Gucluer O. Long-term monomer elution from bulk-fill composite resins. Ann. Med. Res. 2020; 27:2731-36. DOI: 10.5455/annalsmedres.2020.04.375
  • Barutcigil K, Dündar A, Batmaz SG, Yıldırım K, Barutçugil C. Do resin-based composite CAD/CAM blocks release monomers? Clin. Oral Investig. 2021;25:329-336. DOI: 10.1007/s00784-020-03377-3.
  • Cebe MA, Cebe F, Cengiz MF, Cetin AR, Arpag OF, Ozturk B. Elution of monomer from different bulk fill dental composite resins. Dent. Mater. 2015;31(7):e141-e149. DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2015.04.008.
  • Maktabi H, Balhaddad AA, Alkhubaizi Q, Strassler H, Melo MAS. Factors influencing success of radiant exposure in light-curing posterior dental composite in the clinical setting. Am J Dent. 2018;31(6):320-328.
  • Lempel E, Czibulya Z, Kunsági-Máté S, Szalma J, Sümegi B, Böddi K. Quantification of conversion degree and monomer elution from dental composite using HPLC and micro-Raman spectroscopy. Chromatographia. 2014;77:1137-44. DOI: 10.1007/s10337-014-2647-3
  • Roggendorf MJ, Krämer N, Appelt A, Naumann M, Frankenberger R. Marginal quality of flowable 4-mm base vs. conventionally layered resin composite. J. Dent. 2011;39(10):643-647. DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2011.07.004.
  • Ilie N, Hickel R. Investigations on mechanical behaviour of dental composites. Clin. Oral Investig. 2009;13:427-438. DOI: 10.1007/s00784-009-0258-4.
  • Salem HN, Hefnawy SM, Nagi SM. Degree of conversion and polymerization shrinkage of low shrinkage bulk-fill resin composites. Contemp. Clin. Dent. 2019;10(3):465. DOI: 10.4103/ccd.ccd_756_18.
  • Ferracane J, Hilton T, Stansbury J, Watts D, Silikas N, Ilie N, Heintze S, Cadenaro M, Hickel R. Academy of Dental Materials guidance—Resin composites: Part II—Technique sensitivity (handling, polymerization, dimensional changes). Dent. Mater. 2017;33(11):1171-1191. DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2017.08.188
  • Reis AF, Vestphal M, Amaral RCd, Rodrigues JA, Roulet J-F, Roscoe MG. Efficiency of polymerization of bulk-fill composite resins: a systematic review. Braz. Oral Res. 2017;31 (suppl 1):37-48. DOI: 10.1590/1807-3107bor-2017.vol31.0059
  • Gan J, Yap A, Cheong J, Arista N, Tan C. Bulk-fill composites: effectiveness of cure with poly-and monowave curing lights and modes. Oper. Dent. 2018;43(2):136-143.DOI: 10.2341/16-304-l
  • Shimokawa CAK, Sullivan B, Turbino ML, Soares CJ, Price RB. Influence of emission spectrum and irradiance on light curing of resin-based composites. Oper. Dent. 2017;42(5):537-547. DOI: 10.2341/16-349-l
  • Kim E-H, Jung K-H, Son S-A, Hur B, Kwon Y-H, Park J-K. Effect of resin thickness on the microhardness and optical properties of bulk-fill resin composites. Restor. Dent. Endod. 2015;40(2):128-35. DOI:10.5395/rde.2015.40.2.128
  • Flury S, Hayoz S, Peutzfeldt A, Hüsler J, Lussi A. Depth of cure of resin composites: is the ISO 4049 method suitable for bulk fill materials? Dent. Mater. 2012;28(5):521-8. DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2012.02.002
  • Garoushi S, Vallittu P, Shinya A, Lassila L. Influence of increment thickness on light transmission, degree of conversion and micro hardness of bulk fill composites. Odontology. 2016;104:291-7. DOI: 10.1007/s10266-015-0227-0
There are 31 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Restorative Dentistry
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Sevde Gül Batmaz 0000-0003-0364-8593

Ayşe Dündar 0000-0001-6373-6267

Çağatay Barutçugil 0000-0002-5321-2299

Project Number TDH-2019-4912
Early Pub Date September 11, 2023
Publication Date December 29, 2023
Submission Date October 11, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 13 Issue: 4

Cite

APA Batmaz, S. G., Dündar, A., & Barutçugil, Ç. (2023). The Effect of Layer Thickness and Light Intensity on the Degree of Conversion, Microhardness and Cytotoxicity of Bulk Fill Composite Resins. Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences, 13(4), 795-801. https://doi.org/10.33808/clinexphealthsci.1187557
AMA Batmaz SG, Dündar A, Barutçugil Ç. The Effect of Layer Thickness and Light Intensity on the Degree of Conversion, Microhardness and Cytotoxicity of Bulk Fill Composite Resins. Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences. December 2023;13(4):795-801. doi:10.33808/clinexphealthsci.1187557
Chicago Batmaz, Sevde Gül, Ayşe Dündar, and Çağatay Barutçugil. “The Effect of Layer Thickness and Light Intensity on the Degree of Conversion, Microhardness and Cytotoxicity of Bulk Fill Composite Resins”. Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences 13, no. 4 (December 2023): 795-801. https://doi.org/10.33808/clinexphealthsci.1187557.
EndNote Batmaz SG, Dündar A, Barutçugil Ç (December 1, 2023) The Effect of Layer Thickness and Light Intensity on the Degree of Conversion, Microhardness and Cytotoxicity of Bulk Fill Composite Resins. Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences 13 4 795–801.
IEEE S. G. Batmaz, A. Dündar, and Ç. Barutçugil, “The Effect of Layer Thickness and Light Intensity on the Degree of Conversion, Microhardness and Cytotoxicity of Bulk Fill Composite Resins”, Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences, vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 795–801, 2023, doi: 10.33808/clinexphealthsci.1187557.
ISNAD Batmaz, Sevde Gül et al. “The Effect of Layer Thickness and Light Intensity on the Degree of Conversion, Microhardness and Cytotoxicity of Bulk Fill Composite Resins”. Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences 13/4 (December 2023), 795-801. https://doi.org/10.33808/clinexphealthsci.1187557.
JAMA Batmaz SG, Dündar A, Barutçugil Ç. The Effect of Layer Thickness and Light Intensity on the Degree of Conversion, Microhardness and Cytotoxicity of Bulk Fill Composite Resins. Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences. 2023;13:795–801.
MLA Batmaz, Sevde Gül et al. “The Effect of Layer Thickness and Light Intensity on the Degree of Conversion, Microhardness and Cytotoxicity of Bulk Fill Composite Resins”. Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences, vol. 13, no. 4, 2023, pp. 795-01, doi:10.33808/clinexphealthsci.1187557.
Vancouver Batmaz SG, Dündar A, Barutçugil Ç. The Effect of Layer Thickness and Light Intensity on the Degree of Conversion, Microhardness and Cytotoxicity of Bulk Fill Composite Resins. Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences. 2023;13(4):795-801.
 Download Cover Image

14639   14640